Structural types of secondary anthroponyms in English and Russian journalistic texts.

Sotnikova Elena Evgenjevna Teacher of the Department of Jurispridence of Moscow Metropolitan Governance University named after Yury Luzhkov 107045, Russia, Moscow, Sretenka str., 28 sotnik.e@gmail.com

Popova Larisa Georgievna Doctor of Philology Doctor of Philology,professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, Moscow City Teacher Training University 105064, Russia, Moscow, lane. Small State-owned, 56 larageorg5@gmail.com

In modern linguistics, there is no unambiguous definition of the concept of "anthroponym", but in the special dictionary of terms N.V. Podolskaya, an anthroponym is understood as a proper name that a person (or a group of people) can have, including a personal name, patronymic, surname, nickname, pseudonym, nickname, andronym, gyneconym, patronym ^[7]. L. A. Tomashevskaya in her PhD dissertation designates an anthroponym as a set of lexemes naming a person, defining, at the same time, the main part of common names and only some of proper names as belonging to these lexical units^[6].

The result of the research conducted by L.B.Boyko was the confirmation of the ability of the anthroponym to be a reflection of the representation and perception of an individual in various realities and diverse cultural heritage, as well as to perform the functions of establishing a relationship with his environment, depending on the form of treatment chosen by him in the process of interaction ^[1].As L.Xuzhong pointed out in her work, different structural models of anthroponyms are characteristic of different languages:namesake naming models (personal name only), two-name (personal name + surname, first name + nickname, etc.), three-name (personal name + middle name + surname, personal name + patronymic + surname, etc.) or multi-name models (personal name + several middle names + surname, etc.)^[4].

As part of our work, we will consider the structural types of secondary anthroponyms on the example of their functioning in journalistic texts of printed publications of the Russian Federation and the USA, since journalistic texts act as a source of analyzed examples in modern linguistic research ^[2].To clarify the concept of secondary nomination, let us turn to the works of A.A.Gromykhina and V.N.Telia, who defined it as the designation of an object already designated (at the same time, the creation of a new word does not always take place, often an existing word can be used in an unusual designation function for it) and caused by the intention of naming and with speech conditions of communication, respectively ^[3,5].

As mentioned above, the structural types of anthroponyms have already been considered earlier in linguistics, but in our work it is proposed to analyze the structural types of secondary anthroponyms based on the material of journalistic texts of the Russian Federation and the USA in a comparative aspect. First, let's consider the structural types of Russian secondary anthroponyms.

 The analysis of the examples showed the presence of secondary anthroponyms in these texts, which are a simple single-root word in their structural organization. The structural category of such words in the Russian press includes, for example, cryptonyms:

I was recently in our Vostok battalion near Ugledar. I am well acquainted with the commander with the call sign "Les", he has been fighting since 2019 ^[11].

In this example, a secondary anthroponym (Forest) is used, which in structure is a simple non-derivative word, is essentially a cryptonym, and is written with a capital letter.

         Let us turn to the analysis of the following example, where a non-derivative secondary anthroponym is a nickname.

This Arab emirate will soon compete with Israel in the number of "stars" who have escaped from Russia ^[9].

In this case, the secondary anthroponym "stars" is used, which is a simple non-derivative word that acts as a nickname, written with a small letter.

As mentioned above, in Russian journalistic texts there are secondary anthroponyms related in their structure to derived words. Basically, these are secondary anthroponyms formed by suffixing. Let's consider each case separately. Such anthroponyms include cryptonyms and nicknames. For example:

We met a volunteer with the call sign "Tajik" by chance, on one of my business trips to the SVO zone, as they say, on the run ^[13].

As the example demonstrates, the secondary anthroponym "Tajik" is a cryptonym formed using the suffix "ik". And being a cryptonym, it is written with a capital letter and in quotation marks, which shows the fact that we are dealing with a cryptonym.

The following cryptonym can serve as an example of a derivative word – a secondary anthroponym:

One of the contacts is Maxim Davydov with the call sign "Postman" ^[15].

In this case, the personal anthroponym "Postman" is formed by adding the suffix "lion" to the original word. And as in the previous case, the word is framed in the test with a capital letter and quotation marks.

         Let's turn to the analysis of examples of secondary anthroponyms-derived words used in the analyzed tests in the form of nicknames:

He was at the origins of the Siberian skin movement, was familiar with the Cleaver (neo-Nazi Maxim Marcinkevich). By the way, the saboteur even boasted that he was in Bucha on the very first day after the withdrawal of Russian troops from there ^[12].

In this context, the secondary anthroponym "Cleaver" is used, which is a nickname that is formed from the verb "cleave" with the help of the suffix "ak" and in our case, as a personal anthroponym characterizes a person with cruelty. The Russian word "cleaver" has its primary meaning: "chopping and stabbing weapons, with a wide short double-edged blade on a cross-shaped handle" [https://slovarozhegova.ru ]. This man gets such a nickname due to the fact that his character is like a large-sized combat knife, this man is able to chop and stab surrounding opponents.

There are other examples of the use of secondary anthroponyms-derived words in the analyzed texts. For example:

But if everything is clear with these, if I may say so, "figures" — the most rabid of them have received the status of a foreign agent, and calls are increasingly being made on the Web to forget these names forever (because it is oblivion that is the worst punishment for an artist), then on the question of what to do with those "frightened patriots" as the press secretary of the president Dmitry Peskov called them, who left the country, but prefer to refrain from assessments and harsh statements, it is still unclear, and then time itself will put everything in its place, and the viewer, as they say, will vote in rubles for films and performances with their participation ^[8].

 As the example shows, we are dealing with a derivative word – the secondary anthroponym "figures", formed in a suffixal way, using the suffix "spruce". The previous remark (if I may say so) indicates precisely that this secondary anthroponym is a nickname that is framed in quotation marks. This anthroponym is used stylistically to express the irony of the author of the text.

         It is advisable to analyze another example:

I don't think Tutberidze is as ideological as Chulpashka ^[10].

The secondary anthroponym "Chulpashka" is a derivative word from the original word "Chulpan", formed with the help of the suffix "shk", which is a disparaging suffix of the Russian language and emphasizes the fact of using the secondary anthroponym as a factor of the rude irony of the author of the test.

         In addition to simple non-derivative and derivative secondary anthroponyms, anthroponyms representing complex words are found in Russian journalistic texts.

Our theaters and film studios did not rush to beg Chulpan Khamatova, Artur Smolyaninov*, Maxim Galkin*, Dmitry Nazarov and other "truth-tellers" to return, who for some reason seemed to have every right to throw mud at their native country ^[8].

In this example, the secondary anthroponym "truth-tellers" is a complex word in its structure. This anthroponym is able to convey the irony of the author of a journalistic article to the persons described by him, and this irony is combined with satire. And this is indicated by the quotation marks with which the author of the article draws up an anthroponym, when it is implied that the persons listed by him are not telling the truth, but lying to their country.

         In journalistic texts, the presence of secondary anthroponyms is noted, which are structurally a phrase, for example:

But if everything is clear with these, if I may say so, "figures" — the most rabid of them have received the status of a foreign agent, and calls are increasingly being made on the Web to forget these names forever (because it is oblivion that is the worst punishment for an artist), then on the question of what to do with those "frightened patriots" as the press secretary of the president Dmitry Peskov called them, who left the country, but prefer to refrain from assessments and harsh statements, it is still unclear, and then time itself will put everything in its place, and the viewer, as they say, will vote in rubles for films and performances with their participation ^[8].

As the context demonstrates, the secondary anthroponym "frightened patriots" is a phrase that is used in quotation marks in the text, emphasizing the allegory and irony of the author, who explains the appearance of this anthroponym with his subsequent comment.

         In Russian journalistic tests, you can find a secondary anthroponym represented by an abbreviation, for example:

"They started the war, and we used force to stop it," repeated his famous thesis of GDP ^[14].

In this case, the anthroponym of GDP, an abbreviation of the full Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, is used as a stable abbreviation known to users of mass media.

It is advisable to quantify the representation of the structural types of secondary anthroponyms used in Russian texts. The results obtained are reflected in the diagram (as a percentage of the total)

According to the diagram, most of the secondary anthroponyms in Russian journalistic texts are represented structurally by a phrase (79%). Secondary anthroponyms are less common -derived words (8%), non-derived words (6%), complex words consisting of 2 roots (5%). The use of secondary anthroponyms-abbreviations in such texts is rarely noted (2%)

Let's turn to a similar analysis of English secondary anthroponyms used in the US media.

In the American media, secondary anthroponyms are used-simple non-derivative words. For example:

It’s also true that since they met in the 1980s, Mr. Trump has done his utmost to declare his admiration for “the Boss,” the nickname used for Mr. Morgenthau. (It is also true that since their meeting in the 1980s, Mr. Trump has done everything possible to show his admiration for the "Boss", Mr. Morgenthau, who bears this nickname-hereafter translated by E. Sotnikova)^[18].

In this context, there is a secondary anthroponym "the Boss", which in its structure is a simple non-derivative word. It is used to demonstrate irony and, to some extent, sarcasm on the part of Donald Trump, who calls Mr. Morgenthau this word.

         Secondary anthroponyms used in the American media may also represent a derivative word. For example:

One soldier, with the call sign Diesel, showed videos on his phone of the bodies of Russian troops he had killed when they came too close (One soldier with the call sign Diesel showed videos on his phone of the bodies of Russian army soldiers he killed when they came too close)^[16].

According to the example, the secondary anthroponym Diesel is structurally a derivative word formed using the suffix el.

Now there is a new option — a way to still support Trump as the 45th president without being sold on him as the party’s best shot at becoming the 47th. Not anti-Trump or even non-Trump — just post-Trump. That’s how 70 percent of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents could have a favorable view of Trump in a Marquette Law School poll last month, while the same survey found Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) beating him 64 percent to 36 percent in a hypothetical one-on-one matchup.(Now there is a new option - a way to continue supporting Trump as the 45th president without selling him as the best candidate from the party as the 47th president. Not anti-Trump or even non-Trump-just post-Trump. This is a variant of how 70% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents could have viewed Trump positively in a Marquette Law School poll last month, while the same poll showed that Florida Governor Ron DeSantis won against him, gaining 64 percent against 36 in a hypothetical one-on-one duel.) ^[20]

In this example, a secondary anthroponym is used –a nickname, which by its structure is a complex word (anti-Trump, non-Trump, post-Trump).

         Let's turn to the structural analysis of secondary anthroponyms-phrases used in the analyzed tests. Let's take a few examples for analysis.

Self-help culture took that to ludicrous places: "Whatever the mind can conceive and believe, it can achieve," claimed wealth guru Napoleon Hill in "Think and Grow Rich."(The self-help culture has reached the point of absurdity "Whatever the mind believes and whatever the mind believes, this can be achieved "-said financial guru Napoleon Hill in his book "Think and Get Rich" ^[21]

As the example shows, the secondary anthroponym is a phrase consisting of 2 words (wealth guru), being a nickname.

As wartime allies go, Mr. Biden and Mr. Zelensky are a historical odd couple, an 80-year-old career politician who became a pillar of his country's political establishment and a 45-year-old satirist who once played a president on television but had never served in public office before being elected to lead his nation (Being wartime allies, Mr. Biden and Mr. Zelensky are a strange historical couple, an 80-year-old career politician who became the basis of his country's political department, and a 45-year-old comedian who once got the role of president on television, but never held public office until he was elected the leader of the nation) ^[17].

In this context, the secondary anthroponym –phrase (historical odd couple) consists of 3 words and in this case the secondary anthroponym is also a nickname.

He does a great job," said Buck Showalter, the seen-it-all Mets manager, "of eliminating excuses." ("He's doing a great job," said Buck Showalter, a Mets manager who has seen absolutely everything, "to eliminate excuses") ^[19].

In this case, there is a secondary anthroponym, a nickname consisting of 6 words (the seen-it-all Mets manager), being, in its structure, a phrase.

Cohen is the de facto king of New York," said Neal Kwatra, a veteran political strategist, before sizing up the owner's former tormentor ("Cohen is the de facto king of New York," said Neal Kwatra, an experienced political strategist, before evaluating the owner's former tormentor)^[19].

In this example, a secondary anthroponym-a phrase has 7 words in its composition and this anthroponym can also be attributed to nicknames.

Secondary anthroponyms-phrases in US journalism do not, as a rule, contain more than 7 words in their composition.

As for secondary anthroponyms –abbreviations, they are not used on the material of the US press.

Let us turn to quantitative calculation in order to find out the frequency of the use of structural types of secondary anthroponyms in American journalistic texts. The results obtained are displayed in the diagram:

According to the chart data, secondary anthroponyms in the form of phrases are mainly used in American journalistic texts (77%). Secondary anthroponyms are rarely used - compound words (9%). Even rarer in the analyzed texts can be found secondary anthroponyms-simple words (8%) and secondary anthroponyms-derived words (6%).

It is advisable to turn to a comparative analysis of the use of structural types of secondary anthroponyms in Russian and American journalistic tests. The results obtained can be presented in the form of a summary table:

The data of the summary table show the presence of similarities in the use in both Russian and American journalistic texts of such structural types of secondary anthroponyms as:

A secondary anthroponym is a simple, non-derivative word

Secondary anthroponym-derived word

Secondary anthroponym is a complex word

Secondary anthroponym- phrase

Only in Russian journalistic texts, in comparison with American texts, there is the presence of secondary anthroponyms - abbreviations. In both Russian and American journalistic texts, secondary anthroponyms-phrases are mainly used.