THE ROLE OF THE GAPSHIMA DIALECT IN THE SYSTEM OF THE DARGIN LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS: MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

Mutalov Rasul Osmanovich Doctor of Philology Professor, Chief Scientific Associate, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences 125009, Russia, Moscow, lane. Bolshoy Kislovsky, 1/1 mutalovr@mail.ru Other publications by this author

The Gapshiminsky dialect is widespread in the villages of Gapshima and Shukty of the Akushinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan. The total number of carriers is more than 3.5 thousand people. From the east it borders on the Akushin dialect, the basis of the Dargin literary language, from the north – the Balkhar dialect of the Lak language, from the south – the Ginta dialect of the Tsudakhar dialect, and from the west – the Tantyn dialect, which previously also belonged to the Tsudakhar dialect, but in recent studies is considered closer to the Sirkhin dialect. In traditional classifications based on the phonetic principle (presence/absence of geminated consonants), the Gapshimin speech refers to dialects of the Tsudakhar type, since geminated sounds function in it ^{[1, 4, 6, 16]}. In the lexicostatistical classification of Yu .Koryakova stands out as a separate language ^{[8, 144]}.  Nevertheless, in the work ^[13], based on preliminary grammatical data, the Gapshimin speech is considered close to the dialects of the Akushin type. The aim of the work is a detailed study of the morphological features of the Gapshimi speech, comparing them with the material of other neighboring Darginian dialects, and, on this basis, determining the place of this dialect in the system of Darginian dialects, dialects and languages.

In the 30-80s of the last century, Dargin idioms were considered dialects of the same language. However, the significant differences that exist between them make it possible for researchers to talk about a group of related languages ^{[3, 9, 18, 19]}. In the first classifications ^{[1, 4, 5]}, Dargin dialects were divided into two groups based on the presence/absence of geminated sounds: a) dialects in which geminates are absent (dialects of the Akushin type), and b) dialects in which geminated sounds are represented (dialects of the Tsudakhar type) ^{[1, p. 6-9]}. But later it became obvious that this classification does not accurately reflect the similarities and differences between the dialects, in particular, in morphology. Thus, in Muirin and Mugin idioms there are geminated consonants, in connection with which they are classified as dialects of the Tsudakhar type. However, the study of the grammatical structure of these dialects shows that they are closer to the Obstetric idiom. Therefore, in our work ^[13], another classification of Dargin languages and dialects was proposed, based on the grammatical principle. Based on morphological features, all dialects and languages were divided into two groups: northern and southern. The borders of the "watershed" of the northern and southern languages were also accurately shown: northern - Akushinsky, Megebsky; southern – Tsudakhar-Sirkhinsky, Kaitagsky, Kubachinsky and Chiragsky. This classification was based on "the difference in the design of personal indicators -yes (1st l. unit.h.)/-di (2nd l. unit.h.) (southern) - -ra (1st l. unit.h.)/–ri (2nd l. unit.h.) (northern)" ^{[13, p. 14]}. 

Further in this work, the main grammatical features are listed, according to which both groups of languages differ from each other. In particular, the personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons differ:   well, "I" (northern) – du (southern), x1u "you" (northern) – g1u, g1u, y, y (southern); "the end of the dative and infinitive -s (northern) – -th,-w, -z (southern); the absence of the indicator of the genitive in words with the initial -n, -l, -la, -li (northern) – the presence of the ending of the genitive -la, -lla in such words (southern); the correspondence of the preverb -chi (northern) to the preverb -y /-ya (southern), the presence of four spatial cases in the northern and 6-8 such cases in the southern ..." ^{[13, pp. 15-16]}. Let's consider which of the above morphological features in the Gapshiminsky dialect are close to the northern ones, and which are close to the southern ones.

Personal indicators in gapshiminsky are affixes -ra (1st l. unit.h.)/-ri (2nd l. unit.h.): well, vach1ib-ra "I came", x1u vach1ib-ri "you came" (cf. kite.: du tsagiv-da "I came", and tsagiv-di "you have come" ^[15]). Consequently, on this basis, Gapshiminsky is close to the Northern Darginian languages. The personal pronoun of the 1st person is nu "I", of the 2nd person x1u "you". And on this basis, Gapshiminsky belongs to the Severnodarginsky.

The ending of the dative in Gapshiminsky is the marker -s, as in other northern languages and dialects ^{[2, p. 78]}: adam "man" – adam-li-s "man", cf. tant.: adam-li-w "man". The suffix of the infinitive -eu in Gapshiminsky also coincides with the suffix -eu of the Akushinsky dialect: sabag-eu "to reach (here)" (akush. saba-eu). In Tsudakhar, the infinitive is decorated with the affix -from (bark-from "to make"), Tantysk -izh (bark-izh), Kubachinsky -iy (baak-iy) ^{[10, p. 217]}.

According to the indicator of the genitive, Gapshiminsky is close to the Southern Darginian languages. In the dialects of the Akushin type, two identical sonorous consonants that appear next to each other for various reasons, for example, due to assimilation (h + l – nn), fall out: darman "medicine" + la (ending of the genitive) – darmanna – darma "medicine". In the Gapshiminsky dialect, such a dropout does not occur - the form of the genitive will have the form of a darmann "medicine".

In the verbs of the Gapshiminsky dialect, the ending of the superlative -che functions, which in the Southern Bulgarian languages corresponds to the affixes of the superlative -y/-ya: utali-che "to the chair", cf. tant.: duburli-ya "to the mountain", icar. the course of the 2nd "on the chair" ^{[20, p. 126]}. In this regard, Gapshiminsky is also close to the Northern Darginian languages, cf. akush.: utali-chi "on the chair".

In Gapshiminsky there are 5 series of spatial cases: superlative on -che (utali-che "on the chair"), sublative on -u (utali-u "under the chair"), inlative on-ze (iti-ze "to him"). adlativ na -shshu (ttutteshli-shshu "to the father).  In the dialect under consideration, there is a form of the adlative na -shshu (ttutteshli-shshu "to the father"), which is represented in the Sirkha and Tantyn dialects, ^{[14, p. 59]}.  but it is missing in the Akushinsky. In this dialect, the index of inlativa -g1e (untsale-g1e) functions, which is close to Urakhin -g1i ^{[17, 149]}; it is absent in Tsudakhar and Sirkhin dialects. In Gapshiminsky there are no forms of prelative and postlative, represented in the Southern Darginian languages. The form of the ablative in Gapshiminsky is formed, as in the Akushinsky dialect, by means of the indicator -byakh1: shilisi-byakh1 "towards the village".

In addition to the above main morphological features, a number of other features that bring it closer to both northern and southern Darginian languages and dialects are also presented in the Gapshimi speech.

To form the form of the commitative, the suffix -chul adamlichul "with a person" is used. In akushinsky, we have an indicator -chil: adamlichil. It should also be noted such a feature of the Gapshimin speech as the formation of the elative form. This case is formed by means of the indicator -tti, attached to the form of the lative: shilizetti "from the village". Nuni durh1yalizetti yuz sassibra "I took a book from a boy". (hapshim.) (cf. akush.: Nuni durh1yalizibad juz sasira). This form is not fixed in other dialects. The form of the essay in the literary is formed from the lative of joining the changing class indicators: shilisi-b (3rd grade) – shilisi-b-ad. Thus, in Gapshiminsky in the form of an elative, class indicators are not presented.

In this dialect there are also forms of adverbs of places formed from demonstrative pronouns by means of the affix -k1u: it "that" + k1u - itk1u "there", ishk1u "here", etc. They coincide with similar forms of the Urakhin dialect, which is not geographically close to the Gapshimin dialect: gyitk1u "there", gyishk1u "here" ^[17]. In the literary language, the suffix -a is used to form spatial adverbs: ita "there" and isha "here". In the Sirkhin dialect, the suffix -ttu is represented in these forms: gyash-ttu (ish-ttu) "here, towards the speaker"; gyal-ttu (il-ttu) "there, towards the interlocutor"; gyak1-ttu (ik1-ttu) "there, towards, above the speaker"; gyah-ttu (their-ttu) "there, to the side, below the speaker"; gyat-tu (it-tu) "there, to the side"" ^{[7, p. 195]}.

Adjectives in the dialect are formed by means of the indicator -ril: it "that" – itiril "other". To form ordinal numerals in the Darginsky literary language (the Akushinsky dialect), the indicators -ibil, -esil are used, which are forms of the participle of the verb es "to say": ca "one" - caibil "first", k1el "two" - k1iesil "second". The peculiarity of the Gapshimin speech is that it uses only one indicator - ibil, the indicator -esil is not used in this speech. The interrogative pronoun of the literary language Chidi? "which?" in the Gapshimin speech has the form kutti?, as in the Tantyn dialect ^[14].

The formation of the forms of the 1st person of the future tense in gapshiminsky coincides with a similar process in Akushinsky, in both dialects the morpheme -is is used for this: bir-is (akush.) "I will do" - birk-is (gapshim.). In dialects of the Tsudakhar type, we have an affix-id: birk-id "I will do". Of interest is the formation of the forms of the 2nd person of the future tense in Gapshiminsky: it is formed by the indicator -it: birk-it "you will do", whereas in literary Darginsky the formant-id is used: bir-id "you will do". It can be assumed that in the Gapshiminsky affix -it there was a deafening of the auslact consonant d in the morpheme -id of the Akushinsky dialect. But, on the other hand, the morpheme -it as an indicator of the 2nd person singular also functions in Tsudakhar-Sirkhin dialects, in particular, in Tantyn, being a de-feminized version of the morpheme -itt ^{[14, p. 118]}, represented in most South Darginian dialects and languages.

Unlike the Akushinsky dialect, in the indicator of the 3rd person aorist -ib in Gapshiminsky, the auslaut consonant -b is preserved; in Akushinsky, it is shortened: vach1-ib-ra "(I) came" (hapshim.) – vak1-ir-a (akush.): in this regard, gapshiminsky the variant is similar to the aorist form of the Southern Darginian dialects and languages.

The negative morpheme x1e- in the Akushinsky dialect contains the vowel -e: x1e-biris "I won't do it". In Gapshiminsky, in this case, a pharyngalized sound is presented - I: x1ya-birkis "I won't do it", which is also present in Tsudakharsky: g1ya-birkid.

In the verb forms of habitualis, the 3rd person of which is formed with the help of the indicator -ar, in the dialect under study, the original sonorous sound -p is reduced, which is a feature of the Gapshimin speech bik1u "speak". In other Dargin dialects, there is no such reduction in habitual forms: bik1ar "speak" (akush.).

A similar phenomenon was found in the formation of forms of the future tense of the Gapshiminsky dialect. In the forms of futurum, the auslaut element is reduced -h: lyavkya (hapshim.) "will come" – lyavkyan (akush.), g1yarkya "will leave" (hapshim.) – arkyan (akush.). The sonorous-n in a similar situation is not subject to reduction in the Tantyn dialect: kulgan "will remain" ^{[14, p. 148]}.

To denote politeness in Gapshiminsky, the particle -ari is used, which is also an individual feature of this speech: barkya-ari "do, please". In Dargin dialects, this function in verb forms is performed by the particle of politeness -gu/-gva (northern dialects) or -kku/-kkva (southern dialects), attached to the form of the imperative: baragu (akush) "do, please", barkya-kkva ^{[19, p. 298]}. In Itsarin, politeness is expressed by lengthening the final vowel: barkaa "do, please" ^{[20, p. 179]}.

In the forms of the 3rd person of the conditional mood in Gapshiminsky, the auslaut sonorous sound -r- is preserved, which in other Darginsky dialects undergoes regressive assimilation: barkjar + li - barkjarly "if he does"; cf. akush. baralli "if he does" ^{[14, p. 158]}.. This sonorous also does not fall out during the formation of the forms of adverbial participles by attaching the attributivizer -le to the historically restored form of the 3rd person *buzur: buzur + le - buzurle "working"; cf. the Obstetric form of the adverbial participle, in which the sonorous –r falls out: buzuli "working".

The formation of the pre-conditionalis form, which occurs in its own way in Gapshiminsky, is also of interest. In the Akushin dialect, the form of the 1st person of the conditional past mood is formed by attaching the past tense indicator -ri to the personal ending -as: baras + ri - barasri "if I did" ^{[11, p. 84]}. In Gapshiminsky, the vowel -e is wedged between the personal ending and the indicator -ri: baras-e-ri "if I did", buratt-e-re "if you said". Some forms of specialized adverbs (converbs) also differ in gapshiminsky: barila (akush.) "since I did" - barkiblalla (gapshim.).

One of the striking and unique features of the morphological structure of the Gapshiminsky dialect is the formation of interrogative forms. In the Akushin dialect, the particles -u (after the auslaut consonant) or -b (after the initial vowel sound) are used for their formation: wak1ib-u? "come?"; itini h1yanchi tamanbarili-in? "Has he completed the job?". In Gapshiminsky, in the exodus of words, the sonorous sound is used to express the question -th: nuni belch1unra-th? "Have I read it?"; h1uni belch1unre-th? "Did you read it?" From the forms of the 3rd person, the question is formed by means of the vowel -i: it vach1ib-i? "Has he come?"; itili belch1un-i? "Did he read it?" It should also be noted that the stress in the formation of interrogative sentences is transferred to the last syllable of the final word. When using constructions with interrogative words, at the end there is an increase in the element -h, which is absent in the Akushin dialect: Ish chi Sayan? "Who is this?"; Ish si saben? "What is it?"; cf. akush.: Ish chi saya? "Who is this?"; Ish se sabiv? "What is it?".

The grammatical feature that brings the Gapshiminsky dialect closer to the dialects of the Akushinsky type is also the petrification of the class indicator -d in the verb dikkes (akush. diges) "to want, to love": Nab dyarkh1ya dicculra "I love a boy"; nab rurssi dicculra "I love a girl"; nab kkata dicculra "I love a cat". In southern dialects, in such cases, a changing class indicator is presented: I will give durx1u b-ikkulda "I love a boy"; I will give rirssi r-ikkulda "I love a girl"; I will give mazi b-ikkulda "I love a cat".

The adverb of a place with the meaning "below" in Gapshiminsky is transmitted by the word ushle "below", whereas in the Akushin dialect the word udib is used, and in the Sirkhin dialects the word khyarleb is used, which is another feature of the Gapshiminsky speech. The adverbs of time are also peculiar in Gapshiminsky: shellichu "in the morning" (cf. akush. savli), giabkianna "twilight".

Thus, the analysis of morphological forms and grammatical categories of the Gapshiminsky dialect, carried out in comparison with the material of the neighboring Akushinsky, Tsudakhar and Sirkhinsky dialects, showed that in its grammatical structure, the Gapshiminsky speech is much closer to the Akushinsky dialect than to Sirkhinsky and Tsudakharsky, having at the same time features of a dialect of a transitional type. On the other hand, a number of linguistic phenomena that occur only in this dialect function in the Gapshimin speech. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the fact that they will help, first of all, in clarifying the classification of Dargin languages and dialects. On the other hand, they can be used in the process of teaching Darginian morphology and dialectology.