The Lexical Means of Expressing Emotive Semantics in N.V. Gogol's Poem "Dead Souls".

Chzhan Cuicui Postgraduate, Moscow Pedagogical State University 1/1 Malaya Pirogovskaya Str.,, Moscow, Russia, 119991 cuicuiz@yandex.ru

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, professor, one of the greatest linguists of his time, G.B.Kolshansky, in many of his works, argued about the social significance of communicative linguistics. He argued that the subject of communicative linguistics is speech communication in society. This type of linguistics has become a science with its own meaning, but also a discipline that focuses on solving practical problems. It can solve problems related to everyday behavior in all areas of life. human life, that is, to solve practical tasks aimed at ensuring mutual understanding between people ^[1].

Communicative linguistics studies the semantic communicative potential of all linguistic units in all types of verbal elements. One of these types are emotional elements in semantics.

Human emotions have always been in the focus of attention of researchers, scientists, both in Russia and abroad. With the transformation of the humanistic-oriented paradigm into anthropocentrism, emotional research has occupied one of the key places in linguistics. The data obtained by scientists in the field of psychology and physiology help to develop emotional problems of language. Thus, emotions and feelings are a common object of research for psychologists and linguists, but the methods of their research are different.

Emotion is a concept that is most closely related to language, linguistic units and semantics.

Emotions are a complex psychological activity inherent only in humans, as the most intelligent beings on the planet. It does not matter what category of activity a person carries out: whether it is a search for truth or his daily behavior – he always feels the dominance of emotions, which in some situations can guide him. In the life, study and work of people, the ability to experience emotions plays an important role as well as rational thinking and as the ability to make logical conclusions. But what is emotion? There is a narrow and broad understanding of this definition.

In a broad sense, emotion is the attitude of people to objective things and their experience for them ^[2].

Emotions are a category of mental processes and states that reflect a direct subjective assessment, as well as the experienced attitude to certain objects, phenomena and situations of the real world, as well as to life in general, in this case pointlessly ^[3]. 

Emotions are a special form of everyone's subjective attitude to the phenomena of reality, explained by the correspondence or inconsistency of human needs ^[4]. Based on this definition, emotions reflect the meaning of the objects of the world for the speaker's activity, his attitude to them, his influence on it, especially at the moment. Note that during the expression of emotions, a person plays the role of an object and a subject of cognition. Thus, on the one hand, emotions realize the specific motives of a person, the impact on the addressee, and are interpreted by the addressee, on the other hand.

Emotions are one of the forms of human manifestation in the outside world, one of its most important characteristics. They are also an integral part of human speech activity. The huge role of emotions in a person's life is caused by the following: "It is impossible to know a person without knowing his language." The same can be said about the knowledge of a language through its native speaker ^[5].

By analyzing these definitions, it can be concluded that they are synonymous.

In a narrow sense, emotion can be considered a specific form of reflection of reality, during this reflection there is a mental regulation of the behavior of the corresponding subject.

The main tool for expressing emotions is language, language is an instrument of emotional thinking, and emotions, in turn, are reflected in language, forming emotional semantics. Emotional semantics is a component of linguistic semantics that refers to the expression of the speaker's subjective feelings or attitudes reflected in the language. This is the part of the level of language content that is associated with the emotional state of the communicator, and it is an integral attribute and part of the structure of the language.

The aforementioned V.I. Shakhovsky also argued that the direct means for expressing a particular emotion is  language as a means of its expression. We agree with this statement. Thus, language is a tool for expressing emotions, and human emotions are one of the forms of human reflection of human attitude to the real world ^{[6, p. 68]}. 

Consequently, language has a pronounced emotive function of language. During the implementation of this function, its purpose is to implement a specific emotionally colored communication.

"Emotivity is a linguistic semantic property, which is the ability to express emotionality as a fact of the psyche, reflected in the semantics of language units, social and individual emotions through a system of its means" ^[6].

The scientist V. I. Shakhovsky, who formulated the above definition, believed that in the language system emotivity is a semantic component of a word in which emotive semes (emosems) are objectified ^{[6, p. 12]}. It was he who introduced the concept of "emoticons", and also formulated its definition. In his opinion, emoticons are a specific type of semes (the smallest part of the lexical meaning of the word), which correlate with the emotions of the speaker and are represented in the semantics of the word as “emotion” and various seminal specifiers ^[7].

Thus, whether it is oral or written speech, as a result of language activity, it expresses certain human emotions experienced at a certain moment. In the case of written speech represented by text, emotions can affect the textual form and content, manifest themselves in the speech of the heroes of literary works, as well as in the position of the author of the work.

The peculiarities of the manifestation of emotions in the text of a literary work of fiction consist in the use of lexical linguistic means and grammatical linguistic means of describing the emotional experiences of heroes, characters. It is for this reason that the speech of the character of a literary work, compared with the speech of ordinary real people, is more detailed and metaphorical, more emotionally loaded.

In science, there are different linguistic theories regarding the essence, role, and content of emotions in the text of a literary work.  According to the Soviet and Russian linguist Viktor Ivanovich, the expression of emotions is a direct emotional communication ^{[6, p. 96]}. According to his theory, the vocabulary that conveys the emotions of the subject is an associative-emotive vocabulary, since it contains the idea of emotions.

In our opinion, the author and the character of the work are the main categories of the text of the work of art, which are carriers of subjective and objective consciousness. They are invariably in its central position because of the absolute anthropocentricity of the text of the work. This determines the way of interpretation of the text of a work of art, which should be based on a human-centered approach.

We believe that the emotions that fill the souls of the heroes of a particular work, including the one we are analyzing, arise in the text as if they take place in reality, and therefore are dictal, and the feelings expressed by its author have the appropriate coloring and, in turn, are modal. Consequently, the core of the emotive component of the text are dictal-emotive meanings related to the consciousness of the hero of the work and modal-emotive meanings related to the consciousness of the creator of the work.

It can also be concluded that the author and the images of the heroes of the work are not equivalent in literature. At the same time, the creator of the work is maximally connected with the real world depicted by him in the work, and, of course, with the created world of the heroes of the work.

The Russian literary critic M.M. Bakhtin believed that the author of the work is none other than the bearer of a certain, on the one hand, intense and, on the other hand, active unity of the whole hero and the whole work. At the same time, the author is opposed to the hero as the bearer of an unfinished, and therefore open to any turn, life event" ^[8].

According to such scientists as N. V. Witt, L. K. Tseplitis, E. A. Nushikyan, for the expression of any emotion in language there are certain sound forms that are in the sound memory of speakers of the corresponding language and are freely reproduced in speech or recognized in the speech of others ^{[9, pp. 89 - 101],[10]}.

Let's analyze the concept of emotive vocabulary. Currently, linguistics interprets the concept of emotive vocabulary as a set of lexical means that express emotions ^[11]. The basis for this definition is a broad interpretation of the concept of emotivity.

Most scientists believe that emotive vocabulary should be understood as words in the meaning of which there is a formally identifiable micro-component of the semantics of the emotive, containing an emotionally colored attitude to the surrounding world of the corresponding subject.

Soviet and Russian linguist, Doctor of Philology V.I.Shakhovsky argued that emotive vocabulary includes three groups of emotional words:

1. vocabulary used to express a specific emotional state (for example, to be upset);

2. vocabulary used to express a specific emotional attitude (for example, adore);

3. the vocabulary used to express a particular emotional characteristic (for example, stupid).

The first and second groups of lexical units are similar to each other, but such an important criterion as the conceptual basis distinguishes them.  For example, sadness is the emotional state of a speaker, a particular hero, a character at a particular moment, in a particular situation and is, as a rule, relatively short-lived. Respect, in turn, is an emotional attitude, which is characterized by respectfulness, recognition of the merits, merits, advantages of a particular person and, as a rule, is long-lasting.

The Soviet and Russian linguist L.M.Vasiliev, as well as the above-mentioned scientist, argued that emotive vocabulary has three varieties, two of which are identical to those highlighted by him:  

1. vocabulary used to express a specific emotional state (for example, to rejoice);

2. vocabulary used to express a specific emotional attitude towards something or someone (for example, to love);    

3. vocabulary used to express emotional impact (moaning) ^[12].

We believe that on the basis of the classifications discussed above, it is possible to isolate such groups of emotive vocabulary as:

1. vocabulary used to express a specific emotional state (characteristic of an emotion at a given moment in connection with something);

2. Vocabulary used to express a specific emotional attitude (the attitude can have both positive and negative emotional coloring);

3. vocabulary used to express the emotional impact of someone or something: direct and reverse;

4. vocabulary used to express a particular emotional characteristic:

1) the subject,

2) objects,

3) situations.

Vaigla E.A. points out that affectionate words, curses, interjections, as well as other words can also be included in the emotive vocabulary as an independent group, emotional coloring is created due to word formation with the help of suffixes ^[13]. For example, oh, fool, Mommy. ^[14].

Scientists who support this point of view include the author of a huge number of works on the Russian language, which is no less important, the Soviet and Russian linguist Rosenthal D.E., who classifies emotive (emotion-colored) vocabulary (emotional words) in his dictionary as follows:

1) words with emotional coloring expressed by special language means, for example: granny, son, mommy, etc.;

2) words-insults, they are also swear words, for example, a scoundrel (bastard), a scoundrel, a fool, etc.;

3) interjections, for example: bravo, God, oh, ah ^[15]. 

We believe that emotive vocabulary can also be classified based on such criteria as the emotion they express, for example, joy, anger, fright, surprise, pity, and so on.

And also believes that it is possible to divide emotive vocabulary into groups by parts of speech, that is, on the basis of grammatical categories into adjectives, nouns, interjections, etc.

What are the ways of displaying emotions in a literary work? In our opinion, one of them is a language tool. Among the linguistic means, there are such types as lexical and grammatical, therefore, there are appropriate ways of emotional expression.

In this article, we consider it necessary to consider the first type of expression and representation of emotions mentioned above, as well as emotional states and relationships, namely lexical language means. Scientists, as a rule, distinguish three types of lexical language means used to express emotions. Let's consider their features and characteristics on the example of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".

The first type of lexical language means that we will consider are words that semantically contain a subjective assessment of certain facts, phenomena or signs that characterize a particular object or subject, thereby expressing a particular emotional state. For example:

1. the emotion of delight in relation to this or that fact, object or person can be conveyed by words such as excellent, delightful, beautiful, most beautiful, magnificent, and so on; here are examples from the text of the poem:

1) ""Excellent idea!" <.....> hat",

2) "I don't know,<.....> pork cutlets and boiled fish were excellent.",

3) "The word <.....> they have been riding a beautiful grove for a long time",

4) ""I see it's a great idea, and <.....> it's beyond strength"",

5) "In <.....>, the most beautiful and educated person",

6) "For example, <.....> magnificent apartment, with heating and guards."

As you can see in all the examples given, it is with the help of selected words (lexical language means) that such a positive emotion as delight is transmitted and expressed.

2. the emotion of disapproval in the text of the work can be expressed through the following words, such as nasty, terrible, ugly, fathers, and so on; here are examples from the text:

1) "Ponomarev, <.....>. A rogue, however, terrible." In this case, the word "terrible" expresses the emotion of disapproval of what is happening.

2) "The mind sleeps, <.....>, from the extreme ready for baseness, which he himself would have been horrified before."; in this context, the word "horrified", in our opinion, reflects the author's assumption about the possible emotional attitude of the landowner to the situation when he would be ready for baseness, and it is the negative attitude towards them, disapproval of the behavior of a person who is ready for low deeds;

3)"It depends <.....>: "My dear, how many of you are crammed here! <.....>"" ;

4) "How <.....> they saw with horror what they had done";

As you can see in all the examples given, it is with the help of selected words (lexical language means) that such a negative emotion as disapproval is transmitted and expressed.

3. the emotion of disappointment, annoyance in the text of the work can be expressed through the word trouble; here are examples from the text:

1)"– The shower <.....> – yes, trouble, times are bad.".

As you can see in all the examples given, it is with the help of highlighted words (lexical language means) that such a negative emotion as disappointment, annoyance is transmitted and expressed.

4. the emotion of surprise, indignation, it can be conveyed with the help of interjections, for example, God, oh, ah:

1) "Get caught <.....> and God! whatever wakes up, does not stir, does not speak in him!";

2) "Oh my God, Pavel Ivanovich!".

As you can see in all the examples given, it is with the help of selected words (lexical language means) that such a positive emotion as surprise is transmitted and expressed. Note that there are quite a lot of interjections ah and God in the text.

Words that belong to the first group are often used in the direct meaning.

The second type of lexical language means necessary for expressing emotions in a literary work includes words that contain an emotional characteristic, for example, a fool:

1) "I have <.....>, the estate is in disorder, the manager is a fool";

2) "Well, wasn't I a fool until now?";

3) "As for <.....> deal with round fools."

 The third type of lexical language means, which act as a way of expressing emotions in a work of art, include words that convey a positively or negatively colored attitude of a certain subject. Many verbs belong to this group, for example, to love, hate, respect, admire, despise, and so on. Let's look at some of them in more detail. The verb to love expresses such a basic emotion as love. In addition to the verb, this emotion can be expressed through adverbs, for example, gently, affectionately, adverbs, for example, loving. The meaning of these words contains this manifestation of a certain feeling of love. This group of lexical language means includes words, the meaning of which is as follows: "to nourish love, heartfelt inclination, attachment to someone or something" ^[16]. The verb like, in turn, expresses an emotion such as sympathy for someone or something. At the same time, the object of sympathy can be anyone, anyone, and anything. This feeling is more superficial compared to love. The emotion of love is also conveyed by emotive adverbs affectionately and tenderly, their meaning contains this manifestation of a loving feeling. The adverb "affectionately" mentioned above reflects a feeling of tenderness ^[1]. The adverb "gently" expresses a softer and quivering feeling, a sensation ^[17]. In addition, nouns formed with the help of diminutive suffixes can also express the emotion of love, for example, mama. 

Here are examples from the text:

1. favorite, like (positively colored words); here are examples from the text:

1) "This is how we spent our lives <.....> the fatherland they dearly love, thinking about the wrong thing",

2) "Pavel Ivanovich's people liked the village too",

3) "The General, apparently, did not like such an attack.",

4) "She <.....> had a need for tender friendship and advice.",

5) "However <.....> he shook his hand affectionately every time";

6) "You are my soul! my mother!";

7) "And in the office <.....> he called the tutor daddy, kissed him on the hand."

We consider it necessary to consider in detail the emotion of love expressed through lexical language units.  When analyzing the expression of this emotion, it is necessary to conduct a cumulative analysis of such factors as the words used, expressions, subjective emotions, objective environment, and others. This is important, since lexical language means are not necessarily used to express love. By analyzing the specific context and other contextual factors, we can better understand the meaning of the word used, as well as the category and essence of the emotion it expresses. Nouns that express the emotions of love, based on such criteria as their semantics, can be divided into the following groups:

1) Words that convey the inner emotions of the subject, for example, my soul, we will quote from the text:

1. "My soul, give it to me for the sake of all that is holy",

2. "My soul Pavel Ivanovich!";

2) Words reflecting the most sincere and cherished feelings of the subject through the value and uniqueness of the object for him. For example, gold, treasure, etc.Here are examples from the text of the poem:

1. "Can a child spoil anything in this golden time of his age!",

2. "And such a treasure-to throw the earth";

3) Words expressing the emotion of love by reflecting the lightness and pleasure of the subject through the attractiveness and pleasantness to his eyes of the object itself. For example, nice, sweet, darling, etc.Here are examples from the text of the poem:

1. "After all, there was a good merchant: there was half a million",

2. "I have-with, <.....> all kinds of workers, both bad and good",

3. "Landowner Manilov, <.....> eyes as sweet as sugar",

4. "I know, I know you, my dear";

it is interesting that in many cases metaphorical means are used to express the attitude of affection, including love, for example, the word golubchik, given in the last example;

2. dislike, hate (negatively colored words). Here are examples from the text:

1) "Fedor Fedorovich Lenitsyn, <.....> suddenly he didn't like it.",

2) "The person <.....> did not like the boss <.....> and he hated him to death.".

As we have already noted, both in literary works and in the real world, in order for the speaker to realize the possibility of transmitting and expressing his emotions, feelings, emotional state or attitude to a particular listener, in addition to using lexical language means, such linguistic means as intonation, morphological, syntactic, stylistic can be used.

At the same time, in our opinion, in the vast majority of cases, the expression of emotions occurs precisely through lexical language means. The reason for this is that it is much easier for the subject during emotional expression to use this method, a lexical unit carefully selected for a specific situation.

In addition, it is this category of linguistic means that, more than the others, reflects the inner world of the speaker, his emotions and experiences, as well as the thoughts of the author, if we are talking about a literary work.

Our research shows that the emotive vocabulary used in the poem is represented by a considerable number of verbs, adjectives, nouns, as well as interjections.

We also identified the main and secondary words expressing emotions, as well as their name. The first include sympathy, delight, disapproval. The second can be attributed to annoyance.

During the writing of this article, we also found that the functional and semantic field of emotivity of the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich includes three varieties of emotive vocabulary:

1) vocabulary describing and expressing an emotional state,

2) vocabulary describing and expressing an emotional attitude,

3) vocabulary describing and expressing an emotional characteristic.

The corresponding category of emotive vocabulary includes a certain number of emotional microfields of various volumes with corresponding features.

Let's briefly consider each category of emotive vocabulary. This kind of vocabulary, as describing and expressing an emotional state, as well as used in this poem, consists of such microfields as delight, disapproval, annoyance, surprise, and so on. Another kind of vocabulary, namely the vocabulary describing and expressing an emotional attitude, as well as used in this poem, consists of such microfields as hatred, love, and so on. An example of such a kind of vocabulary as describing and expressing an emotional characteristic vocabulary, as well as used in this poem, can be the noun fool.

The relations of a synonymous nature that develop between the units of the emotive field are reflected at the level of one micropole. Meanwhile, the relations of the antonymic field take place not at the level of one micropole, but at the level of different micropoles. Microfields of delight and annoyance can be considered as such antonymic microfields opposed to each other.