The Influence of Personality Type on the Level of Tolerance

Smirnaya Anastasiya Andreevna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Siberian State University of Science and Technology. M.F. Reshetnev. 82 Mira str., Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia mrostovtseva@sfu-kras.ru Other publications by this author     Smirnova Anastasiya Viktorovna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of English Philology, Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V.P. Astafieva 89 A. Lebedeva str., Krasnoyarsk, 660060, Russia anastasyavic@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Tyukanov Vasilii Leonidovich Senior Lecturer, Department of Modern Educational Technologies, Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny str., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia vastuk85@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Morozova Tat'yana Borisovna Primary school teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Uyar Secondary School No. 4" 663921, Russia, Uyar, Ulyana Gromova str., 7 mtb130581@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Tyukanov Vladimir Leonidovich Senior Lecturer, Department of Design and Operation of Gas and Oil Pipelines, Siberian Federal University 82 Svobodny ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia wwi.i@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

The problem of tolerance is one of the most pressing problems in modern Russia. It is no coincidence that domestic scientists have carried out a large amount of research on this issue in recent years at the end of the XX-beginning of the XXI century (A. G. Asmolov, V. O. Tishkov, G. V. Soldatova ^{[1, 10, 11]}, etc.). This problem is of great importance for foreign students coming to study from different corners of the Earth.

The problem of tolerance is also intensively studied in social psychology, namely in the field of interpersonal relations in a small group and organization. The manifestation of tolerance is expressed in the analysis and finding solutions to conflicts arising in everyday communication not only between students themselves, but between students and the administration, students and teachers, as well as in the distribution of responsibility for the consequences of actions and decisions taken by members of the student group. Interaction in the sphere of interpersonal relations is carried out due to cultural and personal overcoming of various social barriers and stereotypes, which can lead to misunderstanding, and subsequently to hostility on the principle of national, religious or social division of people. A student group is a collection of different people who are divided among themselves, ethnic origin, religion, social status, worldview, traditions and interests.

 In Krasnoyarsk, there are many universities and institutes, to which a huge number of people from different republics and cities of our country come to receive knowledge every year.

For example, currently about 7000 students with different faiths, ethnic origin, political views, upbringing, social status and interests live in the student dormitories of the Siberian Federal University for the 2022 academic year, but they intersect with each other on a daily basis. A dormitory is a place where these differences are especially clearly visible. It is in the dormitories that nonresident students, students from other regions, and foreigners live. For communication between students and the administration, as well as for monitoring compliance with the order, adding and correcting rules, during events of various directions, groups of 12 senior students are created at SFU. They exercise self-government in the dormitory, which involves not only the adoption of managerial actions and decisions, but also the resolution of conflicts.

In this regard, the study of personal characteristics of students, their moral values, norms of behavior, the idea of the importance of human dignity, which influence the formation of tolerance, comes to the fore. Tolerance as the ability to understand and accept another, awareness of the value of one's personality and the people around them, respect for them, a sense of solidarity and a desire for cooperation, are of paramount importance. In many ways, the development of tolerance is influenced by a person's personal qualities, his characteristics.

The problem of the relationship between personal characteristics and the level of tolerance is revealed in the works of Ilyin E.P. ^[4], Kvesko R.B. ^[5], Rostovtseva M.V. ^[7].

The analysis of tolerance in certain areas of human life and general discussions about the need for tolerance, its understanding as one of the basic principles of effective human relations at any level is carried out in the works of V. M. Sokolov ^[9], N.V. Shalaeva^[13], E.I. Yakubova^[15].

Kozhukhar G.S.^[6] explores the forms of interpersonal tolerance, its criteria and features; Vorobyova, O. E. ^[3] - methodological methods of tolerance education in high school students; Sverdlitskaya E. S. ^[8] explores ways of tolerance education in adolescents through the study of literature, etc.

Asmolov A.G. ^[1], Vislova A.D. ^[2] study the phenomenon of tolerance at the theoretical level, creating paradigmatic and methodological foundations for its study

In the works of foreign authors, tolerance is recognized as one of the main conditions for the survival of modern humanity (Caligiuri P., Tarique I., ^[17], Kasof J.^[18], Roccas S. ^[19].

In this work, we rely on the theory of C. Jung, who believed that any person is either directed to the outside world, strives to perceive the world, or strives to ignore and abstract objects, objects of the outside world and the world itself. The author called this difference a general type of attitude and divided it into extroverted (directed at the perception of the outside world) and introverted (directed mainly "inward"). Believing that there are neither pure extroverts nor pure introverts, he believed that each individual is more inclined to one of these attitudes and acts mainly within its framework. "Each person has both mechanisms, extroversion and introversion, and only the relative preponderance of one or the other determines the type," writes Jung ^[14]. Thus, the methodological basis of the study was the typology of personality developed by K. G. Jung, where the author identifies three main types: introvert - directed to himself, to his experiences and inner world, extrovert – directed to others and interaction with them, ambivert – combines both previous types and is, as it were, between them, possessing weakly expressed features of both an introvert and an extrovert.

We assumed that the type of personality, in particular, orientation, openness, active interaction with the outside world, the desire to accept and learn it can affect the tolerance of the individual, namely, extroverts and ambiverts will have it higher than introverts, which is associated with the personal need for communication and interaction with others for these types.

An introvert will be less tolerant, as he is closed, unsociable and a priori "does not accept" others.

Of course, we understand that the study of tolerance factors is not limited to the study of personality types described above, It is important to study the personal characteristics of students, their moral values, norms, ideas, which can also affect tolerance, serve as factors of its development. However, this study is the first stage in a number of studies planned by the authors.

The study was conducted on a group of second-year students living in a dormitory. The second–year students were examined, because the first year is a period of adaptation of students, "looking after" each other, acclimatization and other adaptation processes that come to the fore during this period of study at the university. In the second year, the adaptation period is usually completed. Being in a familiar environment, students show a real attitude to each other. In the process of interaction, likes and dislikes are clearly manifested.

The sample consisted of 52 people in dormitories No. 17 and No. 19 of the Siberian Federal University of Krasnoyarsk, located next to each other. The age of the subjects is 20-22 years. There are 35 men and 17 women from different institutes and training areas.

The purpose of the study: to study the influence of personality type on the level of tolerance.

Subject of research: the dependence of personality type on the level of tolerance

To identify the personality types of each of the chairman, a study will be conducted using the methodology proposed by K. Jung to identify the typological features of the personality, namely, the division of the personality type into extrovert, introvert and ambivert.

To find the tolerance index, the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index" will be used (G.U.Soldatova, O.A.Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A.Shaigerova). It is based on domestic and foreign experience in this field. The stimulus material of the questionnaire consisted of statements reflecting both the general attitude towards the world and other people, as well as social attitudes in various spheres of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested.  Special attention is paid to ethnic tolerance-intolerance (attitude to people of a different race and ethnic group, to one's own ethnic group, assessment of cultural distance).  This technique will show how tolerant a person is, namely, his attitude to people who differ from him by various factors, therefore, how the opponent manifests himself in interpersonal relationships.

For this study, which is a kind of pilot study, we believe that these techniques are sufficient to obtain initial data. The data obtained will allow us to build a program of further research related to the study of tolerance factors.

Analysis of the results obtained

As a result of a study conducted by students of dormitories, it was revealed that 58% have a high level of tolerance, 25% have an average level of tolerance, and 17% have a low tolerance index. (Figure 1)

Figure 1 – Tolerance level

By personality type: 33% were extroverts, 50% were ambiverts and 17% introverts. (Figure 2)

Figure 2 – Personality type

To identify the relationship between personality type and tolerance, the group of opponents was divided into 3 personality types: extroverts, ambiverts, introverts. To establish the relationship between personality type and tolerance, the average value for each group was calculated from the tolerance level of each opponent belonging to a certain group.  (Figure 3)

Figure 3 – the level of tolerance of personality types

After analyzing the results obtained and identifying the average level of tolerance for each of the groups. It was revealed that extroverts and ambiverts have a high level, and introverts, on the contrary, have a low tolerance index.

To confirm the validity of the differences between the groups of subjects, a nonparametric method of comparing independent samples, the Mann-Whitney U-test, was used. However, there were no significant differences in the results of the study of the groups. This indicates that the level of tolerance in the studied samples of persons – ambiverts, extroverts, introverts do not have a pronounced distinctive character relative to each other (U = 1.6 at p > 0.01 for ambiverts; U = 0.02 and U = 0.03 at p > 0.02 for extroverts and introverts.

Table 1

Differences in the level of tolerance in groups of subjects with different personality types

Thus, according to the results obtained, our hypothesis that extroverts and ambiverts are characterized by a high level of tolerance, which is associated with a personal need for communication and interaction with others for these types, and for an introvert – a low level of tolerance, has not been confirmed. The reliability of the differences between the groups of subjects was not confirmed as a result of using a nonparametric method of comparing independent samples using the Mann-Whitney U-test.

We assume that tolerance as a complex systemic quality of a person should be studied using an integrated approach. It is based on our assumption that there are three main levels in the structure of tolerance.

The first level is biological. At this level, a person accepts, realizes, understands himself as a genus-species being with biological characteristics (skin color, eye shape, body structure, gender, etc.). The importance of tolerance formation at the biological level is undeniable, because already here a person learns to realize his value as a unique organism with certain signs that can be not like the others. Accepting himself at this level, a person begins to accept others.

The second level is psychological. At this level, a person develops his personality, his attitudes, beliefs, and worldview. The cognitive, emotional, behavioral sphere here play a role in terms of their awareness by a person and acceptance of these features in himself and others.

The third level is social – the level of interaction and manifestation of tolerance as such. Here a person not only accepts the other with all his characteristics, but interacts with others as equals to himself. This is manifested in conflict-free communication, the absence of aggression, irritation, rejection of the other in its various aspects.

Thus, in order to investigate tolerance, it is necessary to do it systematically, in the unity of all the proposed components. Thus, a diagnostic complex may consist of techniques corresponding to each level (biological, psychological, social) and aimed at studying the leading components of these levels.

At the same time, the respondent's personal profile will be formed on the basis of the data obtained according to the methods selected for all three levels of tolerance: biological, psychological, social.

The importance of a comprehensive methodological approach in the study of tolerance as a complex systemic quality of a person is emphasized in the works of M.V. Rostovtseva ^[7], V.O. Tishkov ^[11], V.M. Sokolov ^[9] and others.

To diagnose the level of tolerance at the first level, it is possible to develop a questionnaire to study the acceptance of oneself and others as biological organisms by a person. Validated methods exist and have been developed for the second and third levels, which can be supplemented depending on the goals and objectives that the researcher sets for himself.

Thus, by studying tolerance comprehensively, in the unity of three levels: biological, psychological and social, it is possible to obtain more accurate results, to determine the "deficiencies" of a person at each of its levels and to influence, correct, and prevent intolerance and intolerance, preventing or productively resolving emerging conflicts.