The Influence of the Level of Subjective Control on the Tolerance of Older Adolescents

Smirnaya Anastasiya Andreevna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Siberian State University of Science and Technology. M.F. Reshetnev. 82 Mira str., Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia mrostovtseva@sfu-kras.ru Other publications by this author     Smirnova Anastasiya Viktorovna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of English Philology, Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V.P. Astafieva 89 A. Lebedeva str., Krasnoyarsk, 660060, Russia anastasyavic@mail.ru Other publications by this author     Ivanov Igor' Anatol'evich Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Humanities and Art History, Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Arts. D. Hvorostovsky 22 Lenin Street, Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia ivanovia1967@mail.ru Tyukanov Vladimir Leonidovich Senior Lecturer, Department of Design and Operation of Gas and Oil Pipelines, Siberian Federal University 82 Svobodny ave., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia wwi.i@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

Morozova Tat'yana Borisovna Primary school teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Uyar Secondary School No. 4" 663921, Russia, Uyar, Ulyana Gromova str., 7 mtb130581@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

In recent decades, the problem of tolerance has become one of the most urgent and widely demanded in the whole world. Today, it is widely discussed at various levels and aspects, including a number of issues related to human relationships.

In modern sources, tolerance is considered, first of all, as acceptance, unacceptability of all violence, acceptance of diverse norms, rules, worldviews^[1].

Statistical data and numerous studies record the growth of youth extremism, various forms of deviant behavior, conflicts based on ethnic strife, social stratification of the population, etc. In this regard, the formation of tolerant consciousness and behavior, the education of peacefulness and mutual tolerance in society has become an urgent necessity today.

Fostering tolerant behavior among schoolchildren remains one of the most important tasks of modern education. The education system, having unique opportunities to expand knowledge about other people who are different from us, their views, culture, as one of the most important tasks puts forward the problem of forming tolerance among the younger generation. The relevance of this socio-pedagogical problem is due to the need to find effective means of forming tolerance among students ^[15].

The formation of tolerance becomes particularly important in older adolescence, when awareness of one's ethnicity is strengthened and a worldview is constructed. The search for self-determination, social and personal identity in youth determines the emergence of a more conscious attitude of high school students to interethnic relations and the formation of their own position.

The study of pedagogical aspects of the problem of tolerance and its formation has expanded significantly in recent years. In modern literature, a theoretical analysis and justification of the concept of "tolerance" were made in the works of Bondyreva S.K. ^[3], Kvesko R.B. ^[9], Lectorsky V. O. ^[10], Markova N. ^[12], etc.

The research of Vorobyeva O. E.^[5], Vulfova B.Z.^[6], Ishchenko Yu.A. ^[7] and others is devoted to the formation of tolerance among various categories of citizens.

The provisions regarding the role and place of tolerance in modern society are considered in the works of A.G.Asmolov ^[1], Rostovtseva M.V. ^[13], Schrader Yu.A.^[19] and others; fundamental and applied research on the problem of tolerance formation appears (S.K. Bondyreva ^[3], Tishkov V. O.^[14], Fedorenko L.G. ^[17], Filippova O. A. ^[18].

The problem of tolerance is studied abroad by Martin J. G., Morgan D., Selman R. L., Sinyavsky A.^{[20, 21, 22, 23]}, which consider the issues of tolerance in the global meaning and the influence of internal and environmental factors on its formation.

Various aspects of tolerance have been reflected in recent dissertation studies aimed at analyzing the trajectories and conditions of tolerance education in secondary school students, as well as the influence of various factors on the formation of tolerance (A.M.Baibakov, E.V.Bryantseva, S.A.Gerasimov, E.L.Pastukhova, O.V.Tsirul, etc.). The influence of the locus of control on the characterological features and abilities of the personality, volitional qualities and other personality characteristics are studied by Vislova A.D. ^[4], Kandakov I.M. ^[8], Bazhin E.F. ^[2], etc.

We believe that the locus of control, as an integral personal characteristic, can influence the level of tolerance. In particular, externals are emotionally unstable, prone to informal communication and behavior, are not sociable, they have low self-control and high tension, and therefore we can assume a low level of tolerance to others. Since the external does not feel able to influence his life in any way, to control the development of events, he disclaims all responsibility for everything that happens to him.

Internals, on the contrary, have a high level of subjective control and believe that most important life events depend on personal qualities (competence, determination, perseverance, level of abilities, etc.) and are natural consequences of his own activities. People who have such a locus of control have emotional stability, perseverance, determination, are sociable, good self-control and restraint, and therefore are more tolerant.

The aim of the study is to determine the level of tolerance of older adolescents and its dependence on gender differences and the level of subjective control.

The object of the dissertation research is the tolerance of older adolescents.

The subject of the study is the study of the influence of the level of subjective control on the tolerance of older adolescents.

Research base: municipal budgetary educational institution "General education institution gymnasium No. 11 named after A.N. Kulakov" of Krasnoyarsk.

Research methods: electronic questionnaire "Tolerance Index" (G.U.Soldatova, O.A.Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A.Shaigerova); Questionnaire for measuring tolerance (V.S.Magun, M.S.Zhamkochyan, M.M.Magura); Types of ethnic identity (G.U.Soldatova, S.V.Ryzhova); The method of diagnosing the level of subjective control of J. Rotter's adaptation by E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkina, L. M. Etkind.

The sample of the study was 133 subjects. The female sample is 71 people, the male sample is 62 people, students of grades 9-11.

The first stage of the study was the implementation of the methodology of the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index" by G.U.Soldatova, O.A.Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaeva, L.A.Shaigerova to identify the general level of tolerance.

Of the total sample of adolescents, the average level of personality tolerance was observed in 94 people; 30.8% of respondents were male, 39.9% were female. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some situations they behave tolerantly, in others they show intolerance. A high level of tolerance was demonstrated by 9 people; 2.3% of the subjects were male and 4.5% female. Representatives of this group have pronounced personality tolerance traits. Low level of personality tolerance in 30 subjects; 9% of female respondents and 13.5% of males. Such results indicate a high tolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes towards the surrounding world and people. The data in Table 1 indicate that the average level of tolerance is typical for the total number of samples. A high level is typical for girls, a low level for boys. Primary data may indicate that there is an influence of gender differences on the level of tolerance.

Table 1 – Data of the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index"

Percentage data

To identify the dependence of sex differences and the level of tolerance, we applied the Student's t – test. The calculations were based on the average scores received by male and female respondents. The data is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 – The number of average scores among boys and girlsAccording to the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index" and the results obtained, girls have a higher level of tolerance than boys.

   Table 2 shows the results of the dependence of the level of tolerance and gender. Table 2 – Dependence of tolerance level on gender differences

The results of data processing using the Student's t-test proved the influence of gender on personality tolerance with an error of p > 0.007, with a confidence level of 0.5.

To confirm the results of the express questionnaire "Tolerance Index", the methodology of V.S.Magun, M.S.Zhamkochyan, M.M.Magura "Questionnaire for measuring tolerance" was used to measure various attitudes, tolerance of verbal behavior of people.

Table 3 shows the results of the "Questionnaire for measuring the tolerance index" method. 67 people adhere to intolerant attitudes, of which 31% are male and 24.3% are female. Tolerance is diagnosed in 66 people; 18.7% male and 31% female of the number of respondents. 

Table 3 – Results of the study of tolerance of older adolescents

Percentage data

Graphically, the results of the study of the level of tolerance according to the "Questionnaire for measuring tolerance" are presented in histogram 2.

Figure 2 – Results of the data "Questionnaire for measuring tolerance"To confirm the dependence of the level of tolerance on gender, the primary data on the questionnaire were processed by the statistical method of the Student's t-test, according to the calculations of the average results for boys and girls, the data results are presented in Table 4.

 Table 4 – The dependence of the level of tolerance on gender.

The results of data processing using the "Questionnaire for measuring tolerance" method confirmed the presence of the influence of gender on the level of tolerance of the individual. Statistical processing showed the effect with an error of p > 0.004, with a confidence level of 0.5.

Based on the analysis of ethnic identity data on each scale, the following results were obtained.

The norm (positive ethnic identity) was revealed in 34 male subjects, which is 24.6% of the sample; 44 female respondents, which is 34% of the sample, which suggests that an individual combines a positive attitude towards his own people with a positive attitude towards other peoples; ethnophanatism was revealed in 10 male respondents, which is 7.4% of the sample, 7 respondents are female, and this is 5.2% of the sample, which indicates the willingness of an individual to take any action in the name of one way or another understood ethnic interests, up to ethnic "cleansing", denial to other peoples of the right to use resources and social privileges, recognition of the priority of ethnic rights of the people over human rights, justification of any victims in the struggle for the well-being of their people; ethno-egoism was revealed in 9 male subjects, which is 6.7% of the sample, in 7 female subjects, which is 5.3% of the sample, this indicates that an individual can express his attitude in a harmless form at the verbal level as a result of perception through the prism of the construct "my people", but may imply, for example, tension and irritation in communication with representatives of other ethnic groups or recognition of the right of their people to solve problems at the expense of "someone else"; ethnic indifference was detected in 5 male people, which is 4% of the sample, 8 female people, which is 6% of the sample. These results indicate the blurriness of ethnic identity, expressed in the uncertainty of ethnicity, the irrelevance of ethnicity; ethnic isolationism was diagnosed in 3 male respondents, which is 2.2% of the sample, 3 female people, which is 2.4% of the sample, an individual with this type of ethnic identity is characterized by a conviction in the superiority of his people, recognition of the need for "purification" national culture, negative attitude to interethnic marriage unions, xenophobia; ethnonigilism was detected in 2 male respondents, 1.6% of the sample, and 2 female respondents, which is 1.6% of the sample, this indicates that an individual departs from his own ethnic group in search of stable socio-psychological niches not according to ethnic criteria. The data is presented in table 5.

Table 5 – Results by types of ethnic identity

Percentage data

For the convenience of further calculation and analysis of the results, the data were transferred to a quantitative scale. Graphically, data on the scales of types of ethnic identity are presented in Figure 3.

 Figure 3 – Data of the general sample by types of ethnic identity

Note: on the ordinate scale: 1 – ethnonigilism; 2 – ethnic indifference; 3 – norm (positive ethnic identity); 4 – ethno-egoism; 5 – ethnic isolation; 6 – ethnophanatism.

 Figure 4 – Data on boys and girlsNote: on the abscissa scale: 1 – ethnonigilism; 2 – ethnic indifference; 3 – norm (positive ethnic identity); 4 – ethnoegoism; 5 – ethnic isolation; 6 – ethnophanatism.

It follows from Figure 4 that the norm (positive ethnic identity), ethno-fanaticism, ethno-egoism, ethnic indifference, ethnic isolation, and ethnonigilism prevail among young men with a high value.

In the female sample, there is a high value for the types of norm (positive ethnic identity), ethnic indifference, ethno-egoism and ethno-fanaticism, ethnic isolation, ethnonigilism.

Our further action was to identify the influence of ethnic identity types on the level of tolerance.  Tables 6 to 8 present statistical processing data using the Spearman correlation coefficient.

Table 6 – The relationship between the level of tolerance and the type of ethnic identity.

A weak connection was revealed, which suggests that with a high level of tolerance, the type of ethnic identity decreases from ethnophanatism to ethnonilism; an increased level of tolerance suggests the opposite: with an increase in the level to the maximum, the type increases from ethnonigilism to ethnophanatism.

Table 7 – The relationship between the level of tolerance and the type of ethnic identity (by group of girls).

The statistical data presented in Table 7, obtained by types of ethnic identity (girls), indicate that this group is not characterized by the influence of types of ethnic identity on the level of general tolerance. I.e., the type of ethnic identity and the level of tolerance in girls is formed independently of each other.

Table 8 – Correlation of the level of tolerance from the type of ethnic identity by young men

The sample data presented in Table 8 for young men showed the presence of an average relationship between the level of tolerance and types of ethnic identity. This indicates that the higher the level of tolerance among young men, the lower the hyperidentity from ethnophanatism to the norm.

Thus, the influence of ethnic identity types on the level of tolerance was found only in young men. Girls are not affected by this. Although quantitative data did not reveal a strong difference between the results of the samples by gender differences.

To confirm the influence of gender differences on the level of tolerance of the individual, we will provide Table 9 of statistical data calculated using the Kendall rank correlation coefficient.

Table 9 – General data on the dependence of the level of tolerance on sex differences for all methods

Based on the results of the methods and statistical analysis of the data, we conclude that the level of tolerance depends on gender differences with a rank correlation coefficient of r = 0.7. According to the methodology for determining the types of ethnic identity, a weak dependence of r = - 0.3 on the level of tolerance was revealed. Girls are tolerant, they are characterized by tolerant forms of behavior, boys, on the contrary, are more often intolerant, both to the outside world and to people. Thus, all the data obtained proved the hypothesis that the level of tolerance of older adolescents depends on  from sexual differences.

According to the method "the level of subjective control" J. In the adaptation of E.F. Bazhin, S.A. Golynkina, A.M. Etkind, each sample was divided into groups of externals and internals. During the analysis of the data on the level of subjective control on each scale, the following was found separately in the male and female samples.

The total number of internals in the sample is 83 people, including 33 boys and 50 girls. There are 50 people of the external type – 29 male respondents and 21 female respondents, which is presented in table 10.

Table 10 – Results of the level of subjective control

Percentage data

According to the general analysis of the sample, the international type prevails - independent individuals who take responsibility for their actions. Of the total sample, 37.6% of girls consider themselves to be of this type and 24.8% of boys.

The external type indicates that the successes and failures of a person are regulated by external factors, such as fate, luck, lucky chance, influential people and unpredictable forces of the environment, people of this type believe that they are hostages of fate. Of the total sample, this is 21.8% of boys and 15.8% of girls. Most of the younger generation is ready to make decisions and take responsibility for their actions, behavior and attitude to others.

To identify the dependence of tolerance on the level of subjective control, statistical processing was carried out using the Student's t-test. For the convenience of calculation, the initial data was converted to an average value. The results are presented in table 11.

Table 11 – Dependence of tolerance of older adolescents on the level of subjective control

The results of statistical data processing using the Student's t-test showed the influence of the level of subjective control on the level of tolerance of older adolescents with an error of p > 0.001, with a confidence level of 0.5. This indicates a strong dependence.

Next, we will consider the data separately for all scales of the methodology.

According to the Io (general internality) scale, high values correspond to the internal type of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most of the important events in their lives are the result of their own actions, that they can manage them, they feel their own responsibility for these events and for how their life is shaping up as a whole. This was found in 33 male subjects, which is 24.8% of the sample, and 30 female subjects, which is 22.6% of the sample.

Low values correspond to the external type of subjective control. Such people do not see a connection between their actions and life events that are significant to them, do not consider themselves able to control this connection, believe that most events and actions are the result of an accident or the actions of other people, which was revealed in 29 male subjects - 21.8% of the sample and in 41 female subjects, which is 30.8% selections.

According to the Id scale (internality in the field of achievements), high values correspond to the internal type of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they themselves have achieved all that is good in their lives, they are able to successfully achieve their goals in the future, which was revealed in 40 male subjects, which is 30.1% of the sample and 40 female subjects, which is 30.1% of the sample.

Low values corresponding to the external type, characteristic of people who tend to attribute their successes, achievements and joys to external circumstances – luck, good fortune or the help of other people, which was found in 22 male subjects, which is 16.5% of the sample and 31 female subjects, which is 23.3% of the sample.

According to the In scale (internality in the field of failures), high values correspond to an internalized type of subjective control, a developed sense of subjective control over negative events and situations, which manifests itself in a tendency to blame oneself for a variety of troubles and sufferings. This was found in 35 male subjects, which is 26.3% of the sample; 38 female subjects, which is 28.6% of the sample.

Low values corresponding to the external type of subjective control are characteristic of people who tend to attribute responsibility for similar events to other people or consider these events to be the result of bad luck, which was found in 27 male subjects, which is 20.3% of the sample; 33 female subjects, which is 24.8% of the sample.

According to the Is scale (internality in family relations), high values corresponding to the internal type of subjective control, a high sense of responsibility for events occurring in a person's family life were detected in 28 male subjects, which is 21% of the sample; 41 female subjects, which is 30.8% of the sample.

Low values correspond to the external type of subjective control characteristic of people who consider their partners to be the cause of significant situations arising in the family, which was revealed in 34 male subjects, which is 25.6% of the sample; 30 female subjects, which is 22.6% of the sample.

According to the Ip scale (internality in the field of industrial relations), high values correspond to the internality type of subjective control. A person considers his actions to be an important factor in the organization of his own production activities, in the developing relationships in the team, in his promotion, which was revealed in 38 male subjects, which is 28.6% of the sample; 35 female subjects, which is 26.4% of the sample.

Low values correspond to the external type of subjective control, characteristic of people who tend to attribute more importance to external circumstances – leadership, workmates, luck, which was found in 24 male subjects, which is 18% of the sample; 36 female subjects, which is 27% of the sample.

According to the Im scale (internality in the field of interpersonal relations), high values correspond to the internal type of subjective control. A person considers himself able to control his formal and informal relationships with other people, to arouse respect and sympathy for himself, which was revealed in 24 male subjects, which is 18% of the sample; 49 female subjects, which is 36.8% of the sample.

Low values correspond to the external type of subjective control, characteristic of people who cannot actively form their social circle and tend to consider their interpersonal relationships the result of partner activity, which was revealed in 38 male subjects, which is 28.6% of the sample; 22 female subjects, which is 16.6% of the sample.

According to the Iz scale (internality in relation to health and illness), high values correspond to a high level of responsibility for one's health. If a person is ill, he blames himself for this and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions.  This was found in 29 male subjects, which is 21.8% of the sample; 35 female subjects, which is 26.4% of the sample.

Low values corresponding to the external type of subjective control are characteristic of people who consider health and illness to be a matter of chance and hope that recovery is carried out as a result of the actions of other people, primarily doctors, which was revealed in 33 male subjects, which is 24.8% of the sample; 36 female subjects, which is 27% of the sample.

Table 12 – The ratio of boys and girls on the scale of "level of subjective control".

The data in table 12 do not reveal the presence of strong differences in indicators between boys and girls.

Young men have low values on the scales of "internality in family relations", "internality in the field of interpersonal relations", "internality in relation to health". High values prevail on the scales of "general internality", "internality in the field of achievements", "internality in the field of failures", "internality in the field of industrial relations".

Girls are characterized by low values on the scales of "general internality", "internality in the field of industrial relations", "internality in relation to health". High values prevail on the scales of "internality in the field of achievements", "internality in the field of failures", "internality in family relations", "internality in the field of interpersonal relations".

Let's consider the influence of gender on the results of the scales using the Spearman correlation coefficient shown in Table 13

Table 13 – Relationship of gender and subjective control level scales

According to statistical processing in Table 13, a weak relationship of gender was revealed on the scales of Io (general internality), Is (internality in family relations) and Im (internality in interpersonal relations).  The general internality data shows a weak feedback. According to the Is scale, the values have a direct weak connection with an error of 0.01 with a confidence of 0.5. The Im scale also has a positive weak connection, increasing responsibility for interpersonal relationships from the values of the male sample to the values of the female with an error of p > 0.007 with a reliability of the results of 0.5.

Table 14 presents the data of statistical processing using a linear correlation coefficient, which shows the relationship between the level of tolerance of older adolescents and the scales of the level of subjective control.

Table 14 – The relationship between the methods of the level of tolerance of the individual and the scales of the level of subjective control

After full processing of the results, a weak dependence of the level of tolerance of the individual on internality in the field of family relations was revealed, which may indicate that the higher the level of tolerance of the respondents, the higher their level of confidence in the field of family relations (Table 13). A weak relationship of the level of tolerance of the individual on the scale of intrenality in the field of failures was revealed and internality in relation to health and diseases, which also indicates that the higher the level of tolerance of the individual, the closer to the internality type on the scales of internality in the field of failures and internality in the relationship of health and diseases.

There is also a weak correlation of gender with the scales of general internality r = -0.28, internality in family relationships r = 0.21 and internality in interpersonal relationships r = 0.26. The influence of gender on the type of ethnic identity was revealed with a confidence of r = -0.2, - weak dependence. The relationship between gender and the level of subjective control has not been found.

The level of subjective control affects the level of tolerance of an individual with a value of r = 0.6. The relationship between the level of tolerance and types of ethnic identity was revealed with a confidence of r = -0.285.

From the above, we conclude that there is a relationship between the level of subjective control and the level of tolerance of older adolescents, which confirms our hypothesis of the study.

Thus, our research has allowed us to draw the following conclusions.

The initial data of the methods and statistical analysis confirmed the dependence of the level of tolerance of older adolescents on gender differences. Girls are tolerant, they are characterized by tolerant forms of behavior, while boys, on the contrary, are more often intolerant, both to the outside world and to people. The next stage was to identify the influence of locus control on the tolerance of older adolescents. Using the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, data were processed and compared using the methods "Level of subjective control" and "Tolerance Index". The data confirmed the presence of such an influence, which confirms the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the level of subjective control and the level of tolerance of older adolescents. exte6rnals have a lower tolerance level than internals.

The results obtained in the course of the study do not claim to be an exhaustive solution to the problem under consideration. The totality of accumulated theoretical and practical material contributes to the continuation of research work.