Features of the Psychographic Portrait of the Residents with Criminal Record living in Northern Territories and the Arctic Zone of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Naumenko Evgenii Aleksandrovich ORCID: 0000-0002-0235-8036 Doctor of Psychology Professor, Yugra State University 628011, Russia, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chekhov str., 16, office 303 hea2004@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Naumenko Ol'ga Nikolaevna ORCID: 0000-0002-4601-978X Doctor of History Leading Researcher, Yugra State University 628011, Russia, KhMAO-Yugra region, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chekhov str., 16, office 303 oolgann@mail.ru

Introduction. Of particular scientific interest is the study of the personality of various categories of citizens living in the territories of the North and the Arctic zone of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra and Yanao. The question of the peculiarities of the psychological makeup of the personality of citizens who have experience of illegal behavior (including criminal), living and working in these territories, is of particular interest. This is due to the high level of migration activity of territories where the turnover of labor resources is especially significant in the social, cultural, economic, demographic spheres. Knowledge of some features of the personality structure (model) of socially unstable citizens opens up opportunities for more targeted, targeted management of such contingents from the side of social, administrative, pedagogical, legal influence on them. We have made an attempt to determine some personal characteristics of such citizens and to give a psychological assessment of their manifestation and significance. Literature review.

It is necessary to note the fact that studies of the personal characteristics of the population of the North and the Arctic zone are absolutely insufficient. At best, these are works that touch on the most general issues of culture, everyday life, migration processes, legal and social issues. The most complete and systematic study affecting the problems of the emotional spectrum of the inhabitants of the northern and Arctic territories was carried out in the dissertation study by V.A. Lobova (2007). She studied the processes of depression, its socio-psychological projection, dynamics and factors of natural and climatic influence on the formation and course of such processes. The author particularly touched upon the processes of "life exhaustion" of residents of the Northern and Arctic territories of the Russian Federation, defining the mechanisms of psychological regulation of basic vital functions ^[4]. A.N. Bystrov studied the personality structure of a teenager in the northern territories. In his monographic work (2018), he outlined the issues of research, the structure of the personality of a teenager in accordance with the basic approaches of domestic and foreign scientists. The author summarizes the long-term experience of his own empirical research and identifies the characteristic features of adolescents in the North. For the first time, taking into account climatogeographic, ecological and cultural-historical factors, the concept and structure of the personality of a teenager living in the conditions of the North was developed and built ^[5]. In the work, the author considered and noted such important qualities and properties of personality as gender, social identification, individual properties, features of self-consciousness, emotional and intellectual spheres. Yu.F. Lukin studies a wide range of social phobias of the population of the northern regions ^[6]. He uses psychological methods of experimental research in his work and notes the fact that a number of phobias are formed in the personality structure of residents of the northern and Arctic regions (unlike residents of other, more southern regions), such as climatic, socio-Arctic, religious, economic and others. The way in which phobias are formed and the dynamics of their experience distinguish residents of the Far North from other people living in the southern regions of the country. The analysis of psychological states of personality of specialists working in the northern and Arctic regions is described by A.I. Egorova and V.Ya. Davydova ^[7]. The authors note the fact of a significant decrease in the activity of the personality of specialists working in the northern and Arctic regions, associated with the depletion of the resource capabilities of the psyche, accelerated professional burnout. The concept of the "depleted living environment" by O.N. Naumenko ^[8], which determines the structure of factors that most influence the processes of sociogenesis of the population of the Arctic and near-Arctic territories, fits well into the outline of the noted data as an explanatory document. Within the framework of the concept, there is a significant shift in the formation of personality and dynamics of personal processes of citizens of such territories associated with the influence of factors of "impoverished living environment". In their works, E.A. Naumenko, O.N. Naumenko and A.G. Abdulin analyzed the factology of the processes of functioning of the subconscious, intuitive factors and identification processes of youth in the northern regions of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra and Yanao. The study notes a statistically significant fact of the influence of irrational components of the psyche on the development, form and content of the respondents' mental life ^[9]. A.I. Zhumaboeva notes the peculiarities of self-consciousness in the formation of normative models of social behavior among residents of the Far North ^[11], examining the process of subjective perception of social behavior norms by respondents. The interest of researchers in the vital problems of the inhabitants of the Russian North is gradually increasing, this is facilitated by the significant attention of the Government of the Russian Federation to the problems of the northern territories of the country, reflected in a number of government documents. A number of authors also provide factual data on the personality characteristics of residents of regions with extreme living conditions ^{[18; 19; 20]}.

Materials and methods. The experimental study involved citizens living in the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yanao, of both sexes, with a total of 418 people, 220 of them female, 198 male. Age from 17 to 45 years. The research interest was not only differences in psychological characteristics related to the sexual characteristics of the respondents. We also identified groups of subjects studied on a national basis ("national character"). The following groups of subjects were identified: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians – (Slavic group); small indigenous peoples of the North (Khanty, Mansi, Nenets ...); Turkic peoples (Tatars, Kazakhs, Kirghiz ...); Caucasian peoples. The sample of respondents also reflected social orientation related to professional affiliation, which were taken into account indirectly in our study.

Data collection method. The study was conducted in the period 2022. The collection of factual data was carried out by a wide group of specially trained persons from among the students of Ugra State University during field research sessions. They used the same methodological tools and a uniform algorithm of experimental work. The main tool for collecting factual material was the method of socio-psychological maladaptation by K. Rogers - R. Diamond ^[1]. As additional methods were used to determine the parameters of uncontrolled emotional excitability (impulsivity) V.V. Boyko ^[2]. Three levels of emotionality were determined: low, medium and high. The level of development of the intelligence of the personality of the subjects (the projection of intelligence) was studied within the framework of the use of the method of progressive matrices of J. Raven in its standard (black and white) version ^[3]. The subjects were successively offered three tasks (3rd, 6th, 11th) of each of the five series. The results were interpreted as mediocre, normative and elevated, by evaluating the performance of tasks according to consistently proposed series.

Quantitative data processing was carried out using the SPSS Statistics 19.0 software package. Within the framework of the statistics package, data processing methods were used: Spearman's r correlation criterion, factor exploratory analysis (Factor Loadings, Varimax normalized), variance factor analysis (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis criterion for related samples), chi-squared criterion to establish differences between linked selections.

            Results and discussion

       Let's consider the indicators of the quantitative analysis of the obtained data of the study of the features of the psychographic portrait ^{[12;13;14;15; 16;17]} residents of the northern territories and the Arctic of the KhMAO and YaNAO. Table 1

Descriptive statistics of parameters of socio-psychological maladaptation

Most of the measured variables are in the average normative corridor. The indicators of sincerity – insincerity – are underestimated. Internal control indicators are overestimated. The assessment is carried out relative to the norms for adults.

Correlation analysisThere are positive, statistically significant correlations of gender and variables such as adaptability (0.12) and external control (0.18) at p< 0.05.

This means that women are more adaptive and have more pronounced external control than men.

The links of professional orientation and nationality are not interpreted.

Relationships of adaptability – maladaptivity indicators.

There is a positive correlation between maladaptivity and sincerity (0.14 at p< 0.05) and adaptability and insincerity (0.12 at p< 0.05). This means that people tend to talk about themselves exactly when they are suffering and prefer to keep silent about themselves when they are quite well.

Adaptive people tend to accept themselves (0.18 at p < 0.05), accept others (0.23 at p<0.05), experience a state of emotional comfort (0.16 at p< 0.05), demonstrate internal control (0.44 at p< 0.05), dominance (0.38 at p< 0.05)

Maladaptive tend not to accept themselves (0.22 at p < 0.05), not to accept others (0.49 at p< 0.05), experience a state of emotional discomfort (0.57 at p< 0.05), demonstrate external control (0.82 at p< 0.05), statement (0.70 at p< 0.05), escapism (0.73 at p< 0.05).

Sincerity is not sincerity.

People who tend to report more reliable information about themselves experience emotional discomfort (0.15 at p < 0.05), tend to demonstrate external control (0.24 at p < 0.05), statement (0.13 at p < 0.05), escapism (0.12 at p < 0.05).

Self–acceptance is self-rejection.

People who are inclined to accept themselves accept others (0.40 at p < 0.05), experience emotional comfort (0.41 at p < 0.05), demonstrate internal control (0.14 at p < 0.05).

People who tend not to accept themselves do not accept others (0.66 at p < 0.05), experience emotional discomfort (0.68 at p < 0.05), demonstrate external control (0.20 at p< 0.05), statement (0.16 at p< 0.05), escapism (0.18 at p< 0.05).

Acceptance of others is rejection of others.

People who accept others experience emotional comfort (0.63 at p < 0.05), demonstrate internal control (0.20 at p<0.05). People who do not accept others experience emotional discomfort (0.70 at p<0.05), demonstrate external control (0.20 at p < 0.05), statement (0.30 at p< 0.05) and escapism (0.36 at p < 0.05).

Exploratory factor analysis.Grouping of indicators of socio-psychological maladaptation.

Factorization of the data allowed us to identify 6 factors with a total load of 69.6%

Table 2

Load factors

The first factor (load 24.9%) is unipolar and includes such variables as maladaptivity (0.95), external control (0.85), escapism (0.81) and statement (0.77), emotional discomfort (0.57), rejection of others (0.48). That is, maladapted people have external control, experience emotional discomfort, do not accept others, use escapism and vedomosti strategies.

The second factor (load 15.9%) is bipolar and at one pole includes self–rejection (-0.85), rejection of others (-0.68), at the other - acceptance of others (0.82), emotional comfort (0.84). That is , people are divided into: 1) accepting others and experiencing emotional comfort from this, and 2) not accepting themselves and not accepting others.

The third factor (load 10.16%) is unipolar and includes such variables as internal control (0.74), adaptability (0.73), dominance (0.70). That is, adaptive people are primarily those with high internal control and using a behavioral strategy of dominance.

The fourth factor (load 7%) is unipolar, includes indications of specialty (-0.82), nationality (-0.67). Presumably it combines the characteristics of representatives of legal and humanitarian professions on the one hand and the titular nation and indigenous small peoples of the north, on the other hand.

The fifth factor (load 5.96%) is unipolar, includes indicators of gender (0.8), sincerity (0.58), which allows us to say that women tend to report more reliable information.

The sixth factor (load 5.59%) is unipolar, includes an insincerity index (0.96).

In fact, in practical interpretation, it is worth neglecting 4, 5, 6 factors, since they do not carry a semantic load. The only thing that is confusing in this situation is that the cumulative load of the remaining factors drops sharply to 51%, about 75% is considered acceptable. But in fact, the last three factors are not interpreted meaningfully.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for related samples.The assessment of the contribution of the gender factor was significant for each variable: Wilks lambda = 0.865675, F (13, 297) = 3.545, p=0.000035.

All measured indicators are higher in women.

According to the factors of specialty and nationality, there is no significant contribution to any of the variables.

The next stage of calculations is a comparative analysis of the contribution of gradations of factors.

Table 3

Comparative contribution of gradations of the nationality factor to the indicator of emotional discomfort

People of different nationalities differ from each other in terms of emotional discomfort Kruskal-Wallis test: H (4, N= 306) =12.56647 p =,0136. The highest level of discomfort is experienced by representatives of category 1 (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans), then – small indigenous peoples of the North, then Turkic peoples, and the least discomfort is experienced by representatives of Caucasian peoples and people who have not indicated nationality.

Table 4

Comparative contribution of gradations of the nationality factor to the acceptance rate of others

People of different nationalities differ from each other in terms of acceptance of other Kruskal-Wallis test: H (4, N= 306) =10.01340 p =,0402. The highest level of acceptance is demonstrated by representatives of the Caucasian peoples, then representatives of the Turkic peoples, then representatives of small indigenous peoples of the north and the least accepting of others – representatives of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans.

Table 5

Comparative contribution of gradations of the nationality factor to the indicator of self-acceptance

Respondents of different nationalities differ from each other in terms of self-acceptance Kruskal-Wallis test: H (4, N= 306) =24.96528 p =,0001. The most accepting representatives of the Caucasian peoples, then representatives of the Turkic peoples, then – small indigenous peoples of the north and the least accepting representatives of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans

Table 6

Comparative contribution of gradations of the nationality factor to the indicator

self - rejection

People of different nationalities differ from each other in terms of self-rejection Kruskal-Wallis test: H (4, N= 306) =20.67761 p =,0004. The most non–accepting representatives of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans; then – representatives of small indigenous peoples of the north, then – representatives of Caucasian peoples, and the least non-accepting - representatives of Turkic peoples.

Conclusion. The results of quantitative and qualitative analysis obtained in experimental factual data allow us to draw certain conclusions in accordance with the task set in the study. Such data can be put into a model of a psychographic portrait of a resident of the northern and Arctic territories of the region indicated in the study. 

1. First of all, it is necessary to note the differences in the gender aspect of the studied sample of men and women. The fact of the fastest, plastic and purposeful social adaptation to the real conditions of life in the North among women has been revealed. The mechanism of external control affects women more significantly than men. This is evidenced by statistically significant coefficients of gender and variables such as adaptability (0.12) and external control (0.18) at p< 0.05.

2. Descriptive statistics indicate that, in the whole sample of respondents, the indicators of sincerity – insincerity – are underestimated. Internal control indicators are overestimated.

3. According to the indicators of social openness and closeness, the estimates for the sample as a whole were distributed in different directions. Those who are inclined to accept themselves accept others (0.40 at p < 0.05), experience emotional comfort (0.41 at p < 0.05), demonstrate internal control (0.14 at p < 0.05). Those who tend not to accept themselves do not accept others (0.66 at p < 0.05), experience emotional discomfort (0.68 at p < 0.05), demonstrate external control (0.20 at p< 0.05), statement (0.16 at p < 0.05), escapism (0.18 at p < 0.05). Such indicators indicate that the average indicator of social openness-closeness has a significant spread, characterizing the sample as a whole by such an indicator as variable and multidirectional.

4. The links of professional orientation and nationality have not been identified and are not interpreted. This is also evidenced by the data of the factorization process of the studied variables, there is no significant contribution to any of the variables by the factors of specialty and nationality.

5. The greatest contribution to the psychometric portrait was made by factorization data. The first three factors were the most informative (overall informativeness 51%):

The first factor (factor weight 24.9%). It is unipolar and includes such variables as maladaptivity (0.95), external control (0.85), escapism (0.81) and statement (0.77), emotional discomfort (0.57), rejection of others (0.48). That is, maladapted people have external control, experience emotional discomfort, do not accept others, use escapism and vedomosti strategies.

The second factor (load 15.9%) is bipolar and at one pole includes rejection of oneself (-0.85), rejection of others (-0.68), at the other – acceptance of others (0.82), emotional comfort (0.84). That is , people are divided into: 1) accepting others and experiencing emotional comfort from this, and 2) not accepting themselves and not accepting others.

The third factor (load 10.16%) is unipolar and includes such variables as internal control (0.74), adaptability (0.73), dominance (0.70). That is, adaptive people are primarily those with high internal control and using a behavioral strategy of dominance.

6. Analysis of variance for related samples showed that the assessment of the contribution of the gender factor was significant for each variable: Wilks lambda = 0.865675, F (13, 297) = 3.545, p=0.000035. All measured indicators are higher in women.

7. The difference in indicators of emotional discomfort in terms of nationality was revealed. The representatives of the first group (Russians, Ukrainians, Germans) experience the highest level of discomfort, followed by the small indigenous peoples of the North, then the Turkic peoples, and the least discomfort is experienced by representatives of the Caucasian peoples and people who have not indicated their nationality.

8. The highest level of self–acceptance is demonstrated by representatives of the Caucasian peoples, then representatives of the Turkic peoples, then representatives of small indigenous peoples of the north and the least accepting of others - representatives of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans. Self–rejection is highest in the groups of respondents of representatives of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans; then – representatives of small indigenous peoples of the north, then - representatives of Caucasian peoples, and the least self–accepting - representatives of Turkic peoples.

9. The level of intellectual capabilities also has significant variability and is not determined by statistical indicators for the national group as a whole. No significant differences were found between the groups.

            The comparative characteristics of the indicators of the psychometric model given in the article will be updated with new data when working with other samples of respondents and expanding their meaningful data.