Hofstede's Power Distance Cultural Dimension and its Representation in Historical Documents of Russia in the 16th-20th Centuries

Danilova Anna Gennadievna ORCID: 0000-0003-3548-372X Senior Researcher, All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences 125315, Russia, Moscow, ul. Usievich, 20 a_g_danilova@mail.ru

Mitina Ol'ga Valentinovna ORCID: 0000-0002-2237-4404 PhD in Psychology Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Laboratory "Psychology of Communication", Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991, Russia, Moscow, Kolmogorova str., 1 omitina@inbox.ru

An extensive corpus of texts and documents from past eras is a valuable material for analyzing the historical development of culture. These documents are stylistically and thematically heterogeneous, different in volume, not all of them are narratives, i.e. narratives, which makes it difficult to analyze discourse as an assignment of meanings at the level of the text or the author. However, the study of arrays of texts by methods of discourse analysis makes it possible to identify attitudes and patterns of behavior reflecting the universal characteristics of the current culture at an extra-subjective level. In cognitive linguistics, a "mental model" of the scheme of knowledge about the world has been developed (F. Johnson-Laird, A. Dentzau, D. North), the model of "frames" as ways of behavior in typical situations (M. Minsky, C. Fillmore), the model of "scripts" as the development and correction of typical situations (R. Schenck, R. Abelson). When including in the historical and psychological analysis of materials of a wide time range, the limitation is the conventionality of ideas about distant epochs, therefore complex analytical models of discourse have a high risk of displacement of the researcher. With the development of digital technologies and mathematical methods, the applicability of the content analysis method in historical research is being discussed more and more actively ^[1-5].

The limitation for the study is a relatively small number of texts related to more distant epochs. The largest part of the documents relating to the time of the Russian centralized state are the materials of the order archives and monastic libraries, reflecting the formation and development of the state administration apparatus, the formation of the market, the situation and life of the peoples of Russia and neighboring states ^[6].  These texts belong to the power discourse, i.e. the type of discourse that establishes hierarchical relations through utterance or other communicative acts. They are mainly composed by representatives of the ruling class and reflect the value orientations of the ruling class, but not of the people as a whole.

Modern studies of value orientations (Ralston et al., 2014; Steel, Taras, 2010; Kirkman et al., 2006) show that ethical behavior is better predicted by individual rather than social level data, which is explained by the presence of other powerful factors besides culture that determine the behavior and attitudes of people in society. In historical and psychological research, the analysis of the individual level, especially the culture of the lower classes, is not available due to the small number or lack of sources, so it was assumed that the texts of the authoritative discourse reflect the values of subordinates as the addressee of a communicative message. It can be expected that the study of the documents of the power discourse will reveal the norm of prescribed, but not real behavior.  However, the scope of the values obtained will make it possible to judge the breadth of the norm.

International projects of cross-cultural studies based on the value understanding of national culture have allowed to accumulate large statistical bases, based on the analysis of which universal dimensions have been identified, allowing quantitative comparison of cultures among themselves. Thus, the model of G. Hofstede (2011) ^[7] includes the dimensions of Power distance (PDI), Avoidance of uncertainty (UAI: clarity of the system of rules of behavior); Individualism (IDV: the degree of independence of the subject from the group) and Masculinity (MAS: the degree of differences in the social roles of men and women); The index of temporal orientation (LTO - depth of the time perspective in everyday practices); Restriction index (IND - group control of personal needs satisfaction). J. House et al. ^[8] distinguish the distance of power, avoidance of uncertainty, orientation to productivity, perseverance, orientation to the future, orientation to humanity, institutional collectivism, intra-group collectivism and gender equality. Model Sh . Schwartz ^[9] includes 7 basic cultural value orientations: belonging, intellectual and affective autonomy, hierarchy, equality, mastery, harmony. A. Kaasa showed the comparability of the value structures of the models of Hofstede, Schwartz and Inglehart ^[10]. Both G. Hofstede and R. Inglehart note the cultural stability of values; Inglehart emphasizes the role of generational change in dynamics of their development ^[11].

Hofstede cites patterns of behavior and attitudes characteristic of societies with high and low indicators according to the described dimensions, including: attitudes towards inequality and independence; the ideal of the behavior of a powerful person; characteristics of the relationship of subordinates to the leader and among themselves; norms of demonstrations of emotions and aggression; attitude to uncertainty and risk; attitude to rules and experts; attitude to novelty and absolute values; principles of joining a group, the basis for the formation of group trust and patterns of intergroup relations; gender norms; the importance of individual achievement, independence, ambitions; some aesthetic attitudes ^[12]. This list of bipolar behavior characteristics makes it possible to use the Hofstede model in the content analysis of historical texts, assessing the temporal dynamics of cultural values.

Unlike the methods of grounded theory, this approach does not allow to identify specific culturally specific phenomena, but, relying on universalist, neutral terms and concepts, allows comparison of different epochs with each other and allows to identify the implicit basic dimensions of the functioning of cultures, functioning within the framework of the etic approach developed within the framework of cross-cultural psychology. Content-analytical cross-cultural studies based on the Hofstede model are widely used in the field of mass media and advertising. G. Hofstede and M. de Muidge speak in favor of using content analysis, since this method is protected from bias of the desired response and is able to identify the features of motivation and communicative style ^[13].

The advantage of using the Hofstede model in the content analysis of historical texts is the presence of a list of alternatives to behavior given "from the outside", from the outside, which makes it convenient to carry out classification.

The pilot study of the application of the Hofstede model in narrative analysis was based on retrospective materials of representatives of the late antiquity period. Later, the study included ancient Russian handwritten texts of the X-XVII centuries, and later – Byzantine and Western European texts of the XVII century; the "century" scale was used ^[14].

The list of behavioral characteristics given by Hofstede is not always exactly suitable for describing the behavior of ancient people. This is most relevant to the MAS dimension, since it reflects the achievement strategies characteristic of building a career in a professional activity situation in a modern organization. The dimensions of PDI, UAI, and IDV do not create difficulties when encoding.

 To assess the stability of the basic Hofstede dimensions in the context of content-analytical coding of historical narratives on a multicultural sample (695 cases), a reliability analysis was performed, showing ? (PDI) = 0.708; ? (UAI)=0.725; ? (IDV)=0.588 (with the release of paragraph i10 ?=0.603). According to the classical assessment, the PDI and UAI scales show acceptable internal consistency, IDV – questionable, MAS – of little use. However, when diagnosing dynamic characteristics, what are the motives or emotions, a Cronbach's ? equal to 0.6 may be acceptable ^[15]. In order not to introduce uncontrolled offsets, all items are included in the analysis.

Confirmatory factor analysis with a 4-factor solution (Statistica.10; estimation method: GLS ->ML) gave a significant (Chi-Square p-value: 0.000000), scaling-resistant model (MRC, MAG, ICSF, ICS are zero). ML?2=4617,135; df = 1430,000; RMSEA=0.052 (confidence interval 0.044; 0.061); Joreskog GFI=0.775. Thus, the application of the Hofstede criteria in coding, even in the "raw" form, gives models suitable for further optimization.

When determining the number of factors according to the Kaiser criterion, with an eigenvalue >1, i.e., when including in the analysis factors that allocate a variance equivalent to at least the variance of one variable, a research factor analysis conducted repeatedly in the process of accumulating a multicultural database showed a structure of 15-20 factors ^[14,16], giving a comparable with the basic cultural indices of Hofstede factor structure of the 2nd order. Classical widely scanning methods of measuring complex phenomena, such as MMPI, 16PF and even NEO-PI-R questionnaires, assuming a facet structure of basic personality traits, rely on multifactorial structures. A number of researchers (R. House et al. ^[8], S. Venaik and P. Brewer, J. Ladbury and V. Hinsz, J. Morales et al., Y. Gorodnichenko and G. Roland, E. Owe et al., L. Hackett and E. Crook) substantiate the existence of relatively independent aspects of dimensions included in the Hofstede model. Therefore, it was decided to rely on a multifactor model. The independence of the selected aspects of one basic dimension is associated with the difference in their historical dynamics ^[16].

The research materials were selected texts reflecting all aspects of the basic Hofstede model and having the greatest historical significance (presented in the anthologies on history and the history of jurisprudence), reflecting the most significant events, representing informal patterns of behavior (private correspondence) and dating evenly distributed on the time axis.  In the absence of authentic sources, for example, about the uprising of Stepan Razin, chronicle materials attributed to the power discourse due to the official status and high journalistic load were used ^[17,18]. The analysis includes historical texts of the XVI-XX centuries of various genres: chronicles, decrees, private and journalistic correspondence, etc. – there are 127 texts in total. The XVI century is represented by the Lawsuits of 1497 and 1550, letters of Ivan III, letters of Vasily III, decrees and letters of Ivan the Terrible, Fyodor Ioannovich, Kuchum, "Messages" of church leaders, documents of the boyar Duma (25 texts). Documents of the XVII century include decrees and letters of Boris Godunov, Vasily Shuisky, Metropolitan Kirill, Mikhail Feodorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter Alekseevich, Patriarch Nikon; the Belyaevsky Chronicler; the Cathedral Code of 1649 (26 texts). The XVIII century is represented by legislative acts, speeches and letters of Peter I, Anna Ioannovna, Elizabeth Petrovna, Catherine II, Pavel Petrovich (25 texts). From the documents of the XIX century, the analysis included manifestos and letters of Alexander I, memoirs and notes of Nicholas I; projects and speeches of M.M. Speransky, S.S. Uvarov, P.D. Kiselyov, M.T. Loris-Melikov, K.P. Pobedonostsev; speeches of Nicholas II for 1894-96; aphorisms of Alexander I and Alexander II (25 texts). The corpus of texts of the twentieth century included decrees, speeches and letters of Nicholas II; speeches by P.N. Milyukov, A.F. Kerensky, V.I. Lenin, I.V. Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev, L.I. Brezhnev, M.S. Gorbachev; speeches by G.A. Zyuganov, B.N. Yeltsin, G.A. Yavlinsky, V.V. Zhirinovsky; documents of the congresses of the CPSU (b), CPSU, Komsomol, People's Deputies of the USSR (26 texts). For the selection of texts, the "Monuments of Russian Law" (edited by S.V. Yushkov), the sites of "Oriental Literature" (http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ ), "Megaencyclopedia Cyril and Methodius" (http:// megabook.ru ), "Chronos: World History on the Internet" (http://www.hrono.info/libris ), "Archives of Russia Portal" (http://projects.rusarchives.ru ), "100 main documents of Russian history" (http://doc.histrf.ru ).

The categorical grid of the analysis was made up of bipolar formulations of behavior patterns according to G. Hofstede (1980) ^[12]: 4 dimensions; 55 scales.

The correspondence of the described behavior to one or another pole of the scale was recorded. If the behavior reflected several value orientations/attitudes, all the corresponding scales were filled in. Encoding and counting of content analysis results are performed in the QDAMinerLite program. Statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 22.

On the sample of Russian power discourse, ? (PDI)= 0.735; ? (UAI)=0.707; ? (IDV)=0.653; ? (MAS)=0.569 were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis gave a model with the characteristics: MRC=0; MAG=0; ICSF=0; ICS=0; ML?2=2528,757; df = 1430,000; Chi-Square p-value: 0.000000; RMSEA=0.067 (confidence interval 0.061; 0.072); Joreskog GFI=0.613.

Factorization of data on Russian narratives of power discourse (SPSS 22; principal component method; D=2.261E-11, CMOS=0.638) yielded 19 factors according to the Kaiser criterion. These 19 factors explain 69.674% of the total variance of the data, while the 4-factor solution reproducing the most significant aspects of the Hofstede base dimensions for the studied culture describes 30.174%.

When deciding on the number of factors to be allocated, it is recommended to check correlations between factors during oblique rotations ^{[33, p. 103]}. The use of oblique rotation to assess the correlation between factors with a threshold of 0.5 showed the absence of significant correlation coefficients, so that 19 factors were included in the analysis after varimax rotation. The poles of the factors are named according to the most significant scales, the factors are assigned to the basic dimension.

The PDI dimension (total variance 20.219%) included aspects: coercive/legitimate power, the leader's communicative strategy, the privileges of power, the concept of inequality. The UAI index (23.227%) split into sub-dimensions: superego, attitude to uncertainty, need for prescribed rules, nationalism, faith in authority, search for unshakable truths, definition of achievement in terms of approval. The IDV index (13.768%) gave subfactors: the right to privacy and opinions, association based on reflection/morality, emotional dependence on the group, the role of friendships. MAS index (12.460%) – subjectivity: machismo, aesthetic preferences, image of a female leader; rigidity of gender roles. In most cases, the factors are composed of scales of the same basic dimension.

The application of factorization to the results of statistical analysis of texts belonging to a certain time continuum provides the identification of latent characteristics according to which the most significant changes in cultural norms and values occur during the studied period. However, since the selected characteristics are latent, their manifestation in historical events is not obvious. In addition, narrative discourse mixes socially desirable and actually practiced behaviors. Therefore, in order to understand exactly how the identified latent factors of discourse dynamics are related to the real activity of historical subjects, it is necessary to verify the received trend with the results of historians' research and contemporary reports.

In modern psychology, triangulation is understood as "the use of data collected from various sources by various methods, by various researchers and, if possible, by all triangulation techniques with the necessary reliability" (C. Robson, cited in ^{[20, p. 224]}). The triangulation method is used not only for the sake of cross-checking the data, but also in order to get a more voluminous picture, fixing various aspects of the same phenomenon. In order to triangulate the results, a qualitative study of axiological trends in the context of historical events for the period under study, reflected in historical studies, as well as historical texts that were not included in the content analysis, was carried out.

This article examines the structure and dynamics of socio-cultural values associated with the dimension of "distance of power relations" as the most stable and "weighty" according to the results of factorization. The concept of power distance as a cultural dimension is defined by G. Hofstede as "the degree of interpersonal influence or influence between B and S, which is perceived by the less powerful of the two" ^{[12, p. 71]}. This indicator characterizes the expectations of hierarchical inequality of subordinates realized by leaders.  We emphasize that the proposed article is made within the framework of historical psychology and does not pretend to analyze the development of social institutions.

Hypothesis. It is expected that in the case of a correct encoding procedure, the interpretation bias will be minimal, i.e. the dynamics of factor values on the graph will correspond to the conclusions of historians and reports of contemporaries of events.

The purpose of the study is to compare the data of factorization of the results of content analysis of the texts of power discourse with the conclusions of historical research and sources that were not included in the content analysis.

The objective of the study: based on historical works and texts of contemporaries that were not included in the analysis, to clarify the semantic content of the factors.

Methods.Research materials.

The historical works of V. O. Klyuchevsky, S. M. Solovyov ("The History of Russia since ancient times"), D. S. Likhachev, A.V. Kartashev, as well as studies selected by searching in the e-library database Aksyutin Yu. V., Andreev I. L., Baklanov V. I., Bogdanov A. P. were used as control literature., Ilyina M. V., Novitskaya T. E., Omelyanchuk I. V., Paleologa M. V., Chistova S. M., Popova O. D., Rakhmatullina M. A., Savelyeva E. V., Sokolova E. S., Soloviev K. A., Tsybuli K. V., Baturina L. M., Fadeeva T.M., Chernikova T. V., Shaposhnik V. V. ^{[17, 21-39]}. Historical texts for the period under review were also used.

Significant historical events were determined according to the data of the sites "Chronology of historical events Russia" (https://www.rusempire.ru/khronologiya-sobytij-istorii-rossii.html ) and "Chronograph of Russian History" (http://old-ru.ru/history.html ).

The analysis procedure. Based on the average values graph, historical periods corresponding to peaks and troughs on the factor graph were determined.

Historical events significant for the selected axiological trend were determined. According to the texts of historical research, the assessment of this era by historians and cultural scientists was considered. The researchers' fixation of phenomena corresponding to those obtained in content analysis was considered as confirmation of the validity of the content analytical procedure.

Results.

The dimension of "Power distance" is represented by factors with ordinal numbers 1, 7, 10 and 19, reflecting aspects of: power/legitimate power; delegation of power; power privileges and pace; value norms of inequality (Fig. 1). The data are grouped by 25 years with marking by the midpoint of the time interval. The boxplots show the median, lower and upper quartiles, minimum and maximum sampling values, and outliers.

The range of the central 50% values over successive periods of time shows the general dynamics of the cultural norm (growth, decline or irregular low-frequency fluctuations), but the indicators of the median value demonstrate the presence of higher frequency fluctuations within the confidence interval. If such a picture appears in the analysis of texts of different genres born in different social strata, it can be assumed that it is caused by the formation of new social groups with a specific system of values; since only the materials of the power discourse are used, it means that the values declared by the authorities are changing, which may be due to the peculiarities of their intergenerational translation. Marginal values show the permissibility of uttering extreme positions, reflecting the formation of a cultural norm. Probably, the scope of normative judgments (min/max) in culture should be more or less stable, and its narrowing is caused by the prescription of the form and content of power communication. The effect of uneven reflection of extreme positions can also be caused by the peculiarities of the written culture of a particular era.

Let's consider the dynamics of Russian culture on certain aspects of the dimension of the power distance.

It should be borne in mind that the factors describe the argumentation of the power discourse.

Factor 1 is formed by the characteristics Orientation to coercive power, responsibility on the defeated, overthrow of the power figure (eigenvalue 8.876, weight 10.746%; Fig. 2). The opposite pole: Orientation to rewarding, legitimate and competent power, responsibility on the system, redistribution of power. Fig.2. Graph of average values for the factor "Coercive power, responsibility on the defeated, overthrow of a powerful figure"

The general trend is growth with unstable fluctuations. According to the results of linear regression (IBM SPSS Statistics 22; MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA), a significant time dependence was obtained: R2=0.201; ?=0.449; p=0.000.  

The most intense motives of coercion and responsibility were used in the times of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I, the pre-revolutionary time and the time of the late USSR. The argumentation of legitimacy is characterized by the time of the last Rurikovich, Catherine II, Alexander II and the 1900s. The maximum value for the motivation of coercion for 1500 was obtained due to the "Judicial Code" of Ivan III in 1497, regulating the main issues of strengthening the rule of law of the new state and codifying the norms of Russian law. The minimum average values refer to the epoch of the beginning of the "gathering of lands" by the Moscow princes. The boxplot graph (Fig. 1, A) shows a steady increase in the standard of appeal to force until the middle of the twentieth century. with a subsequent downward trend.

The rise of power argumentation corresponds to the epochs of centralization of power. The beginning of the XVI century (the reign of Ivan III and the early years of Vasily III) was marked by wars with the Kazan Khanate, Sweden, the Livonian Order, Lithuania, the struggle against separatism of the appanage princes, the annexation of territories in the east and west and ends with the adoption of the title of "autocrat" by Ivan III. Religious discussions are unfolding, during which a decisive "preponderance of the state over the church" was determined (A.V. Kartashev ^{[22, p. 286]}). The sleeve of inflated values (Fig. 1, A), which fell at the time of the first Romanovs, was compiled by the texts of supporters of the new dynasty and reflects "the formation of the Old Moscow model of autocracy ... under the influence of the political and legal aspects of the theory of "Moscow - the third Rome"" (E. S. Sokolova ^{[34, p. 121]}).

The second ascent covers the time from Alexey Mikhailovich to Anna Ioannovna. This is the time of preparation and implementation of Peter's reforms, including the continued strengthening of the autocratic power of the tsar based on the nobility, active bureaucratization of management, secularization of culture, the development of science and education, public administration reforms, economic development. The culmination of the mood of the era is the adoption by Peter I of the title of Emperor of All-Russia.

The third rise of the power discourse occurred in 1867-1937. These were the counter-reforms of Alexander III (restrictions on publicity and self-government, tightening of administrative control, restoration of class privileges of the nobility in the field of management, expansion of police powers), the October Revolution, the processes of industrialization and collectivization, the "great purge and terror" of the late 1930s. The motivation of legitimacy and redistribution of power was popular in the 1910s on the eve of the revolution.

The second pole of the factor describes an authoritative discourse focused on the law, but mostly these are epochs that are very difficult for all classes.

Vasily III (beginning of the XVI century.) continued the policy of forceful collection of lands. At this time, the destruction of ancient managerial traditions is taking place, in particular, the destruction of the veche, which required the transformation of managerial views and understanding of the principles of governance in terms of law: the autocrat, writes a publicist and diplomat of the XVI century. Fyodor Karpov, should manage the "thunderstorm of law and truth" (ts. po ^{[36, p. 116]}); after Vasily's death, "official chronicles ... emphasized the legality and validity of the coming to power of the Grand Duchess" Elena Glinskaya, who performed the task of arbiter of the elites (V. V.Shaposhnik ^{[39, p.226]}).

The rulers of the late XVI century - Fedor Ioannovich, Godunov, Shuisky, Mikhail Romanov - used a levelling strategy of relations with subordinates; the last three, not being heirs to the throne, had a lack of legitimacy. V. O. Klyuchevsky notes: the meekness of the smiling Fedor; the "non-tsarist" courtesy of the treatment of False Dmitry's people; V. Shuisky's cross record with by an oath to judge by a "true, righteous court"; Michael's oath on the personal safety of the boyars from tsarist arbitrariness ^{[17, vol. 3, pp.20-78]}). These sovereigns had a high popularity at the time of accession, quickly replaced by motivated discontent, and little trust in the environment. Social changes required fixing and regulation. At this time, the laws on "St. George's Day" and "fixed years" were adopted, the False Dmitry I conducted the preparation of a Consolidated Judicial Code, the Cathedral Code of Vasily Shuisky was developed, which allows us to consider this period as a time of high legislative activity.

The period of 1837-1862 falls on the reign of Nicholas I, assessed by historians as a reaction after the Decembrist uprising. The goal of streamlining the social organization of society, ensuring stability, codification of the Russian legislation of 1832, the monetary reform of E. F. Kankrin ^{[32, 40]} are being carried out.

The period of 1887-1912 includes the time of the counter-reforms of Alexander III the Peacemaker, aimed at reducing self-government and strengthening the influence of the bureaucracy, accompanied by an increase in revolutionary activity. The Stolypin reforms (1906-1911) were aimed at ensuring strong economic growth while preserving the existing political and social order, but led to an acceleration of the class stratification of the peasantry ^[41].

Thus, discursive orientations on rewarding, legitimate and competent authority, responsibility on the system and the redistribution of power are associated with a situation of social changes that run counter to the power representations of the elite, that is, with the situation of the formation of a new value norm and the legal consolidation of the practices of legal relations; the purpose of power in this period is to maintain stability.

One can interpret the significance of the factor as the opposition "charismatic power – bureaucratic power". It can be compared with the "charismatic/value-oriented leadership" subjectivity obtained in the GLOBE study ^[8].

Active processes of culture and arts development are associated with low values of the factor. These are: the minimum of the beginning of the XVII century. - the growth of cities, the secularization of culture, the plateau of the XVIII century. – Elizabethan-Catherine stability of long reigns, Enlightenment, "Great style" in art; the decline of the con. XIX century – The Silver Age: enlightenment for the people and for women, the "revolution in natural science", the religious and philosophical Renaissance; the decline occurring at the end of the twentieth century - the intellectual Sixties culture.

The factor formed by the characteristics of the Dominants tries not to emphasize power, faith in individual decisions (eigenvalue 1.760, weight 3.407%; Fig. 3) is comparable in meaning to the dimension of the "delegation of power" of the GLOBE study ^[8]. He describes the situation of delegating behavior of a powerful person who correctly assesses trends in the development of events. The second pole of Dominants demonstrates maximum power, faith in group solutions connects the blaming communicative style with the reliance on the group. The factor has no pronounced linear time dynamics (R2=0.002; ?=-0.048; p=0.589).

Fig.3. Graph of average values for the factor "Dominant tries not to emphasize power, faith in individual solutions"Peaks occur at the end of the XVII century. (the late years of Alexei Mikhailovich the Quietest, the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich and Sophia Alekseevna), the end of the XVIII (Catherine II), the beginning and end of the XX century.

Low values are the time of Vasily III, Mikhail Romanov and young Alexei, the beginning of the reigns of Nicholas I, Nicholas II, L. I. Brezhnev.

Periods of high values are a time of active social transformations. In the XVII century . These are the reforms of A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, who is able to "observe, understand and direct social movements", for which Alexey Mikhailovich "created a transformative mood" (V. O. Klyuchevsky ^{[17, vol.3, pp. 329-334]}). Fyodor Alekseevich abolished localism (1682); practiced collegiate management; founded the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy on the basis of all-theology ^[26]. Sofia's government continued the democratic orientation of the previous reigns: it made concessions to the demands of the townspeople, weakened the search for fugitive peasants, reduced punishments for political crimes, and strengthened them for promiscuity (1684) ^[38].

In the XVIII century. the peak falls on the early years of the reign of Catherine II, who was not afraid of "bright and talented people ... Catherine's time was marked by the appearance of a whole galaxy of outstanding statesmen, generals, writers, artists, musicians" (K. V. Tsybulya, L. M. Baturin ^{[37, p. 132]}). Ekaterina wrote about herself that, not having a creative mind, she was able to notice and use every good idea; generously encouraging achievements, she avoided punishments, disgrace and noisy resignations.

The peaks in the XX century describe the work of Russian liberal thought on the eve of the revolution. Representatives of all strata – the nobility, the liberal bourgeoisie and revolutionaries (or the progressive–oriented intelligentsia), differently assessing the socio-economic and political situation of the country, realized the necessity and inevitability of changes and held discussions about methods and directions of transformation, including political construction, searches in the field of philosophy and culture.

The minimum values reflect conservative sentiments with the allocation of a narrow circle of associates. In the XVI century . this is the search for absolute power by Vasily III, who made decisions "by locking himself in-thirds" (I. N. Bersen Beklemishev; ts. po ^{[17, vol.2, pp. 162-163]}). The relatively low values are shown by the time of Peter I. Pronounced low values occur at the beginning of the reign of Nicholas II: "The necessary social prerequisite for the preservation of the traditional political system – autocracy – was the preservation of the class division characteristic of traditional (agrarian) society" (I. V. Omelyanchuk ^{[29, p. 428]}). The growth of conservative tendencies was characterized by the Brezhnev era with its growing distrust between the government and the people, "officialdom" and the fight against dissent.

Reflecting the opposition of "authoritarian – delegating attitudes", the factor includes a projection on the power relations of the category "search – avoidance of novelty". Peaks coincide with the times of interest in European culture, and recessions coincide with the epochs of traditionalism and the actualization of monumental trends. The manifestations of the first trend are: "polites with the Polish manner" (V. O. Klyuchevsky ^{[17, vol. 4, p. 208]}), cultural rapprochement with Europe in the XVIII century. based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, liberal Westernism and internationalism of the early twentieth century. The manifestations of the second trend are: Bersen's accusation of the new trends of the foreigner Sophia Palaiologos, the emphasized observance of rituals by Mikhail Romanov, the ideas of the official nationality of S. S. Uvarov, the national-patriotic upsurge of the beginning of World War I, fascination with Russian history and "rustic prose" of the 1970s (I. S. Glazunov, V. G. Rasputin).

The factor formed by the characteristics of those in power are endowed with privileges, time is money (eigenvalue 1.561, weight 3.355%; Fig.4) describes the predominance of motivations focused on active activity and accomplishment in documents; the second pole – "Everyone has equal rights, time is free" reflects the mood of calm, contributing to the self-organization of society. The factor does not show a pronounced linear time dynamics (R2=0.000; ?=0.010; p=0.915).

 Fig. 4. Graph of average values for the factor "Those in power are endowed with privileges, time is money"The rulers who prefer the argumentation of the accomplishment initiated from above and the pace are the late Ivan the Terrible, Peter I and his predecessors Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Alekseevich and Sophia, Alexander II, as well as the Council of People's Commissars.

The epochs in which the discourse of equality and free time prevails fall on the regency of Elena Glinskaya, the "female reigns" of the XVIII century. the time of Enlightenment ideas, modernity and the late USSR. 

The reign of Ivan the Terrible includes the Oprichnina, the destruction of the appanage, the conquest of Western Siberia by Ermak. The transformations of Grozny were accompanied by the active formation of the service class, and the farmers led to a state of "lack of rest", i.e. a tendency to migration (V. O. Klyuchevsky, ^{[17, vol. 2, p. 307]}), which resulted in the cancellation of St. George's Day and the establishment of "reserved" years (1581).

The period of 1663-1737 was a time of intensive reform of the social structure. There is a development of professional activity and sciences: the legal registration of merchants as a class group, the construction of the Caspian Flotilla and the new trade charter (1667), the first professional theater in Russia (1672). The speed of action became an image feature of Peter I, but Alexey Mikhailovich also "demanded to do everything "without delay", "hastily", "without any red tape with any diligence", to report on what was done "more often", "without delay for a single hour"" (I. L. Andreev ^{[24, p. 60]}).

The end of the reign of Nicholas I and the beginning of the reign of Alexander II coincides with the period of the industrial revolution, which S. G. Strumilin in "Essays on the Economic History of Russia" dates from 1830-1860. The development of capitalist productive forces caused the revolutionary situation of 1859-1861, which was resolved by the liberation of peasants from serfdom. The class principle of education, designed to ensure political stability by preserving class barriers, led to the rapid growth of the diverse intelligentsia.

The period 1987-2000 was marked by the economic reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev (perestroika and acceleration), the collapse of the USSR (1991) and market reforms (1992); the growth of economic activity and a sharp economic stratification of the Russian population, the growth of nationalist sentiments with the allocation of national elites.

Thus, high indicators for the factor are associated with active lawmaking and rapid, but rather painful for subordinates state transformations ^{[33, 35]}. The minima of the factor fall on social situations of relatively low stress, social self-organization and sustainable, progressive development.

During the reign of Elena Glinskaya (1535-1538), a reform of local government was carried out, which assumed, instead of the power of the governors and volostels of the Grand Duke, the election of provincial and zemstvo elders by the population from among the most respected people ^[39]. The young Ivan IV relied on the opinions of the Elected Rada and the First Zemsky Sobor of 1550 .  The trade and craft monopolies of the cities were legislated, the clergy had the right to independence from state power. The polemical literature of this time believes the Christian virtue of the sovereign is that he listens to the opinion of advisers ^[42].

In the 2nd half of the XVII century. there is an active development of Siberia (the expeditions of V. Poyarkov, S. Dezhnev, E. Khabarovsk, etc.). The transition of Ukraine to Russia in 1654 implies the preservation of the rights of the Cossacks and the jurisdiction of Moscow. There is an active search for ethical values and social management tools.  Such different people as "Chaadaev's spiritual ancestor" Prince I. A. Hvorostinin, Patriarch Nikon, encyclopedist and pan-Slavist Yu. Krizhanich (his management reorganization program was being prepared for publication under Fyodor and was practically implemented by Peter). V. O. Klyuchevsky emphasizes the ethical component of criticism, characteristic of publicists of this time ^{[17, vol. 2]}.

The period of 1762-1787 falls on the reign of Catherine II (1762-1796), who set the task of creating a full-fledged system of estates in Russia. The experience of the Laid Commission (1767-1768) showed differences in the moods of different segments of the population. The legal consolidation of the nobility provided the nobles with opportunities to develop creative and managerial abilities, making them a real driving force of society. Based on popular ideas of Enlightenment, an official "enlightenment" was created, which did not satisfy liberal-minded Russians, but was based on gradualism and taking into account public sentiment.

In the 1970s, power strategies lost their aggressiveness against the background of falling faith in the communist ideal: "the growth of the critical mass was facilitated by ... the growth of education and information opportunities ... and disappointment in the foreign and domestic policy of the then leadership of the country" (Y. Aksyutin ^{[23, p. 188]}). This is a time of "stagnation", but also the golden age of intellectual culture.

High values of the factor describe situations of active interference of the authorities in private affairs, low – conditions when "the new state order lay on top of the one that was in effect before, without destroying it," as V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote about the formation of the boyars on the social basis of the specific prince ^{[17, vol. 2, p. 143]}). At the same time, the processes of formation of value systems are activated, "cultural creation" occurs, according to V. I. Baklanov's assessment of the processes occurring in the youth culture of the late USSR ^[25]. All epochs characterized by the imperious discourse of equality are marked by high journalistic activity, an active search for moral truths and, more broadly, the flourishing of art.

The factor of the hierarchical norm formed by the category In the world there is an order of inequality that determines a person's place (proper value 1,020, weight 2,711%) turned out to be the easiest factor of the study, which shows its small representation in the power discourse. The second pole is described by the attitude that inequality in the world should be minimized. Linear regression shows a significant dependence of the factor on time: R2=0.099; ?=-0.315; p=0.000.

Fig. 4. Graph of average values for the factor "There is an order of inequality in the world that determines a person's place"The historical dynamics of the factor is described by a pronounced linear decline (Fig. 4). The graph of the linear trend crosses 0 in the area of 1700, which reflects the growing importance of the idea of equality and the principles of human existence in society and the state.

The beginning of the XVI century demonstrates the growth of the ideal of inequality as a principle of autocratic power. The fear of God, concern for subordinates and shame in front of them are supposed to be restraining factors for the lord (Ivan Peresvetov). The rise of the upper values in 1625 is associated with the strengthening of the authority of the new Romanov dynasty and the idea of restoring the Byzantine Empire under the auspices of the Moscow tsar ^[30]. According to the testimony of G. Kotoshikhin, after the reign of Ivan IV, the tsars "wrote to them that they ... would not execute anyone without trial and without guilt"; they "did not ask for such a letter from Alexei Mikhailovich, because they understood him to be much quieter, and therefore the most naive writes as an autocrat and rules his state according to his will" (Kotoshikhin G. About Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.- http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/kotoshih.htm).

Peter's transformations in the economy and social policy were aimed at standardizing and regulating the status of subordinates ("Table of Ranks" 1722). The title of the All-Russian Emperor, adopted in 1721, ideologically made his power higher than the tsarist one, at the same time bringing it into line with European ideas described by the theory of the social contract, i.e. Novitskaya leads, however, the opinion that the change in the monarch's titulature detracted from the idea of the divine origin of the Russian autocracy and devalued the idea of Byzantine succession ^[28]. The ideas of Enlightenment reduce the pathos of the hierarchical rhetoric of Catherine's time, but under Alexander I the distance of power is restored.

In ser. The ideas of the unity of the tsar and the people spread in the XIX century ^[40]. Equality of people is the main idea of fiction (I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy). There is an active development of jurisprudence. Law is understood as justice assessed by inner conviction; formal laws are opposed to moral truth.

The active integration of Russia into the economic and political structures of the world community forms an international worldview, destroying the idea of a special way of Russia. Urban life changes value orientations, increasing the social activity of the population. The maximum shift of discourse towards equality occurred during the first Russian Revolution of 1905 – 1907 .

The post-revolutionary period shows the growth of the hierarchical norm under I. V. Stalin and its decline in the 2nd gender. XX century . The 1936 Constitution recorded the victory of socialist industrial relations and the rejection of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The status of managerial personnel increases with the growth of risks and the cost of mistakes, more often political than economic. The emotional dominant of the period is the enthusiasm that resulted in the form of the cult of Stalin's personality, and the hopes caused by his debunking and rejection of repression. The growth of the quality of life increases the importance of material values and social elevators. In the 1960s, the differentiation of society caused a desire to carry out the "expropriation of the new bourgeoisie" (O. D. Popova ^[31]), and 30 years later it was already perceived as legitimate.

Discussion of the results.

Factor analysis of the data obtained by the etic approach allows us to compare the features of the argumentation of power documents of different centuries, but does not reflect epoch-specific phenomena or current topics. The built-up latent profile of value orientation is not always clearly expressed in the narrative due to existing norms, ethical ideas or other reasons. In order to determine the cultural and historical context of the manifestation of a particular value, the periods of the most pronounced values of the corresponding pole of the factor (positive or negative half-plane on the graph) were identified and historical, political, and cultural events for this period were considered. The characteristics given to this era by historians and memoirists are also given.

The factors of power distance obtained as a result of content analysis reflect the dimensions:

1. "The need for a new system of rules and the availability of resources to establish it" - "a formed system of rules and regulatory solutions to problems." The dichotomy of the argumentation of the power discourse is revealed: "force or law";

2. "Delegation of power" - "authoritarian power"; the factor also reflects the norm of trust between the dominant and subordinate;

3. "Transformations from above" - "cultural creation"; taking into account the social situation, it can be assumed that the factor also reflects the intensity of social mobility and the breadth of the social elevator;

4. The actual factor of the cultural norm of power distance according to G. Hofstede. The dichotomy of argumentation: "law or justice".

Three of the four factors include aspects of power distance described in the GLOBE study (Charisma/Value orientation, Team Orientation, Self-defense, Orientation to Humanism, Participativeness, Autonomy) ^[8]. The factor of "Transformation – cultural creation" is not presented in organizational and psychological studies, since it describes situations of spontaneous self-organization of society.

The analysis allowed us to identify some characteristic features of social situations marked with high and low values by factors.

For high values of the factor of Coercive power, responsibility on the defeated, the overthrow of a powerful figure/ Rewarding power, responsibility on the system, and the redistribution of power stand in the situation of the isolation and rise of an assertively oriented social group, which the government seeks to control by force or carefully assimilate. Low values describe situations of legislative regulation of a new social situation; these periods account for the flourishing of culture. This dichotomy was already noted in the Renaissance: G. Grotius contrasted economic rule and civil rule, T. Hobbes — paternal / despotic rule and political rule (XVI century) ^[27]. Historical and sociological studies note the growth of aggression in society during the development of civilization. Thus, S. Maleshevich, analyzing the historical transformation of violence at the interpersonal (micro), intergroup (meso) and interpolitical (macro) levels, showed that the scale of collective cruelty is gradually increasing due to the formation of social organizations and ideologies, while the nature of interpersonal and intra-group violence remains almost constant ^[43].  Since our study analyzes not behavioral practices, but speech products, the rise in the values of the factor demonstrates not the growing cruelty of real power manifestations, but the frequency of references to coercion and personal responsibility, which may reflect an increase in the number of formalized and bureaucratized controlled social practices.

In the Dominant factor, he tries not to emphasize power, faith in individual decisions / Dominants demonstrates maximum power, faith in group decisions, high values on the pole of "delegation of power" are associated with situations of trust in authority to subordinates and a clear, or at least unified, assessment of trends in the development of events by the authority person and the subordinate. The communication strategy of a powerful person is levelling.  Low values mark a situation of social conflict solved by actualizing traditional values and images; simplification of the interpretation of ideas; possible conflict between the authorities and the elite, possible intrapersonal conflict and the dominant's blaming communicative style.

High values for the factor of those in power are endowed with privileges, time is money/Everyone has equal rights, free time is characteristic of active political changes, be it conquests or socio-economic transformations. High stress and resentment are possible. The power strategy is “relying on active subordinates against the nobility." The minimum values are associated with situations of low stress, prosperous, progressive development and ethical discussions, free expression of emotions. P. Turchin and S. Gavrilets note the connection between the activity of centralized power and the pace of transformations in the course of the development of historical societies ^[44], showing that the pace of cultural macroevolution is characterized by periods of apparent stagnation alternating with rapid changes. A. Tarasov et al. (2019), analyzing the conditions of progressive evolution in the continuum of European culture (late Hellenism, Renaissance, avant-garde and postmodern) in the space of four cultural systems (ancient, medieval, neo-European, modern)   the following culturally dominant characteristics of socio-cultural transformations were identified: relativism, pluralism, eclecticism, skepticism, gamification, as well as a break with the previous cultural tradition ^[45]. It is also shown that the collective social"worldview" prepares the processes of socio-cultural transformations ^[46]. Art can be a tool for modifying the worldview.

Factor In the world there is an order of inequality that determines a person's place / Inequality in the world should be minimized reflects the predominance of value attitudes in the field of power relations. The highs are associated with situations of (not) trust in the dominant, ethically or legally secured and accompanied by emotional stress. The minimum values reflect a complex combination of ideas of control and self-control and cultural uplift. Since the subject of the study is not behavior, but discourse, the dynamics of the factor reflects the number of appeals to equality / inequality in power statements, but not the real state of hierarchical structures. Unlike the other dimensions considered, the factor does not describe relationships, but an attitude that is common and constant for Christian culture, whose behavioral expressions in different centuries have incomparable forms.

The revealed subjectivity of the power distance cannot be unambiguously interpreted as indicators of progressiveness or archaic society. In two cases, there is a historical dynamic. The consistent linear growth of the norm of equality and the communicative style of coercion / imposition of responsibility is revealed. No historical dynamics have been revealed for the strategy of "delegation of power" and the norm of "privileges, pace/equality, freedom".

The range of values, more or less accurately reflecting the latitude of the norm, forms a band of permissible reactions balanced relative to zero. However, in all cases, pronounced fluctuations of the average value are observed within this band, showing that preferences in argumentation and the choice of motivations historically shift from one to another border of the norm. These fluctuations can span about 50 years, but they can also be much longer – 150 years or more. It can be assumed that there are mechanisms of changes in value orientations and life scenarios during intergenerational translation. Long waves can reflect the norms of behavior that are attributes of a particular social group entering or leaving the historical scene. Probably, complex patterns of fluctuations reflect the translation of the value norm at various levels: attitudes to a social group, for example, boyars; hierarchies in industrial relations; hierarchies in the family.

The power discourse of the epoch includes several levels: property, legal and communicative norms of the correlation of status positions; personal and communicative features of the power person; the desired image of the power person from the point of view of the value picture of the epoch; current problems; the mood of the target audience; the views of the authorities about the target audience. In historical discourse, these levels are reflected unevenly due to the existing norm of the content of the written narrative. Thus, psychological traits and emotions are rarely mentioned in the chronicles, their description is conditional, subordinated to etiquette, and the purpose of representing the inner world changes in different epochs ^{[27, 47]}. Therefore, it is natural that the most significant factors have normative and behavioral content. At the same time, the comparison of historical moments most vividly reflected in the factor makes it possible to identify common features, even if they are not the key theme of the text.

 Discussing methodological aspects of quantitative content analysis of historical documents, it is necessary to consider the possibility of parallel use of objective data characterizing the development of society. It is probably impossible to obtain such a benchmark indicator as indicators of life expectancy, the level of education (literacy), income differentiation, and the death penalty used in economic and social research for the period under review, due to the disparity of sources and the inconsistency of the measured indicators. Thus, literacy statistics vary dramatically depending on geography or estates ^[48]; at the same time, the importance of literacy for the prosperity of an economic entity varies in different centuries. The data for which there are historical and demographic summaries, as a rule, relate to rather specific indicators and for the most part describe growth with acceleration, which is not accidental, since key indicators of the development of civilization or indicators that receive priority attention in the organization of management are considered.  Unlike socio-economic relations, it is possible to obtain comparable data for family relations: "Sources do not allow us to doubt that the period from the end of the XV century to the present day is the time of the existence of one stadial form - a small family and its modifications" (N. A. Gorskaya ^{[49, p.64]}).

In a number of cases, the connection between the social characteristics of the historical situation and the peculiarities of the culture of the corresponding epoch is noted. This makes it important to include in the study the analysis of works of art and, first of all, fiction. In addition to art criticism works systematically linking aesthetic experience with social processes, there is a large-scale psychological study by K. Martindale in this area ^[50]. Given the social significance of art, it can be assumed that not only the creator's erausality is involved in the formation of the artistic style, but also the specifically oriented attention of society, "picking up" new themes and solutions. This rhythm can be reflected in social values.

Conclusions.As a result of factorization, 4 independent factors were identified that reflect various aspects of power distance; 3 of them are similar in meaning to the aspects of power distance described in organizational psychology, the fourth, apparently, is related to the self-organization of social processes.

 A comparison of the results of the study of power discourse and historical research data showed that the peaks of values for the revealed sub-dimensions accurately mark situations of social change. It can be concluded that the application of the content analysis method to the texts of the power discourse adequately reflects the value and behavioral norms of the era as a whole.

The comparison of historical and cultural events for the periods that received maximum and minimum estimates on the subjectivity of the power distance, obtained on the basis of the analysis of the texts of the power discourse, allowed us to identify some generalized characteristics of the social situation described by high and low values. The next stage of the study may be the analysis of trends, i.e., consideration of the nature of historical and social events during periods of growth and decline in the values of the factor.

In a number of cases, the relationship between the dynamics of indicators on the subjectivity of the power distance and the activity of journalistic and literary activity is noted. This shows that it is advisable to duplicate the interpretation of factors in terms of culture. To study the dynamics of value orientations, an analysis can be effective   literary texts popular with contemporaries as the most vividly reflecting the mood of the era.