Biomechanics of actions in the process of studying and improving combat techniques of wrestling

Vashurina Liya Igorevna Cadet, East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 664074, Russia, Irkutskaya oblast', g. Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 110 liavasurina@gmail.com Balashov Aleksandr Viktorovich Head of the Department of Physical Training, East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 664074, Russia, Irkutskaya oblast', g. Irkutsk, ul. Lermontova, 110 avb27@list.ru

Voronchihin Dmitriy Vladimirovich PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of Physical Training, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 603144, Russia, Nizhegorodskaya oblast', g. Nizhnii Novgorod, shosse Ankudinovskoe, 3 voronchihin.dv@mail.ru

The problem of finding a productive approach to teaching wrestling techniques in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is relevant. This task is implemented within the framework of the section of the educational process on the discipline of physical training.  Cadets and students, when mastering combat techniques of wrestling, often experience difficulties, copying the actions visually performed by the teacher. This prevents you from fully and effectively performing specific techniques, the technique of movements is not fixed in consciousness. The acquisition of knowledge of the basics of biomechanics will help to solve the contradiction that has arisen. This will allow you to track patterns when performing motor actions, eliminating errors in a timely manner.

The subject of the study is the biomechanics of motor actions in the process of studying and improving combat techniques of wrestling.

The purpose of the study is to study the biomechanics of motor actions to improve the performance of cadets fighting techniques of wrestling.

Biomechanics in its essence mainly refers to biological sciences, but at the same time has features of other sciences. Such sciences are mathematics, physics and others. In particular, biomechanics includes physical laws as well as mathematical approaches. Biomechanics studies not only the movement of the body and all its parts in space, but also the circulation of fluid in the body and much more.^[1]

It is impossible to study a person as one of the objects of biomechanics exclusively within the framework of natural science theory, since there are many bodily dimensions in him. Sports biomechanics is closely connected with a number of scientific fields such as anthroponomy, psychophysics, semiotics, biosomatics, telopsychics, bio-cyberagogics and so on. In total, there are more than fifty sciences that study man and his motor actions.^[2]

The word "biomechanics" appeared for the first time in 1887 in the work of the Viennese physician Moritz Benedict "bermathematische Morphologie und Biomechanik". In Russian science, this concept was first applied by A. K. Gastev in 1921 to describe rational methods of movement in the process of labor. ^[3]

Thus, biomechanics should be defined as a science that studies the mechanical movement of living organisms, its causes and ways of manifestation.^[4]

For an accurate understanding of the essence of mechanical movement in living organisms, attention should be focused on such a basic concept as movement as a whole. So movement is a form of vital activity of matter. Everything in the world is in constant motion. Even thinking is one of the forms of matter movement.

According to N.A. Bernstein, a person does not make movements, but always actions that lead to a certain goal have a certain meaning^[5]. It follows from this that a person implements them actively and purposefully, as well as interconnected.

Consequently, the biomechanics of human movement can be defined as an interdisciplinary science that describes, analyzes and evaluates human movements. The subject of biomechanics of motor actions is a set of ideas about the movement of the human body and all its parts in space, about the causes, manifestations and speed of movement of the links of the musculoskeletal system, about the speed of contraction of human muscles.

To form motor skills in the process of mastering and improving combat techniques of wrestling, a physical training teacher should adhere to a certain methodology. There are general didactic and private didactic methods.^[6]

The general didactic teaching methodology is aimed at organizing educational and cognitive activities with the help of verbal, visual, multimedia, as well as practical training. This also includes an incentive and motivation to learn (for example, modeling situations, etc.), control (testing and conducting control exercises) and self-preparation (performing physical exercises during the day, training techniques, exercises on simulators).

The private didactic methodology includes such educational and cognitive activities, in which intensive trainings, briefings, construction of educational and professional situations, and more are carried out. In addition, this technique contains stimulation and motivation for training by conducting competitions, monitoring the performance of combat techniques of wrestling separately and in a complex for evaluation. Then the analysis of the errors and errors is carried out. ^[7]

It should be noted that the study and subsequent analysis of the biomechanics of motor actions belong to the private didactic teaching methodology.

So, depending on the complexity, the biomechanics of the reception of wrestling are studied:

1) holistically (if mastering motor action does not cause difficulties);

2) dissected or step-by-step (in case there are difficulties in understanding the motor skill).

During the execution of combat techniques with an assistant , three types of connections arise: active-mobile, limited-mobile, and also maximally limited.^[8]

For a better understanding, let's look at the types of connections in more detail. In particular, the active-mobile type opposes the offender by means of a stand, body position, as well as other non-contact motor actions. An example of an active-mobile type of communication is preparation for combat, defense, and so on. Attacking and defending actions are recognized as self-defense actions that are part of a biomechanical program.

As for the limited-mobile type of communication, it should be emphasized that the execution of an attacking action is associated with grabs, punches, throws and other fighting techniques. To show their defensiveness, either expressed resistance or passive defense actions should be provided. To implement a biomechanical self-defense program, it is necessary to show the resistance of the defense against various actions of the attacker. Stable defense is ensured by maintaining a proportional support. A well-chosen fighting stance creates a statistical equilibrium. The following physique is recognized as such a stand: the legs are bent at the knees, while inclined to different planes of support; the arms are bent at the elbows, the forearms are pressed against the trunk in an upright position, the hands are clenched into a fist and are at eye level; the spine is straight – this makes it possible to move the center of body mass up and down to ensure the effectiveness of defensive actions from attackers ^[9]

And finally, the maximum-limited type of communication occurs when the defender practically neutralizes the movement and attack of the attacker. So, for example, performing retaliatory actions, grappling, restricting mobility, painful techniques, and so on.

Practical actions consist of the following measures of influence: friction, sliding, reaction, mass, attacking and defensive actions. For the most effective use of them, it is mainly necessary to affect the joints of the arms, legs and make restraints. This is how a painful technique is performed, from a biomechanical point of view.

In their study, A.N. Valiev and O.I. Schwartz emphasize that the defender, if successfully blocking or capturing an attacker, must necessarily control his movements or switch to counterattacking techniques^[10].

Knowledge of biomechanics, its fundamentals allow us to analyze motor functions and patterns of both translational and rotational movements. Such an analysis plays a key role at the moment of a police officer fighting. The problem of the use of physical force by police officers in the course of service against offenders is very relevant, since reality shows that employees are forced to resort to violent actions in connection with the failure of criminal elements to comply with the requirements of the law.

A high level of propensity for criminal activity of a certain category of persons and their legal illiteracy provoke actions of resistance to detention. Therefore, when studying a biomechanical program, it is important to pay special attention to identifying highly effective actions both in defense and in attack. In the practical activities of law enforcement officers, it is important to choose the means of optimal impact on the process of technical training of employees when studying combat techniques of wrestling. All this will allow you to have high knowledge about the features of the construction of motor actions.

The systematization of this approach in solving the problem makes it possible to identify the possibility of improving the teaching methodology. The basis of this technique is a model of rational technique, which provides a biomechanical justification of the technique of performing movement, that is, highlights the features of a separate motor action.

The analysis of literary sources makes it possible to identify such a pattern that the problem of studying combat techniques of wrestling has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the technique of individual fighting techniques and push the boundaries of research. 

To study the fighting techniques of wrestling, the teacher, before starting to explain, first, you need to pay attention to the correctness of the demonstration of the process, as well as to improve the technique. Next, the teacher must create a model of biomechanics of movements, taking into account the physiological characteristics of an individual student (employee). This will allow you to solve optimally motor tasks. At the same time, it is necessary to determine the biomechanical factors that determine the effectiveness of solving the tasks.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the detailed characterization of three types of connections (active-mobile, limited-mobile, maximally limited) during the execution of combat techniques with an assistant, as well as in the allocation of measures of influence and features of performing a painful technique from a biomechanical point of view. In addition, the study developed general recommendations to the teacher when studying combat techniques of wrestling, two methods of teaching biomechanics of motor actions (general didactic and private didactic) were identified.

The author's contribution to solving the problem also lies in the analysis of the literature on the problem of research, on the basis of which the concepts of "biomechanics", "biomechanics of human movement", "the subject of biomechanics of motor actions" are concretized. The paper highlights the importance of systematization of this approach when choosing the means of optimal impact on the process of technical training of employees in the study of combat techniques of wrestling.

In conclusion, it should be noted that combat fighting techniques in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are the main section of the educational process in the discipline of physical training. This is due to the fact that the most accessible measure of influence on the offender at the moment when he is or is able to resist, from the point of view of the law, is the use of physical force. Cadets and trainees often have difficulties in mastering combat techniques of wrestling, which prevents them from fully, efficiently and effectively performing a specific technique. Students visually copy the actions performed by the teacher, which is not enough to consolidate the technique of movements in consciousness. Therefore, the importance of the acquired knowledge of the basics of biomechanics should not be underestimated, as they allow you to track the patterns of performing motor actions, as well as to see, feel and eliminate errors in a timely manner.