The study of the autochthonous population of the North of the Tobolsk Province in the works of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich (based on the periodical press of Western Siberia at the beginning of the XX century)

Fedotova Dar'ya Yur'evna ORCID: 0000-0002-9832-8914 PhD in Philology Researcher, TKNS UrO RAS 626152, Russia, Tyumenskaya Oblast' oblast', g. Tobol'sk, ul. Ak. Yu. Osipova, 15, kab. 3 dashulya-23@bk.ru Other publications by this author

Tomilov Igor' Sergeevich ORCID: 0000-0001-9431-1325 leading specialist, UIA "ODO Center "Education" Tobolsk 626152, Russia, Tyumenskaya oblast', g. Tobol'sk, ul. S.remezova, 27 igor.tomilov.85@mail.ru

IntroductionThe encyclopedic scientist Alexander Alexandrovich Dunin-Gorkavich (1854-1927) laid the foundation for his extensive work on a broad study of the Ob-Irtysh North in 1890, taking up the post of forester of the Samara Forestry of the Tobolsk province.

From that time on, the Tobolsk North received a fundamental researcher, a scientist who gave the rest of his life to study this vast region. Many times larger in area than any of the modern European states, the region accumulated both colossal natural resources and a peculiar native population. As a result of 36 years of continuous, selfless activity, Alexander Alexandrovich left 69 detailed printed and handwritten works on the history, geography, economics, ethnography of Northwest Siberia. The biography and research results of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich still arouse genuine interest of researchers in various scientific fields.

N.I. Zagorodnyuk addressed the early years of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich's life and origin in her works ^{[1, 2]}. Along with the childhood and youth of the future scientist, the noble roots of Alexander Alexandrovich came into the author's field of view. The monograph by Yu.P. Pribilsky ^[3] reveals the activities of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich as an outstanding researcher of the region who is directly related to socio-cultural and statistical works.M.K. Sahakiyan ^[4] in his article focuses on the fact that, performing the main activity of a forester, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich devoted a lot of time to agriculture, agronomy, introduced gardening, was a member of many scientific societies of the Russian Empire.

A.A. Valitov ^[5] drew attention to the ecological component of the scientist's life, to the measures proposed by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich for the preservation of the forest fund, bioresources, profitability of rural industry.

Y.V. Islamova considered the work of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich "Tobolsk North" as a source of toponymic information. She proposed a semantic and etymological interpretation of geographical names of the late XIX - early XX centuries, studied the information contained in hydronyms and oikonyms, and also drew conclusions about the changes that have occurred in the toponymy of the region since the publication was published ^[6].

V.I. Bulatov analyzed the book "Tobolsk North" as the basis of historical local lore, ecological and geographical regional studies, traditional nature management ^[7].

The issues of education and culture of the peoples of the North in the works of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich were consecrated in her work by O.I. Yeremeyeva ^[8]. The author rightly refers to the extensive statistical data of the scientist related to the development of the learning process, continuity, cultural ties of the small peoples of the Tobolsk North.

The history of unique objects, funds of the museum, named after the famous researcher A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, became the subject of study by M.V. Yunina and E.A. Yunina ^{[9, 10]}. At the same time, the authors not only study the biography of the scientist, but also actively expand the museum component of his heritage.

The role of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich in the development of cartographic studies of Western Siberia was analyzed by N.I. Zagorodnyuk, E.N. Konovalova ^{[11, 12]}, V.A. Hamedov ^[13]. In these works, such developments of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich as schematic plans made by hand, with the designation of field measurement data necessary to build an accurate plan or profile, information and technical aspects of mapping, etc. are studied in detail.

The emphasis on increasing the general cultural level of primary school students in the process of teaching mathematics using ethnographic regional content based on the materials of Dunin-Gorkavich's research documents was made by N.A. Koroshenko ^[14]. The author gives examples of tasks compiled based on the materials of researcher A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich. They can be used as independent tasks on mathematical topics studied, as a means of integration with other disciplines, for thematic lessons, creative classes, independent work of students. Examples of tasks with ethnoregional content are used not only by teachers of mathematics, but also of history, geography, biology to create a problem situation, to activate learning in the classroom, to develop integrated lessons, but also by parents of students to spend leisure time together.

The study of the activities of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich on the pages of the local periodical press became the object of an article by N.I. Zagorodnyuk, I.S. Tomilov, D.Y. Fedotova ^[15]. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the little-known pages of the biography of the researcher of the Siberian North A. A. Dunin-Gorkavich are considered. For the first time, personal file documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive are being put into scientific circulation. The author reveals the history of the origin of the noble family of the Dunins-Gorkavichs, provides information about the family of the future scientist, studying at the gymnasium and the Lisinsky Forestry School.

These studies did not address the issue of reflecting the studies of the Northern peoples in the works of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, published on the pages of the periodical press of Western Siberia in the early XX century.

The purpose of the article is to study and systematize previously unpublished materials of the newspapers of Western Siberia by A.A. Dunin–Gorkavich concerning the ethnography of the North of the Tobolsk province. The object of the article is the scientific heritage of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, dedicated to the composition, settlement, cultural and everyday features, material and spiritual culture of the indigenous population of the Tobolsk North at the beginning of the XX century. The basis of the work is the principle of historicism, integrity, objectivity, comprehensiveness. Both general scientific and traditional methods are used: systemic, historical-comparative, problem-historical, structural-functional.

Characteristics of the Siberian press of the early twentieth centuryThe periodical press of the pre-revolutionary period played a rather large role in the socio-political life of the Russian Empire.

On the one hand, it was an important information channel that reported on events in the world and within the country, acted as a special institutional tool for influencing the mindset of Russian society, and on the other hand, it was a way of expressing ideas and opinions of social and political strata of society.Central and local newspapers in the right volume tell about the events that took place in the country and the provinces as a whole, allow you to trace the opinion of the local intelligentsia on certain events and the work of officials and researchers.

The Siberian seal took shape rather late in comparison with other regions. From 1857 to 1917 in Western Siberia were published: "News of the provisional Committee of Public Peace", "People's Freedom", "Native Voice", "News of the Tobolsk Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies", "Siberian leaf", "Telegrams of the newspaper "Siberian Leaf", "Tobolsk provincial Vedomosti", "Siberian Trade Newspaper", "Ermak", "Tobolsk voice", "Tobolsk Diocesan Vedomosti", etc. Not all publications contained information about the research activities of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich.

To analyze unpublished materials of the regional periodical press, which allow us to identify the work of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich on the study of the autochthonous population of the North of the Tobolsk province, we took three newspapers – "Tobolsk Provincial Vedomosti", "Siberian Leaflet", "Siberian Trade Newspaper".

Tobolsk Provincial Vedomosti is a newspaper reflecting the positions of the authorities. The publication began to be published in 1857 . The newspaper consisted of an official and an unofficial part. In the unofficial part, local history articles on economics, statistics of the history of the region, information about expeditions, reprints of documents from local archives, as well as announcements were printed ^{[16, p. 12]}.

The Siberian Leaf was a private newspaper published in Tobolsk from 1890 to 1919. The first editor and publisher of the Siberian Leaflet was A.A. Syromyatnikov, one of the Tobolyakov narodniks, the son of the famous merchant-distiller A.A. Syromyatnikov. He saw the purpose of his newspaper "in the study of mainly economic phenomena of life in the Siberian region" ^{[17, p.1]}. The publication covered cultural events in the region, actively promoted the benefits and opportunities of education (including women's), reported on the situation in local educational institutions. The newspaper did not ignore the activities of scientific, musical, dramatic, charitable societies.

From 1897 to 1917, the first private newspaper "Siberian Trade Newspaper" was published in Tyumen. It published articles on the issues of trade and industrial development of Western Siberia. The newspaper paid special attention to reviews of fair trade, agriculture. The newspaper raised issues of history, archeology, geography of Siberia, chronicled the life of the main Siberian cities, gave a description of factories and factories.

The newspaper chronicles contained information about the research carried out in the North – on the Konda, in the Berezovsky district, in the lower reaches of the Ob, etc. Attention is drawn to a significant number of published reports and articles by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, among them: "The needs of the Tobolsk North", "A geographical sketch of the Tobolsk North", "The Peoples of the Tobolsk North", "The current situation of the Ob fishery", "The shortest transit route of the Ob", "The ethnographic composition of the population of the Tobolsk province in 1904 G.", "To the establishment of a shipping company in the Tobolsk North", "On the project of the Ob-Belomorskaya railway", etc.

The use of newspapers by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich to express his thoughtsIn 1895, the management of state property of the Tobolsk province began to develop measures to increase the efficiency of fisheries and improve the economic life of foreigners of the Tobolsk province.

The commission, chaired by the state property manager K. A. Shaposhnikov, consisted of the senior auditor of Astrakhan fisheries N.A. Varpakhovsky and the Samara forester A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, who visited the Tobolsk North and got acquainted with the living conditions of the local population ^{[18, p. 60]}.

From that moment, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich began serious work on studying and preparing measures to solve the problems of the life of the autochthonous population of the North of the Tobolsk province.

Publications of the researcher's supporters and opponents are of particular interest. The work "The North of the Tobolsk province caused a resonance. The experience of describing the country, its natural resources and the industrial activity of its population", published in the "Yearbook of the Tobolsk Provincial Museum". The journalist, and later the owner of the newspaper "Siberian Leaf" V.F., sharply criticized the author. Kostyurin. On November 2, 1897, a review was published in which the author pointed out that the work of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich is "a repetition of what has long been known and reprinted about the North, excluding measurements of model trees, meteorological tables and a list of fishing grounds." The new data presented turned out to be for V.F. Kostyurin is "of little interest", so he was annoyed "about the loss of time spent reading this book" ^{[19, p. 4]}.

A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich entered into a polemic with a journalist and addressed the scientific community with weighty arguments ^{[20, p. 2]}.

On September 20, 1901, in the newspaper "Siberian Leaf" of the year, V.N. Kostyurin again expressed his critical opinion about another report by A.A. Dunan-Gorkavich, "On measures to improve the life of the indigenous population", read earlier in the Tobolsk Museum. The reviewer called A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich "a restless man who again and again tries to arouse interest in the Tobolsk North." The author is sure that the researcher's report on the needs of the population is "semi–official", and the treatise on the flora and population of the region is "semi–scientific": compressed into 30 pages, touched upon a huge mass of issues and activities that cannot be completed in the near future.

The first issue of importance in the report was the question of the Zyryans who settled in the Berezovsky district.  According to A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, Zyryans lead a predatory lifestyle: trample the tundra, sell alcoholic beverages, steal deer from local foreigners, harvest animal-industrial places, commit unauthorized logging. The scientist considered these actions not only harmful, but also criminal, serious enough that all the Zyryans could be evicted from the Tobolsk North beyond the Urals.

Also in his report, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich pays attention to fishing. One of the innovations in this area, the author saw the establishment of a fishing school in the province. Such an educational and professional institution would make it possible not only to monitor the habitat and vital activity of fish in the interests of fishing, increase its productivity and protect valuable species from extermination, but also to conduct scientific and practical research to solve essential issues, as well as to promote the work of fishermen.

V.N. Kostyurin believed that the opening of a fishing school is far from reality, "reality is sad, and fishermen believe that the less they know about each other, the better for them." The fishing school, in his opinion, may suffer the fate of the Samara fishing school, which in 1901 could not recruit students and will soon end its existence. This is due to the impossibility of combining the management of the scientific formulation of the case and police supervision. Moreover, at the upcoming meetings in October on the new fishing charter, as well as in the report on the fishing business, which is being prepared for reading in the museum, "attention will be drawn to this incongruity, as well as to the fact that all the unfortunate North are in its disunity and isolation from the rest of the world and in a miserable the mental level of its inhabitants" ^{[21, p. 3]}.

On October 3, 1901, the Siberian Trade Newspaper published an article by N.L. Skalozubov "The Needs of the Tobolsk North" about the report of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich at a meeting of the Tobolsk Provincial Museum. It describes in detail the scientist's speech. The speaker made a brief geographical overview of the region, which is not included in the zone of agricultural culture and includes the Berezovsky and Surgut counties, the Samara parish of Tobolsk county.

A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich explained that comparatively the population of the region is very small – only about 35.5 thousand people. The dominant nationalities were the foreigners (Ostyaks with Voguls), then Russians, Samoyeds and Zyryans. Both anthropologically and ethnographically, the population seemed to be very heterogeneous. The "stone" and "grassroots" Samoyeds, the deer Ostyaks of R. were considered stronger, stronger and more active in everyday life. Obi and Kazima. The physically weak were the Ostyaks who lived along the Ob River from Surgut to the Narym Region, and the poorest were the Vakhovsky Ostyaks. According to the scientist, where the foreigners came into contact with the Russians, they perceived the features of their culture in dwellings, clothing, food and household techniques and, although most of the foreigners were officially Christians, in fact they were carriers of the original pagan worldview, where shamanism and sacrifice were widespread. The remoteness of churches and spiritual leaders did not contribute to the spread of Christian teaching. Alcoholism had a serious impact on undermining moral foundations. The drunkenness of the foreigners was supported by both explicit and secret sale of wine, which was engaged not only by Russians and Zyryans, but by the foreigners themselves. After familiarizing the meeting with the meaning and situation of fishing, the researcher pointed out that fishing is conducted mostly in a predatory way, since it is not subject to any legal restrictions.Then A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich touched upon the role of the Zyryans in the Tobolsk North.

All the Zyryans, both nomadic and settled, who, according to the documents, lived in the Berezovsky district – Izhemtsy. This nationality had a special significance for the region. The settled Zyryans were economically serious competitors to Russian traders in buying furs and reindeer raw materials from foreigners. The deer Zyryans benefited by the fact that they established the transportation of deer raw materials and partly fish through the Urals to the Pechersk Region. At the same time, the Zyryans were accused of being inclined to deceive foreigners in the pursuit of profit, to etch their pastures with their deer, to drink them with vodka, to steal deer, etc. However, according to the speaker, all these shortcomings are characteristic to one degree or another of all nationalities. A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich believed that settled Zyryans should be legally fixed at a permanent place of residence, and for nomads to set the limits of their movements, preventing violations of the interests of local foreigners.

To improve the lives of foreigners, the scientist developed a whole set of measures, the most effective of which he considered: the introduction of a general fishing charter; the launch of the competition process by setting up a method of leasing fishing grounds; the establishment of cheap credit for foreigners and long-term fairs for the sale of their goods; the production of government payments to foreigners with animal skins, not money; the ban on traders entry in the nomads of foreigners before the opening of fairs, the development of state-owned trade in essentials (tea, weapons, etc.); measures aimed at regulating local prices.

A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich believed that the improvement of the life of foreigners can be carried out only after urgent measures of economic importance, as well as close attention and consistent actions of the local administration in relation to the life of foreigners. The management and guardianship of the population of the northern counties were under the jurisdiction of the police officers, so the choice of persons for these positions was very important.

The researcher also demonstrated an ethnographic map of the North of the Tobolsk Province, a topographic map of the southwestern part of the Berezovsky District, a map (10-inch tablets) of the southwestern part of the Berezovsky district. In addition, over 90 photographs were shown, characterizing the anthropological types of foreigners, their way of life, fisheries and forest resources of the North of the province ^{[22, pp.2-3]}.

On December 13, 1901, a critical review of the Obdorsky bailiff N.S. Matiyasevich was published on this speech of the researcher. The official expressed bewilderment at the measures proposed by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich to improve the life of foreigners of the Tobolsk North. He made a remark that the resumption of making state payments with animal skins is an outdated system. In this matter, the bailiff fully agreed with the opinion of the researcher of Siberia and Central Asia N.M. Yadrintsev: one of the founders of the Siberian regionalism believed that this type of payment system is one of the important reasons for the impoverishment of foreigners.

N.S. Myatiyasevich considered pointless the prohibition for merchants to enter the nomads of foreigners before the start of the fairs. The area of nomadic foreigners exceeded the territory of continental England, and it seemed impossible to control this process in such a huge space. In addition, on the territory of the nomads there were a lot of individual huts scattered over the entire area, or "machines" of enterprising merchants who earned a lot of money by selling bread, tobacco and wine ^{[23, p. 2]}.

The issues of everyday culture of the indigenous population of the North of the Tobolsk Province became the subject of a researcher's report read in 1903 at a meeting of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. In particular, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich, not without reason, points out that the economic life of foreigners is practically not covered in the works of contemporaries. In addition to management, religious beliefs, appearance and duties of the indigenous population of the North, the scientist dwelt in detail on their geographical settlement. So, in the study, the Ostyaks (Khanty), depending on the degree of settlement, are divided into 2 groups. The equine mostly settled along the Ob and its tributaries, had permanent yurts and places of residence, adopted the lifestyle of other peoples. The main source of their existence was the extraction of fish. On the contrary, the reindeer Ostyaks were nomads who rarely came into contact with the Russians and their culture. Their main occupations were reindeer husbandry and hunting ^{[24, p. 2]}.

At the same time, the analysis of the linguistic features of foreigners conducted by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich is of interest. According to the researcher, there was no single Ostyak language, its speakers in almost every autonomous region added their phonetic and grammatical features to the structure.

The occupations of the Voguls (Mansi) were mixed: fishing, hunting, reindeer husbandry. Reindeer husbandry played a major role for the Samoyeds (Nenets).

One of the main problems faced by foreigners was alcoholism. The abuse of alcoholic beverages was not considered something reprehensible, it was found everywhere and on a huge scale. In addition to health, alcohol seriously undermined the financial situation of foreigners. Suffering from addiction, the autochthon could exchange valuable fish breeds, expensive fur for hot drinks for almost nothing. As a solution to the problem, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich proposed to introduce a complete state monopoly on the sale of all alcoholic beverages in the Tobolsk North. Indeed, along with replenishing the treasury, such a method could significantly reduce the abuse of merchants, establish a clear cost and quality of the wine products sold.

The researcher draws attention to the fact that in addition to alcohol, the lack of affordable medical care has a negative impact on the health of foreigners. In fact, there were only 2 hospitals in the entire huge Tobolsk North – in Surgut and Berezovo. Staffing of healthcare institutions also left much to be desired, there was a constant shortage of qualified doctors and mid-level staff.

As a consequence of the lack of medical care, diseases of various damaging factors and epidemiological orientation were common among foreigners: typhus, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, scabies, etc.

A detailed study was conducted by A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich in the article "Ethnographic composition of the population of Tobolsk province in 1904", published in the newspaper "Tobolsk provincial Vedomosti" Based on the data of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, the scientist differentiates all residents of Tobolsk province into 3 groups: Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) over 88% of all inhabitants of the region; the foreign population, which also includes Tatars and Kazakhs, was about 7-9%; representatives of ethnic groups, small in number, settled in the region randomly (Zyryans, Poles, Jews, Germans, etc.), whose combined share in the province did not exceed 2-3%.

A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich notes that the main inhabitants of the Tobolsk North, as a rule, were foreigners. The Samoyeds (Nenets) roamed in the northernmost, tundra, part. Ostyaks (Khanty) and Voguls (Mansi) preferred to live in the zone of high-stemmed forests (taiga and mixed taiga-tundra). Despite the vast territories, by the beginning of the XX century, no more than 3% of all residents of the Tobolsk province lived in Berezovsky and Surgut counties. The population density did not exceed 0.05 people per square kilometer ^{[25, p. 12]}.

ConclusionThe submitted documents of A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich were based mainly on static materials and personal observations of the scientist, which gives a high degree of their objectivity and verification.

The scientist's works on ethnographic issues published in the mass media represented a significant cross-section of the social life of the foreign population of the Tobolsk North. Thanks to the mass circulation of newspapers, A.A. Dunin-Gorkavich significantly increased the reach of the audience, who received ideas about the pressing problems of the autochthonous inhabitants of the region.

At the same time, publication in newspapers with the help of feedback (criticism, reviews, responses) allowed to build a constructive dialogue with progressive public figures, intellectuals, representatives of the bureaucracy. Such a return contributed to the development of a single set of measures and a partial solution to some of the difficulties of foreigners. Later, these articles were included in Dunin's seminal work "The Tobolsk North: an Ethnographic Essay of Local Foreigners", published in 1911.