Comparative analysis of the circumstances of time with prepositions of the Russian language and the corresponding expressions of the Chinese language

Tszin' Lyan' Postgraduate student, the department of General and Russian Linguistics, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 117198, Russia, G Moskva oblast', g. G Moskva, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 10, g Moskva, ultsa Miklukho-Maklaya,10,korp.2 1044558980@qq.com Other publications by this author

Introduction

Russian Russian is a foreign language. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the topic of circumstances is often difficult for Chinese students studying Russian as a foreign language, the elimination of errors can be achieved with the help of a detailed comparative analysis of the circumstances of Russian and Chinese languages.

The time component in a sentence is one of the most important in both Russian and Chinese. A common way of expressing this component is the use of temporary prepositions, while little different prepositions of the Chinese language can be expressed by different prepositions in Russian.

Russian Russian and Chinese The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be useful in the further linguistic study of the secondary members of the sentence in Russian and Chinese, as well as in the development of methods of teaching students this topic in the process of learning Russian and Chinese as foreign languages.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research consists of the work of the following Russian and Chinese scientists: Vsevolodova M.V. (1975), Gui Dinkan (1983), Deng Shouxin (1985), Jiang Hong (2012), Alzheeva M.M. (2013), Li sha (2013), S.P Corder (1967), Valieva T.D. (2016), Wang Rong (2012), Dong Xuan (2013), Huang Ying (2017), Ji Gang (1992), Chen Ping (1988), Chen Zhong (2009), Chen Guoting (2005).

The circumstance of time with prepositions

The "General Interpretation of the Grammar of the Russian language" states that "prepositions are service words that are always used in combination with nouns, pronouns and numerals to denote various syntactic relations between them and other words (such as verbs, nouns, pronouns, adverbs)" ^{[17, p. 137]}. In Russian, nouns are inclined according to six cases, which are very rich in meaning and use. Each case itself can be used to denote several meanings, and can also be used with prepositions to express various grammatical relations.

A preposition with the meaning of time includes a wide range of grammatical units. Such prepositions, for example, include: in, on, for, c, before, after, before, between, to, by, through, etc. ^{[3, p. 184]}. Russian Russian and Chinese languages do not make sense from the point of view of the correspondence of the case of the subsequent preposition of the word, since, firstly, in the Russian language the temporary preposition of the same case lacks the necessary relevance in the sense, secondly, in the Chinese language there is no grammatical category corresponding to the category of the case in the Russian language for comparison. Given these facts, in this paper, temporary prepositions will be directly classified by structure, as well as by similar meanings in comparison with their corresponding Chinese expressions.

In Ji Gan's Dictionary of the Use of Russian Prepositions, the following are distinguished: "prepositions expressing the meaning of time: in, on, for, before, before, to, under, by, after, through, after" ^{[13, p. 488]}. Accordingly, in this article, prepositions of different meanings in Russian, but semantically little different in Chinese, were selected for comparison and translation.

Prepositional constructions related to the preposition before

The preposition before has two meanings: first, it expresses an event that occurred before some moment or other event. In Chinese, this value is denoted by the expression ...... [zai....zhiqian] ‘before....’ ^{[13, p. 123]}. For example, "wake up before dawn‘ [Zai Li Ming Zhi Qian Xing Lai], be a teacher before the war "‘ [Zai Zhang Zheng Zhi Qian dan Jiao Shi].

Secondly, before expresses an action or state that persists to a certain limit, in Chinese there is a corresponding expression ?... [tao....Shi Hou Wei Zhi] ‘do....’ ^{[13, p. 123]}. For example: To fight until complete victory ' ? ' [Zhang do Dao Quan Mian Sheng Li Wei Zhi].

The same preposition can express different meanings:

1)        I'll see you again before dinner. ^[11] '?.’[Zai Wang Fan Zhi Qian Wo Meng Hai Hui Jian Mian de] ^[9]

2)        They were both silent until dinner. ^[11] '??.’[zhi dao chi wang fan Wei zhi Liang ren dou mo bu tso Sheng] ^[9]

In order to achieve a more accurate analysis without the intervention of subjective factors, the analysis will be carried out in accordance with the method of difficulty classification developed by specialists in applied linguistics. This is useful for clearly defining the complexity of specific grammatical points.

Currently, the theory of complexity level modes proposed by Plato is most widely used ^{[1, p. 164]}. According to Plato's complexity level theory: "If one language point in the first language corresponds to two or more language points in the second language, then this level belongs to the fifth level in terms of complexity – the level of differentiation, this is the highest level of complexity, students should distinguish them in the learning process."

According to the examples above, the Russian preposition to in Chinese is a temporary complex structure and has two meanings. When translating, you should choose the appropriate meaning based on the context.

Prepositional constructions related to the preposition c

The preposition c refers to the time of the beginning of an action or state with the expression of temporal relations (used in combination with a proper name or noun expressing the meaning of time). The corresponding Chinese expression is ?...? [tsung....qi] ‘s....’ ^{[13, p. 123]}. Let's consider examples of their use:

3) I tried to Call many times, with the morning did not get through, tonight normal people in Moscow are asleep ^[11] '??’[y Le Hao JI zi Dian Hua Le, Cong Xiao Shang qi JIU da BU Tong, Wang Shang mo si ke Zheng Jean Chan and Jing Shui Le] ^[9].

4)        Since childhood, she had weak lungs, eventually developed asthma, and then tuberculosis. ^[11] '???.’ [tsung Xiao Qi, ta de Fei ju hen Xu jo, Hou lai Huang shan le Xiao Chuan, Yu huang shan le fei jie he] ^[9].

Comparison of these examples allows us to conclude that the starting point of time in Russian can be represented by the preposition c, and in Chinese it is necessary to use the word ?[qi] ‘growth’ and the word ?[tsung] in combination ‘from’ to correctly express the temporal meaning of the preposition C. Therefore, c cannot be literally translated into Chinese as ?[tsung] ‘from’.

In addition, c can also be used with prepositions before and after to indicate the start and end time of an action, event, or state ^{[6, p. 53]}. To denote such a meaning in Chinese, ?...? [tsung....tao] ‘from...to, from...to’ ^{[6, p. 54]}, for example:

5)        I can sit from morning to evening and do only this ^[11] ' ? ? ? ’' [Wo Ke and Tsung Tsao dao Wang Zuo Jae, Zhi Zuo Jae ge] ^[9].

6)        She was the richest man in 1930 to 1970-ies^[11] '?2030?70’ [Tsun 20 Shi JI 30 nian Dai Dao 70 nian Dai, TA Zhi Shi Shou fu] ^[9].

When the preposition c is used in combination with the prepositions before and after, its equivalent in Chinese is ?...? [tsung....tao] ^{[2, p. 132]}. This may lead to an erroneous translation of the Russian preposition c through the Chinese ?[tsung] ‘from’, thereby ignoring the fact that the use of c on its own will correspond to the temporary prepositional structure in Chinese ?...? [tsung....qi] ‘with...’.

Prepositional constructions associated with the preposition after

The preposition after indicates that the action occurs after another action, period or moment of time ^{[17, p. 256]}. The Chinese language expresses this meaning through the .....? [zai....hou] ‘after....’ ^{[12, p. 354]}. For example:

7)        By the same time, after the holiday, many had left^[11] '’' [zai ze zhi guo hou Xu to ren feng be le] ^[9].

8)        They returned to the camp after 19 o'clock^[11] 'at 19:00 ? ’ [tsai 19:00 Hou Wo meng Tsai fan Hui ying di] ^[9].

In addition, after can also be used with nouns denoting people, which means "something happens after someone has died" ^{[5, p. 38]}, for example:

9)        After his father, life was very difficult for him ^[11] '’ [zai fu Qin si hou ta sheng huo shi fen Jian nan] ^[9].

Considering these examples, it can be found that the preposition after can be combined with more lexemes than its Chinese equivalent. In Chinese,...? [zai....hou] ‘after ...’ can only be used with a certain period or moment of time ^{[16, p. 97] [15, p. 407]}, then the preposition after can also be used with nouns denoting a person ^{[5, p. 38]}.

Prepositions indicating the exact time when the action occurred

The temporary prepositions b, on and for can represent different meanings, not only the time when the action takes place, but also the time required for its completion, as well as the duration of the result of the action, etc. ^{[10, p. 45]}.

So, it is necessary to consider examples where these prepositions express a moment or a period of time:

The preposition b is used in combination with the accusative case and corresponds to the Chinese expression ...... [zai....shi] ‘in’ ^{[12, p. 372]}. For example:

10)    There were few visitors in the park on this day ^[11] 'Tse Zhe Tian Shi Gong Yuan Li Yu Ke Heng Shao] ^[9].

The preposition b is used in combination with the prepositional case and corresponds to the Chinese expression ...- [tsai....shi] ‘in’ ^{[12, p. 356]}. For example:

11)    This was announced last month by the US government^[11]'The' [Mei Guo Zheng Fu Zai Shang Ge Yue Shi Xuan bu le Zhe and Dian] ^[9].

The preposition na is used in combination with the accusative case and corresponds to the Chinese expression ...... [zai....shi] ‘na’ ^{[12, p. 342]}. For example:

12)    The next day they went to the cinema^[11] ' ?’' [di er Tian ta Meng Qu le ying Yuan] ^[9].

From the above examples it can be seen that, although the use of prepositions in, in Russian are complex coincidences, in Chinese they all denote a specific time when something happened. It should be noted here that despite the fact that the Chinese temporary preposition corresponding to the prepositions in, on is ...... [zai....shi] ‘in, on’, in Chinese, the appearance of the [zai] ‘existence’ is determined by the complexity of the temporary words that accompany it, as well as its position in the sentence. When it stands at the beginning of a sentence and is combined with simpler temporary words, then [tsai] ‘existence’ may not appear in Chinese sentences ^{[14, p. 34]}. In the example number 12, you can notice such a phenomenon.

The preposition na is used in combination with the prepositional case to indicate that the action takes place in a certain period of time in the process of something ^{[17, p. 279]}. In Chinese, this value is denoted by the expression ?...? [tao...shi] ‘na’ ^{[12, p. 327]}. For example:

13)    On the second month I suddenly noticed that I remember about my wife ^[11] '’ [Feng Jue Dao di er GE Yue de Shi HOU, in Tu ran FA Xian in CSI Xiang in de qi zi] ^[9]

The preposition for is used with the creative case to mean "during..." ^{[7, p. 12]}. The corresponding Chinese expression is a...a[zai...shi] ‘for’ ^{[12, p. 316]}. However, za can only be used with some nouns, these include: work, breakfast, lunch, tea, play, etc. Here it should be noted that when za corresponds to the Chinese expression, ...,[zai...shi] ‘za’, then the noun must be used in combination with verbs to form a verb-objective structure ^{[8, p. 11]}. The exception is the work, since this lexeme in the Chinese language is a verb that can be used directly with the Chinese preposition a...a[zai...shi] ‘for'. For example: at breakfast ‘? ?’ [tsai chi tsao fan shi], at tea ‘? ?’ [tsai he cha shi], where in the Chinese version the verbs ? [chi] 'eat' and ?’he] 'drink‘ are added in accordance with the above rule.

In Russian, prepositions in, on, for with nouns in the corresponding cases are usually used when an action taking place at a certain time is implied. Whereas in Chinese, to express this meaning, the structure of the time designation should be chosen based on the context and the rules of the combination of words.

A preposition indicating the time it takes to complete the behavior

The preposition b is used in combination with the accusative case to indicate the duration of the action and the time required for its completion ^{[3, p. 196]}. In Chinese, B corresponds to the Chinese expression - ... [...Zhi Nei] ‘in’ ^{[12, p. 332]}, For example: to do in three days '' [San Tian Zhi Nei Zuo Wang], write a report in 2 days ‘ ' [Liang Tian zhi nei Xie wang bao Gao], finish the work in half an hour ' ' [Ban Xiao shi Zhi Nei Jie Shu gong Zuo] ^{[13, p. 10]}.

Thus, the preposition b + accusative case can express the following two meanings:

• Firstly, to indicate the exact time when the action occurred, the corresponding Chinese expression is...... [zai....shi] ‘in'. For example:

14) On Monday, he was born ^[11] '? ’' [Zai Zhou and Shi Ta Chu Sheng Le] ^[9].

• Secondly, to indicate the time required to complete the action, the corresponding Chinese expression is ...[...zhi nei] 'in’. For example:

15) Our factory produces 5000 cars a year ^[11] ' 5000 ?.’ [wo Meng Gong Chan and Nian Zhi Nei Sheng chan le 5000 tai che Chuan] ^[9].

A preposition indicating how long the result of an action persists or continues

The preposition on is used in combination with the accusative case, which means "the time of continuation of the result of the action". For example: to leave for two months ‘' [ Qu Liang Ge Yue], to subscribe a newspaper for a year '’ [ding and nian de bao zhi] ^{[13, p. 188]}.

The preposition indicating the duration of the results of the event/action in Russian corresponds to the temporal complement in Chinese, which must be placed after the verb according to the model: "subject + verb + temporal complement" ^{[4, p. 132]}.

The preposition to + accusative case can express the following two meanings:

• Firstly, to indicate the exact time when the action occurred, the corresponding Chinese expression is ...... [zai....shi] ‘na'. For example:

16) My friends told me that they were going to stand all night at Easter.^[11] '??' [in de pan Yu Gao su WO, CSI fu Huo Jie Shi TA man cock Zhang and Zheng e] ^[9].

• Secondly, to indicate the duration of the results of the action/event, the corresponding Chinese expression is "subject + verb + temporary complement":

17)    We parted for three months ^[11] ' 3 ' [Wo Meng Fen be le san ge yue le] ^[9].

Conclusion

In this article, a comparative analysis of the circumstances of time with the prepositions of the Russian language and the corresponding expressions of the Chinese language was carried out. The study showed that the Russian temporal structure of the preposition has similarities and differences with the structure of Chinese prepositions. One preposition in the Russian language can express several temporal meanings, for which the Chinese language uses various prepositions with the corresponding meaning, which refers to the level of reinterpretation and differentiation of the complexity level of Plato. Presumably, when using and translating the prepositions studied in the work, it is easy to make mistakes, therefore it is necessary to choose the correct structure based on the context and in accordance with the rules of word combination.