The practice of using the ergonomics of the environment in the educational process of the university in the implementation of the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports"

Yaroshenko Evgeniya Valer'evna PhD in Pedagogy Senior Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Health, Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute - Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Volgograd State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 357500, Russia, Stavropol Territory, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 11 beregnov2005@yandex.ru Zhuravleva Yuliya Ivanovna PhD in Pedagogy Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Health, Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute-Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Volgograd State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 357500, Russia, Stavropol region, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 11 kalnka555@mail.ru

Zapirov Zakir Magomedovich Senior Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Sports Medicine, Dagestan State Medical University 367000, Russia, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala, ul. Pl. Im. V.I., 1 zapirovzakir@mail.ru

UDC: 796.011.3

Introduction. In the current conditions of transformational changes in the educational system of the world as a whole, due to the multiplicity of influences of both external and internal factors, it is quite illogical to consider the learning process as an isolated action implemented in closed spaces of educational institutions ^{[1, p.19]}. It should be noted that it is important to comply with the provisions of those methodological approaches that can be presented as universal regulators of the functioning of all components of any system, and the educational system is no exception ^[2-5].

Turning to a more detailed consideration of the current system of implementation of educational programs aimed at mastering their content by students, it is necessary to recognize the present insufficiency of their effectiveness, which necessitates the search for new ways to optimize the learning process, taking into account the prevailing circumstances ^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}. In the context of the above, it is important to recognize the importance of taking into account external factors of influence, which, together with the available pedagogical tools, can significantly reduce negative influences and thereby optimize the process of achieving the set parameters, in our case, educational ones ^{[9, p.179]}.

As one of the missing aspects of the organization of the educational process in the framework of the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports", implemented in all institutions of higher education, in our opinion, it is necessary to recognize the process of restoring the body after physical culture and sports. The accentuated attention to this process is not accidental and is due to a number of reasons, among which: a low level of physical fitness of students, a general weakening of the activity of the functional organs of the students (immune, respiratory, cardiovascular systems), the condition in the physical development of students that does not correspond to age parameters, and much more.

From our point of view, the lack of attention to the process of effective recovery of the body of students, ignoring the possibilities of optimizing this process through the use of existing regional potentials and insufficient consideration of the totality of external and internal factors in unity, most often lead to low effectiveness of the educational process within the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports".

In the context of the above, we propose to turn to a more detailed consideration of the totality of factors included in the recovery period, one of which is ergonomic factors. Ignoring this factor can be explained by the absence of the subject "Ergonomic biomechanics" broadcast in the framework of the university program, most often presented in the form of an applied direction. The presence of problems in knowledge that can enrich not only the theory of biomechanics of motor activity, but also the educational process in higher school, does not allow its full use by the system of teaching students mastering knowledge in the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports".

Theoretical analysis of the research problem. Initially, within the framework of the given topic of this study, following the logic of the presentation, it is necessary to explain our understanding of the phenomenon under consideration ? ergonomic factors that can have a significant impact on the methods, techniques and forms used during the educational process ^{[10, p.181]}. Under ergonomic biomechanics, one should consider a set of motor actions characterized by a high level of comfort of performance, achieved as a result of taking into account the natural environment and technological factors. In the context of the above, it is necessary to recognize the fatigue factor as a biomechanical category, which has a huge impact on the level of comfort of students performing motor actions for the body ^{[11, p.134]}.

Also, before starting the implementation of a pedagogical experiment aimed at establishing the ergonomics of the environment and the degree of its influence on the biomechanics of movements in the process of teaching students, it is necessary to emphasize the regionality of the presence of a number of factors, which is explained by the difference in the characteristics of the natural environment formed under the influence of a set of climatic conditions (air temperature, intensity of vegetation, terrain configuration, etc.) ^[12-17]. The system of ergonomic parameters includes two main groups of components ? environmental factors and technological factors, which are detailed to identify, justify the degree of their significance and take into account later when creating a pedagogical model.

In this case, the ergonomic and biomechanical factors are physical exercises performed by students in natural environmental conditions in compliance with all the requirements for regulating the training load, and modeling of special elements of motor actions in accordance with the specified biomechanical parameters ^{[18, p.1]}.

Thus, by taking into account and evaluating the values of ergonomic parameters, it becomes possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis and, accordingly, control with the identification of specific features not only of the recovery period of each student, but also of the entire educational process as a whole ^{[19, 20]}.

The purpose of the study is to study the ergonomics of the environment and its impact on the biomechanics of motor actions implemented in the educational process of university students in the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports".

The subject of the study is the process of applying the ergonomics of the environment in the educational process of the university. The object of research is educational and training work on physical culture and sports at the university.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the results of scientific research presented in the published information sources of such domestic authors as M. P. Agafonov, A. A. Akhmatgatin, A. S. Babikov, A.V. Balashov, Z. M. Kuznetsov, G. M. Nasybullin, Yu. D. Ovchinnikov, S. M. Struganov, O. A. Sbitneva, etc.

Organization and materials of the study. Within the framework of the pedagogical experiment, the implementation of which was carried out during the academic year (September 2020, the ascertaining stage – June 2021, the control stage), the study was attended by students of PMFI-branch of VolgSMU in the number of 137 people aged 17 to 20 years (18 ± 0.7).

The classes were conducted according to the schedule approved in the educational institution, during the formation of which all the requirements for the educational process from the regulatory and educational documentation regulating the said type of activity were taken into account. However, all participants were divided into two groups (experimental group – EG, n= 68 people; control group – KG, n= 69 people), in one of which (EG) practical training sessions were carried out in natural conditions (the foot of Mount Mashuk, Pyatigorsk) taking into account the ergonomics of the environment.

The training sessions were carried out in compliance with previously planned stages, the presentation of which will be discussed in more detail.

The first stage included the exercises recommended for warm–up: slow running ~ 800m, general development exercises (hereinafter referred to as ORU) 5-7 minutes. Measurements of the heart rate (hereinafter referred to as HR) were carried out at the end of the students' general developmental exercises, the analysis of the values of which revealed recovery after ~ 2 minutes for EG students and ~ 3 minutes for KG students. As the main feature of conducting classes in the EG, it should be noted that the students of the EG have a height above sea level (~ 714 above sea level), while the KG was engaged at an altitude of ~ 543 above sea level. Such a difference in the results allows us to conclude about the presence of influence from the named values of height and the level of acclimatization changes in the body of the students. It is a well-known fact of the need for oxygen consumption by the body (request), the range of oxygen debt formation, which can explain the revealed difference in the values of recovery indicators in students of both groups.

The second stage combined a jumping complex, which includes a variety of jumps performed by students for 20 minutes. If we admit the absence of any significant (reliable) differences in the values of students' recovery indicators (~ 4 min) in both groups after they performed the jumping complex at the ascertaining stage of the pedagogical experiment, then at its end (the control stage) a significant difference was recorded, indicating the influence of the ergonomics of the environment.

It should also be noted that the maximum difference in heart rate indicators, which reach an average of ± 172 beats/min at the control stage of the pedagogical experiment in EG students, while in KG the same indicator was 196 beats/min.

The third stage was implemented through the active use of games, relay races and competitions.

The fourth stage included walking, while the students of the KG carried out it without changing the height parameters, while the students of the EG overcame constant changes in its values (~ up to 911 meters above sea level). In the course of comparing the values of heart rate indicators at the control stage of the pedagogical experiment, we revealed a difference in the maximum values, which amounted to ~11 beats/min (EG ~ 167 beats/min, KG ~ 178 beats/min).

The obtained data recorded during the study, after analysis and statistical processing, allowed us to state the importance of taking into account the influence of the ergonomics of the environment and formulate a conclusion about the need for its use, recognizing the effectiveness of its application in the practice of the educational process in the implementation of the program material of the discipline "Elective courses (modules) in physical culture and sports" in the walls of higher school.

Conclusion. The scientific and pedagogical research carried out is of an applied nature. As the features of its implementation, it should be noted the use of regional features of the ergonomics of the environment in the educational process. Such a research format contributes to the development of the relationship between the theory and practice of physical culture and sports in the organization of the educational process of students at the university, giving it not only a practice-oriented character, but also a potentially developing science in competitive market circumstances.