The category of mood in the Tatar translation of the work "One Thousand and One Nights"

Gilemshin Fler Foatovich ORCID: 0000-0003-1957-5042 PhD in Philology Scientific Associate, Center for Islamic Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; leading researcher,  Laboratory of Multivariate Humanitarian Analysis and Cognitive Philology of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Docent, the department of Russian and Tatar Languages, Kazan State Medical University 420111, Россия, Республика Татарстан, г. Казань, ул. Баумана, 20, каб. 308 Fler.Gilemshin@yandex.ru Other publications by this author

The language of the Tatar translation of the famous collection of fairy tales "Thousand and One Nights", like the language of most fairy tales, is narrative in nature. The development of the plot, the dynamics of actions in them are built on verbal lexemes denoting eventfulness. They also contain emotionally expressive, interrogative-exclamation constructions, in which a significant place is also given to verb forms.

The grammatical category of mood expresses the relation of the action indicated by the verb to reality from the position of the speaker. Each mood differs from the others by its characteristic semantic features ^{[1, p. 28]}.

The following are fixed in the language of the work: indicative, conditional, desirable and imperative moods.

The indicative mood verbs are characterized by the category of tense. The time category of the language of the work "One Thousand and One Nights" is represented by the forms of the past, present and future tense of the verb.

In the texts of the collection of fairy tales, the past categorical tense is expressed using the affix dy/-de + personal affixes and is used mainly to convey a completed single action: ? jend ? jal ? yz utyr ? anda i? e k ne qaqdylar ... ^{[4, p. 140]} ‘When he was sitting alone in his house, there was a knock on the door...’; qulymyz ? a kileb kerde n... ^{[4, p. 136]} ‘You yourself fell into our hands...’; saraj t ? r ? z ? send ? n k ? rde... ^{[6, p. 7]} ‘I saw from the window of the palace...’.

The past productive tense is transmitted using the past tense form of the verb in -yan /-gan, -kan: bu ke ? eg ? me n altynbireb jib ? rg ? n^{[4, p. 134]} ‘Paid this man a thousand gold coins'; qyz ? jtk ? n... ^{[4, p. 140]} ‘The girl said...’;bu suqyrny h ? rd ? n quwar ? a x ? kem itk ? n ^{[4, p. 134]} ‘Sentenced to evict these three blind (people) from the city...’.

The negative form of the past productive (non-obvious) time is expressed using the affix -ma /-m?: k?zem tm?g?n... ^{[5, p. 74]} ‘I didn't see...’.

The past productive time lies on the border of two time planes and denotes such a past action, which in the form of its result has a continuation in the present. According to N.K. Dmitriev, the semantics of this time was reflected in its form, which also combines the indicator of the present tense – personal affixes that formalize the present and future tense ^{[2, p. 223]}.

In the language of the translation under study, the Oguz form of the past non-obvious tense is also used in parallel -my? / -me?:  baq?any?e?end? ?adyrqorylmy?  [Thousand, 2 p. 95] ‘A tent is set up inside the garden’; q olaqlarynkisebjib?rme?l?r ... ^{[4, p. 140]} ‘They cut off his ears and let him go...’; n ? fis n ? rs ? l ? rne alyb qa ? my ? ^{[4, p. 140]} ‘(She) ran away, taking with her beautiful things'.

The negative form is formed by attaching the affix -ma /-m? directly to the base: bundaj g?z?lmarij?ne d?nja k?ze k?rm?me?der... ^{[5, p. 18]} ‘The world has never seen such a beautiful slave’; bundaj ?alim? h?m fadil? qyzny d?njany? k?ze ber waqyt k?rm?me?der... ^{[4, p. 2]} "The world has never seen such a smart and pleasant girl before.’

In some cases, the analytical verb form is -r, -ar/-?r, -yr/ -er + the verb irde is used to convey the unfinished past tense: b?n X ? lebk ? baradyr idem^{[8, p. 21]} ‘I was going to Aleppo’; b?n ber jyldan birle (...) k?teb toryr irdem... ^{[5, p. 59]} ‘I've been waiting for (your) arrival for a whole year’; ni ke ? ene qabar ide^{[8, p. 21]} ‘Bit several people...’; Ba ? dad h ? rend ? qasab bulyb it satar ide^{[4, p. 134]} ‘In Baghdad, he worked as a butcher and sold meat.’

The pre-elapsed time formed by the analytical form - yan /-gann irde, - k ? n ide and -my? irde/ ide is rarely noted: ? il ? gen ? y ? armaj kitk ? n ide ^{[8, p. 25]} ‘Left, leaving his bucket (in the well)’; ni t ? warix kitablary ? y ? ar my? ide ^{[4, p. 7]} ‘Wrote several books on history...’.

The present tense of the verb, in most cases, is represented by the form on -a/-a, -i + personal affixes: qurqam bu ? ali Zibaqdan^{[8, p. 23]} ‘I am afraid of this Ali Zibak’; sine n izgelege n jylanny n izgelegen ? ox ? yj^{[5, p. 113]} ‘Your kindness is like the kindness of a snake...’; ni waqytdan birle k ? r ? e bulyb toramyz... ^{[5, p. 115]} ‘How long have we been neighbors...’; sin m ? mkin bulma ? an e ? ne istise n... ^{[5, p. 115]} ‘You are asking to render an impossible service...’; Qor‘ 'e n uqyb s ? rird ? utyra^{[5, p. 146]} ’Sitting on the bed and reading the Koran'.

The negative form is formed using the affix -ma/-m?: ni ? ek ? ad m ? srur ulmajyq^{[6, p. 10]} ‘As we will not be happy...’; b? n sezg ? aslan r ? n ? em ? jmen... ^{[9, p. 209]} ‘I'm not offended by you at all...’.

To convey the present tense, there is the use of the verb form in -yr/-er, -ar/-?r: izgelek en b?n d ? izgelek id ? rem ... ^{[5, p. 113]} ‘For kindness I will also do good...’; bez any n izge ideken belermez^{[7, p. 135]} ‘We know that she is a saint...’; l ?kin ata ? dan x ? wef id ? rmez^{[5, p. 147]} ‘We are afraid of your father...’.

The future tense in the language of the work is represented by two forms: the form of the future indefinite tense in -r,-ar/-?r,-yr/-er, forming the future presumptive tense (1) and the form of the future tense in -a?aq /-ak, which is the basis of the future categorical tense (2).

1. Expresses the categoricality of the action: any n bel ?n e ? its minem kebek r ? x ? td ? bulyrsy n ^{[4, p. 9]} ‘If you observe it, you will find yourself in well-being, just like me'; b ? n s ? ne ? azab ideb qatil i t ?rem... ^{[5, p. 147]} ‘I'll torture you and kill you’; b?n ? e nne uj ? atib s ? ne h ? laq id?rem ^{[7, p. 177]} ‘I will wake the genie and destroy you...’; xaqymny sind?n ist?rmen... ^{[7, p. 151]} ‘I will demand payment for myself from you.’

The negative form is formed by replacing the affix – yr, - er with the affixes -ma /-m?, -mas /-m?s:b ? n berwaqyt si ? a qary ? mam^{[4, p. 12]} ‘I will never object to you...’;d ? njada any ? kebek m ? kk ? r ? xatyn bulmas^{[8, p. 26]} ‘There is no one like her in the world a treacherous woman...’; muradyna ire ? m ? s dij ?rl ? r^{[8, p. 22]} ‘They say that she will not achieve her goal...’; any ? ? lg ?nen k ? reb t ? qat qyla almam^{[6, p. 13]} ‘After seeing his death, I will not be able to restrain myself...’;b ? n sine n s ? ze n? y ? anmam^{[8, p. 127]} ‘I don't believe your word...’.

          2. The form in -a?aq /-ak denotes the action following the moment of speech, and is accompanied by a modal meaning of categoricity [Tumasheva, 1986, p. 57]:bnus h ? ren ? qajyq kit k ... ^{[6, p. 6]} ‘A ship will go to the city of Abnus...’; s ? nd ? n qaj ? an qotyla ? a k myn^{[4, p. 45]} ‘When I get rid of you...’; bezl?rne bunlar h?l?k idk... ^{[9, p. 185]} ‘They will certainly destroy us.’

To indicate the desire or intention of the speaker to perform an action, the affixes -ajym /- ?jem, -ajyq/ -?jek are used: bu qajyq il a s a ne jib a r a jem ... ^{[6, p. 7]} ‘I want to send you on this ship...’; b ez kil ? jek s ? jid ? Budur ? a ^{[6, p. 7]} ‘Let's go back to Mrs. Budur'; b ?n s ?a x ? lw ? alyb a ? atajym... ^{[8, p. 22]} ‘I want to treat you to sweets...’.

The archaic Oguz form -alyq /-?lek, -alym/-?lem is also used to express desire and intention: sezg ? me j ? bezg ? me baralyq? ^{[8, p. 23]} ‘Where shall we go, to you or to us?’; s?jl?, i?ed?lem ... ^{[4, p. 159]} ‘Tell me, let's listen...’; ata? janyna alyb baryb ?unda toralyqmy, j?js? m?ml?katemezg? alyb baryjm da, ?unda toralyqmy ... ^{[8, p. 123]} ‘Will I take you to your father and live there, or will we return to our kingdom and live here?’.

The same forms are characteristic of the Orkhon–Yenisei monuments, in "Kissa-i Yusuf", "Jumjuma Sultan", and also actively function in the works of Mukhammadyar, M. Kula, G. Utyz Imyani, G. Kandaly, A. Kurmashi.

To express the desire, the conditional mood form is also used -sa + the auxiliary verb ide: ?ul s?wd?g?r qyjssasyny t?mam ?jl?s ide ... ^{[8, p. 17]} ‘Would you finish the story about that merchant'.

The texts also contain forms expressing a concessive modality: ni qad ?r s ? w ? l qylsa da ? jt e bulmady^{[8, p. 22]} ‘No matter how much I asked, no one answered ...’; bezl?r k?ts?k da, bulmaya? kildek ... ^{[6, p. 8]} ‘Although they were waiting for you in the end, we came by ourselves.’

In the translation language, the imperative mood is fixed in two aspects: positive‘say’; qyl ‘do’ and negative s?jl?m?‘don't tell.’

The verbs presented in the translation language of the collection of fairy tales in the imperative mood refer to the second person singular and plural and are used without affixes, as well as with the affixes -nyz /-nez, -n, -syn /-sen, -sana /-s?n?, -yaj /-g?j: b ? n? jalwar^{[4, p. 12]} ‘Beg me...’;sin janyma kil^{[4, p. 12]} ‘Come to me’;qapu ? y ? jtk ? n, bar, ker... ^{[4, p. 140]} ‘The gatekeeper said: come on, come in...’; bary nyz, d ? rt mulla alyb kileb, qojy ? a uqyty n yz^{[8, p. 25]} ‘Go, bring four mullahs and let them consecrate this well’; any n ? yj ? qyn t ? fti ? ideb qarar ? a ? mer ide n ez ^{[5, p. 149]} ‘Order to test his love’; tu ? ry s ? jl ez... ^{[5, p. 149]} ‘Tell the truth...’; any janyma kitersenl ? r^{[4, p. 12]} ‘Let them bring him to me...’;xat jaz?anny? se?lesen? uqysana ... [Thousand, 5: 56] ‘Read (the letter) to the sister of the writer of the letter...’; bundan ary doyaa-x?jere?ezd?n ta?lamajsez... ^{[5, p. 32]} ‘From now on, do not leave us from mentioning in your prayers...’.

The form of the imperative mood in -n was active in the old-written literary language until the beginning of the XX century.  Currently, the form of the imperative mood on -n functions in the Barabinsk dialect of the Siberian Tatars ^{[3, p. 68]}.

The mode of action is also expressed analytically with the help of auxiliary verbs, which are actively used in the modern Tatar literary language. The most active model is the adverbial form on –yb-/eb + auxiliary verb, which conveys the following semantics:

1) expresses the completion, the result of an action: for example, qorallar il aw ? a ? y ? yb kitdel a r ... ^{[5, p. 2]}, ‘They went hunting with weapons...’, qajyq quzyalyb kitde ... ^{[6, p. 7]}, ‘The boat set off...’, cyl?a qoryb kibeb betk...^{[7, p. 47]} ‘When the river dried up’; sallaryna utyryb kitdel?r...^{[8, p. 77]} ‘Got on the rafts and sailed away....’;

2) expresses a prolonged action or state: xamm?l (...) x?jran bulyb toryr irk?n... ^{[4, p. 52]} ‘The porter stood in amazement at the beauty of the girls ...’; teg? ?e ul x ?lne k?reb (...) ?a?yb qaldyqda ^{[4, p. 128]} ‘The seamstress, seeing this, was stupefied’; saxibyn k?teb qaldy ... ^{[8, p. 108]} ‘Stayed waiting for his friend....’;

3) indicates the direction of action: qyz j?gereb ?y ? yb b? n a ?jtde ... ^{[5, p. 56]} ‘The girl ran out and told me...’; j waqytda b?n a nikax iteb wirme?l?r... ^{[4, p. 11]} ‘In her youth they married her to me...’;

4) expresses multiple, regular action: bezg? h?r zaman baryb j?rer ide ^{[4, p. 196]} ‘He always visited us’; b?n ul k?lg? m? ? r?bil?rne ta?lab, h?r k?nn j?z altyn aludan tuqtamam ... ^{[7, p. 191]} ‘I will not stop throwing Moroccans into this lake and getting a hundred gold coins every day’; any? xas?ne ?amalen? baqyb isereb ? a?yjqly ? yndan bar?alary ?i n eler ide ^{[7, p. 167]} ‘They, intoxicated by the rare beauty of Aldatma, all constantly suffered defeat’;

5) indicates a sudden, once-rapid action:ber qyz qulynda ber tajaq berl ?n kileb kerde ^{[4, p. 39]} ‘A girl came in with a stick in her hands’; ba ?qy?lardan j?gereb ?ykdy ? ymda, ? yjfrit kilde ^{[4, p. 68]} ‘... When I ran out on the stairs and an ifrit’ appeared, etc.

Thus, as a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the activity of using verbs is associated with the narrative nature of the work. A feature of the collection of fairy tales is also the predominance of verbs in the form of the main voice, other voices are presented more passively. In the work "One Thousand and One Nights", the mode of action of verbs is presented in an analytical way, in which auxiliary verbs actively participate. They actively functioned in the language of the period under study, and most of them are widely used in the modern Tatar language.