Compound Adjectives in the Linguistic Works of the XX – XXI Centuries (on the Material Crimean Tatar Language)

Asanova Zera PhD in Philology Associate Professor of the Department of Crimean Tatar and Turkish Language Studies at Crimean University of Engineering and Teaching 295000, Russia, respublika Krym, g. Simferopol', ul. Per.uchebnyi, 8 zera_asan@mail.ru Other publications by this author

The relevance of the topic

The analysis of the currently available material on the problem of compound adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language is in demand. To date, the question of writing complex adjectives remains little studied.

Analysis of research and publications

The issues related to the formation and description of the adjective name as an independent part of speech are covered in the works of scientists of the early XX century: M. Abdulkadir ^[1], Sh. Bektor ^[3], A. N. Samoilovich ^[9], B. Choban-zadeh ^[11], E. Kurtmollaev ^[7], U. Kurkchi ^[6] as well as modern researchers A. M. Memetov ^[8], A. N. Garkavets ^[5], H. Yankovsky ^[11], etc. The works of these scientists are an important source for the study of the history of the development of the adjective in the Crimean Tatar language. Regarding complex adjectives, it can be noted that not all grammars paid due attention to them.

The purpose of this article is to consider complex adjectives of the Crimean Tatar language in linguistic works of the XX – XXI centuries.

Complex words include actually complex (composites), paired words, compound words, repetition words, compound words (absent among adjectives). However, not all types of compound words are represented in the grammar of the Crimean Tatar language, and their terminology in the works is different.

R. A. Berberova ^[4] in the monograph "Kyrymtatar tilinde chief sezler" presented the most detailed analysis of the classification of compound words, considering the actual problems of studying paired words. The main problem that the author touched upon was the description of the specific features of the varieties of paired words.

The following varieties of compound words were identified in the work: actually complex, paired, compound, repetitive words, and compound. Actually complex adjectives (agyrayakly, alchakgonyulli), according to R.A. Berberova, are formed by word composition, and not from word combinations. Compound adjectives (kyave renkli, portakal tyuste) resemble phrases in form, but they were formed as lexical units. The repetitions in this study are divided into pure, reduplication, affixed, and lexicalized repetitions. The entire third chapter of the monograph is devoted to paired words, where formal semantic characteristics and partial features of paired words are considered (in particular, models of paired adjectives are described in detail).

Actually complex (composites) is a morphological connection of two or more roots (bases). A. N. Garkavets ^[5] called them "compound adjectives." A.M. Memetov ^[8] used the term "kyoshma syfatlar" 'compound adjectives'. H. Yankovsky ^[11] combined paired adjectives and composites under the term "compound adjectives".

In the Crimean Tatar language, a number of proper compound adjectives are formed by word composition and lexicalization with simultaneous affixation (mainly with affixes -li / -ly, -lu / -lu). Some of the actual compound words are formed by adding the bases without adding affixes, for example: umumhalk ‘nationwide'.

Paired adjectives are adjectives with a collective meaning formed by the merger of two non–derived adjectives or two derived adjectives connected by a compositional connection ^{[5; 8]}.

The basics of such adjectives can be both simple and complicated word-forming affixes.

The role of producing bases is: 1) independent adjectives that are in antonymic relations: akly-k'araly ‘white-black’, etc.; 2) adjectives and participles that are synonymous with each other: tanysh-bilish ‘familiar', tekyun-sachyn ‘scattered’, etc.; 3) derived adjectives that do not consist of each other in synonymous or antonymic relations; most often the generating bases are formed by the word-forming affix -ly: akly-kyzylly ‘white-red', kyarly-yagmurli ‘snowy-rainy’, etc.

In the modern Crimean Tatar language , paired adjectives can be divided into three groups according to their morphological composition: 1) paired words formed by a combination of two root components: achyk-aydyn ‘clear, clear’, uzun-uzak'long', temiz-pak ‘clean, neat’, etc.; 2) paired words formed by a combination of root and derived components: tilsiz-sakav ‘mute', cheshit-tyurlyu ’different’, etc.; 3) paired words formed by a combination of components from derived bases: kirli-pisli‘dirty’, siyasiy-terbieviy 'educational and political', etc. In the analyzed group, the derived bases are formed using the affixes -li / -ly, -lu / -liu, -lik / -lyk, -iy / -viy, -ken / -gen, -kan / -gan, -sh / -ish /-oy, etc.

Compound adjectives are formed by adjunction. Sh. Bektore ^[3] calls two-word adjectives "kyoshma syfat", or 'compound adjective'. A. N. Garkavets ^[5] shows them as "definitive phrases that are written separately." A.M. Memetov ^[8] uses the term "murekkep syfat" 'compound adjective'.

According to the composition, the following types of such formations can be distinguished:

1) the supporting component is a non–derivative adjective, the first component is an adjective in its original form: achyk kyzyl ‘bright red', by yeshil ‘dark green’, etc.;

2) the supporting component is the derived adjective on –ly, the first component:

a) non-derivative adjective (this type is highly productive): ak sachly ‘gray-haired’, teren fikirli ‘thoughtful', tok betli ‘full-faced', uzun boilu ‘tall', kjara tenli ‘black man', kara kozlyu ‘black-eyed’, etc.;

b) derived adjective: achyk yuzlu ‘friendly', saglam fiqirli ‘sober-minded’, yymshak gonyulli ‘soft-hearted’, etc.;

c) noun in the main case: chatal jurekli ‘twofold, hardy', sepkil betli ‘with a freckled face’, etc.;

d) simple quantitative numeral: bir ejaly ‘monosyllabic (word)’, bir farts ‘one-act play’, eki qatli ‘two-storied’, uchmucheli’three-membered', etc.;

e) adverb: chok balaly ‘large’, az mikdarly ‘small’, az tejribeli ‘inexperienced’, chok qatli ‘multi-storey’, etc.;

3) the supporting component is the derived adjective na –lyk (formed from the bases of nouns, adjectives and participles), the first component is simple and compound numerals: besh yillyk ‘five-year–old’, eki saatlik ‘two-hour’, elli yillyk ‘fifty-year-old’, eki bin yillyk (tarikh) ‘two-thousand-year-old (history)’ and others.

Repetition words are adjectives with an amplifying meaning obtained by repeating the same word (complete reduplication) ^[8]. In the grammar of H. Yankovsky ^[11], such adjectives are called "double adjectives."

According to the structural and word-formation features, the word-repetitions in the Crimean Tatar language by R. A. Berberova are divided into the following groups: 1) clean repeats: yany-yany ‘new-new', buyuk-buyuk ‘big-big'; 2) reduced repetitions: alak-bulak ‘motley', bem-beyaz ‘white is very white, very white'; 3) affixed repetitions: agyrdan-agyr‘heavy-heavy, very heavy', yagly-yagsyz ‘fat-free'; 4) lexicalized repetitions: myzmyz 'annoying, tedious', serer ‘dissolute' ^[4].

In modern studies, the types of semantic relations of the combined bases of compound adjectives are also noted. Complex adjectives stand out: 1) with compositional relationships; 2) with subordinate relationships. Compound adjectives with compositional relations of the basics (a more productive model of the formation of compound words) are represented by paired adjectives and repeated words. Actually complex and compound adjectives are characterized by subordinate relations of their components ^[2].

Spelling of complex adjectives in Crimean Tatar linguistics has not been developed. Complex adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, which arose as a result of the lexicalization of phrases (with simultaneous affixation), are written in some sources together, in others separately (ak sakalli and aksakalli). According to the lexical and grammatical nature of compound words of this type, the components of compound adjectives should be written together (because the second components of many of the studied compound words do not exist in the language as independent words (e.g., the word"hypocrite, duplicitous"), as well as in accordance with the spelling of compound words).

Conclusions: Thus, it can be noted that the complex adjectives of the Crimean Tatar language were most often reflected in the linguistic works of the XX - XXI centuries. The structure of compound adjectives, both in synchrony and in diachrony, is almost identical, but different terms were used to denote them. The undeveloped theory of word composition in Crimean Tatar linguistics also affects the spelling of complex words. To date, there are no scientifically based spelling rules; there is a twofold spelling of complex words that arose as a result of the transition of a phrase with simultaneous affixation, which, in our opinion, is the basis for revising the rules for writing complex adjectives in the modern Crimean Tatar language.