Abstract: The article deals with language (lexical) means with the help of which a motive of female initiation is formed in a literary work. As a material for the study, texts of Russian folk tales and works of Russian writers of the XIX century are used. The author’s focus is on the motive of female initiation in the novel Crime and Punishment by F.M. Dostoevsky. The study of linguistic means of creating the motive of female initiation in this novel, first carried out in scientific literature, opens up possibilities for a deeper understanding of the ideological content of the work. The methodological basis of the research is the ideas of Yu.M. Lotman and S.Z. Agranovich on the study of the mythopoetic foundations of literary text. Analyzing the lexical means of various thematic groups, the author comes to the conclusion that the motive of initiation in the artistic text goes back to the mythopoetic views of the people, reflects the basic collective ideas about the position of women in society. One of the most important functions of this motive in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky - the formation of the psychological credibility of the plot, which is the basis of realistic prose.  

Keywords: literary image, folklore, magic fairy tale, Russian literature, initiation, motif, lexical means, language means, realism, psychologism

Abstract: In his article Komkov analyzes the influence of Arthur Schopenhauer's irrational philosophy on Afanasy Fet's poetry. To define Afanasy Fet's attitude to Arthur Schopenhauer's teaching, the author of the article studies the correspondence of the Russian poet with Yakov Poklonsky and Lev Tolstoy. Based on the analysis of the poem 'Among Stars', the author analyzes the creative interpretation of Arthur Schopenhauer's ideas by Afanasy Fet. The researcher focuses on the comparitive description of ontological paradigms of the Russian poet and German philosopher. As a conclusion, the author emphasizes the correlation of the World as the Will and the World as the Beauty in Afanasy Fet's world view. The methodological basis of the research implies the use of possibilities offered by the systems approach, historical cultural, comparative historical and receptive aesthetic analysis. In his poetry Afanasy Fet used a lot of elements of the German philosopher's concept and picture of the world. Nevertheless, Afanasy Fet was an independent philosopher who maintained his ontological position in the face of the blind will that was viewed as the highest force in Schopenhauer's philosophy. Fet's poem presents an ontological paradigm in which he goes beyond Schopenhauer and views beauty as the idea of harmony that enables the fair fight with the universal loneliness and evil will. 

Keywords: intercultural dialogue, irrational philosophy, German philosophy, Schopenhauer, philosophical lyrics, poetry, Fet, XIX century, ontology, voluntarism

Abstract: The subject of the research is the fundamental aesthetic problem of arts classification. Mankovskaya pays special attention to disputes around the relationship between painting and poetry held by Josephin Peladan, an outstanding representative of the mysticism branch of French symbolism, and Leondardo da Vinci. In her research Mankovskaya covers such overarching issues as art and science, art and nature, aesthetic contemplation, mimesis, synthesis of art, artist, creativity, gift, genius, canon, beautiful, sublime, ugly, aesthetic perception that Peladan used to fundamentally oppose to the main idea of Leondardo's 'A Treatise on Painting'. Peladan defended the primacy of poetry and literature in general over fine arts. To prove his point of view, Peladan successively dissaproved of Leonardo's main theses. Considering that the present research has many aspects, the researcher has applied a number of methodological approaches such as philosophical-aesthetical approach, art history analysis, comparative and interdisciplinary methods. The main conclusion of the research is the author's statement that Peladan's concept of art life is marked with his belief in metaphysical essence of art and his anagogic mission defining mystic symbolic hermeneutics as the method of art history studies. As for the dispute about the relationship between arts and principles of their classification, it is an important issue even today and still far from being completed. There are new arts being created such as technical arts (photography, cinematograph, video art, virtual art, etc.) and their list is still to be continued. What is the relationship between them and how are they related to classical arts taking into account contemporary interest in art genres and branches mix? This is the problem that is worthy of further analysis. The author's special contribution to the topic is that Mankovskaya performs her research based on original material. She introduces aspects of French symbolism that have never been studied before. Josephin Peladan's views on aesthetics and metaphysics of art are studied in Russian science for the first time. 

Keywords: beauty, artist, nature, science, painting, poetry, aesthetics, art, talent, aesthetic contemplation

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the historical and contemporary aspects of the interaction between the two bases of European and Russian culture, philosophy and philology, word and concept. Noteworthy that the author analyzes her own experience as a philologist, philosopher and interpreter and draws parallels between her own intellectual 'journeys' into philology and philosophy and researches of the philosophers whose works she translated into Russian and thus introduced into the Russian culture. The research is focused on such issues as understanding, interpretation, translation and untranslatability. These are important issues both for philology and philosophy at the 'linguistic turn'. The author proves the status of philology as the sphere of research that preserves its integrity despite appearance of new special disciplines that deal with the text analysis as well as a classical university discipline that provides broad-based knowledge about cultures unlike modern narrow and pragmatically oriented teaching of languages. In her research the author has used methods of historical philosophical and historical cultural analysis as well as intellectual biography. All these methods are focused on analyzing the epistemological aspect. The results of the research include expansion of philosophy's framework of categories and concepts as a result of a new concept of translation that involves not only linguistic and cultural, but also philosophical aspects. The author outlines some new prospects for the relationship between philosophy and philology in contemporary culture as a result of a wider interpration of cognitive and communication practices including interpretation of translation as knowledge and interpretation of knowledge as 'translation', i.e. the transfer of meaning.

Keywords: philosophy, philology, understanding, translation, interpretation, deconstruction, phenomenology, epistemology

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of death these days. In this article Storozhenko performs the successive analysis of an individual's attitude to death based on classical works written by Arthur Schopenhauer, Philippe Ariès, Erich Fromm, etc. and a number of research articles written by contemporary authors. The purpose of the present research is to define factors of modern reality that regulate the development of a specific attitude of an individual to the phenomenon of death as well as further prospects of these factors. Considering the fact that this issue is of philosophical and anthropological nature, the analysis of the present article touches upon advanced technologies as the element of human experience. As a result of the research, Storozhenko finds out that there are specific relationships between the phenomenon of death and progress and phantasm, describes specific features of the symbolism of death in a modern world, extends the list of immortalization moduses and outlines the prospects for the further development of the phenomenon. From the philosophical point of view, the phenomenon of death constitutes one of human existentials, therefore there is a wide scope of practical fields the results of the research may be applied to. 

Keywords: progress, fear, symbolic, immortalization, individual, death, phenomenon, phantasm, existentialism, life

Abstract: The article is devoted to the aesthetic development of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and his successive change of the methods of acquiring new principles in comparison to his famous predecessors in Germany. Schelling's philosophy of nature, full of romanticism and spirit, has been called 'the poetry of nature' with good reason. Inellectual intuition and aesthetic intuition played the main role in the development of the new approaches of his easthetic philosophy. His philosophy is most of all represented in his work 'The Philosophy of Art' where Schelling offered the original classification of art based on their historical analysis from ancient to new European times (from 'naive' art to 'sentimental' or 'romantic' art). Schelling's became very popular with Russian philosophers who heard his lectures and knew him in person. In the methodological meaning, the present article is aimed at describing Schelling's views from the point of view of their dialectic development, from unconscious creative activity to a rational concept created as a result of intuitive insights. The scientific novelty of the present article is that the researcher provides a full description of creative searches and findings of the philosopher and unoconscious activity of a creative personaity which still remains an important topic for theoretical researches. Russian aesthetics, historiosophy and philosophy of the all-encompassing unity ('vseedinstvo') with the central idea of theantropism developed under the impression and influence of Schelling's teaching.  

Keywords: aesthetic contemplation, antithesis, art genius, creative work, Romanticism, philosophy of art, philosophy of nature, Absolute, mythology, construction

Abstract: A German poet Friedrich Holderlin (1770 — 1843) knew Hegel very well. There is quite a reasonable opinion that the poet had a great impact on the philosopher and his metaphysical views. This opinion is also supported by the fact that Holderlin was quite philosophical in his creative writings and was especially attracted to the ideas introduced by the ancient philosophers. This is particularly reflected in his drama ‘Empedocles’ and a whole range of lyric verses. For the poet Hellas was not only the great culture but also the object of admiration as well as metaphysical and poetic interpretation. Hellas seemed a true Paradise too Holderlin and therefore he described it in the spirit of pantheism. Holderlin’s philosophical pathos also showed itself in his sarcastic criticism of German triviality and philistinism. Hegel fancied the poet a lot. By using the historical method, the author of the present article tries to carry out the phenomenological reconstruction of the relations between the poet and the philosopher. The author uses not only documents but also the method of ‘allowable imagination’ to imagine the details o their meetings and friendship. The novelty of this approach is that the author states that it was not only Holderlin who influenced Hegel and his views. According to the author, Hegel also managed to sparkle the heart of the poet by discussing philosophical topics with him which was eventually reflected in the poet’s creative work. This side of the topic is viewed for the first time in scientific literature.

Keywords: philosophy, poetry, system, ideas, fantasies, metaphysics, Platonism, beauty, esthetics, literature.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the phenomenon of culture from the point of view of the treasury of images accumulated by the humankind. The author shows that a traditional interpretation of culture deals only with the phenomena that are the product of human conscious activity and which origin can be rationally explained. However, there is a huge cultural layer that has no direct relation to the rationalistic tradition. Many cultural processes are the result of a collective unconscious activity of the mankind. These phenomena are anonymous and do not have a recipient even though they still exist in the cultural environment. Such phenomena include myths, oral folk arts and traditions. There is another important aspect discussed by the philosophy of culture. This is the eternal reappearance of images which can be called “archetypes”. Such images, or “initial images”, can be found at different ages. Therefore, the author uses the methods of historical analysis of cultural processes and phenomenological expertise. The novelty of this approach is the study of unconscious resources of culture and determination of initial images that constantly reappear and this is why exist in various cultures. The author of the article shows that the wisdom of the primitive age covered all religions and sciences. Culture is not the result of analytical thought or human wit or skills. Culture is the reflection of human soul and spirit. This explains many phenomena in metaphysics of culture.

Keywords: philology, culture, literature, prototypes, rationality, irrationality, metaphorics, spirit, symbol, archetype.

Abstract: The article represents philosophical and culturological views on complex issues associated with the crisis of world perception and socio-cultural failure at the turn of XX century. As it is well know, that period was called the Silver Age in Russian culture. The main features of that period defined the crisis in fine art caused by the appearance of new forms of art communication. Those new forms included Avant-Gardism and Modernism. On the other hand, at the turn of the century there was a certain inclination towards ‘mechanistic’ world perception. Berdyaev’s concept, the New World Eon, is viewed as the main ontological and gnoseological markers of the epoch. The article also draws our attention at the role of that concept in the formation of the ‘theory and practice’ of the individual. Regarding this issue, philosophers start to prefer ‘fantasy-servile’ concept of human to social determination. Herewith, socio-cultural situation is formed as a cultural and art response to human losing their traditional values and morals.

Keywords: culture, human, society, art crisis, cultural crisis, world perception, the concept of the individual, sociocultural situation, civilization, mechanism.

Abstract: The article considers and analyzes one of the most important terms in Sufi philosophy – the path to the Truth (or God). The poem ‘Language of Birds’ devoted to the journey of birds to their king Simurg is composed by ‘Attar so that a particular poetic construct can be referred to a certain term in philosophy: ‘searchers for the truth’ (talib) are the traveling birds, the Truth (hakikat) is Simurg. The ‘Path to the Truth’ (tarikat) is described by ‘Attar through stages of the sufia path (‘valleys’). The author of the article focuses on the analysis of the poetic construct ‘valley’ (vadi) based on the example of the first three valleys (search, love, knowledge) and analyzes what philosophical concepts these images relate to.

Keywords: philology, Medieval Persian poetry, Farid ad-Din ‘Attar, Sufi poem ‘Language of Birds’, Path to the Truth, knowledge of God, valley of search, valley of love, valley of knowledge, poetic construct ‘vadi’ (valley).

Abstract: Discovery of the connection between Pushikin’s ‘Don Juan’s stories’ in the Ushakovsky Album and Eugene Onegin allows to see the first chapters of the verse novel and biographies there in a different light. Based on the conception of dialectical unity between reality and poetry in Pushkin’s creative work, the author of the article offers a new name for Pushkin’s ‘hidden love’. This name is well-know in Pushkin studies but it casts the role of Cinderella. To the author’s opinion, creative work of the Poet during this period makes her candidacy a priority among all the others in Pushkin studies.

Keywords: philology, Alexander Pushkin, ‘hidden love’, Eugene Onegin, poesies, poetry and activity, mystery, name, Ushakovsky Album, Odessa.

Abstract: The world exhibition was held in London in 1851. A special project ‘Crystal Palace’ was prepared for that exhibition. Crystal Palace has become the prototype of new constructivist architecture. More than 17 thousand exhibitors participated in the Exhibition and presented over one hundred thousand of exponents. About 6 millions of people visited the Crystal Palace during just several months.

Keywords: philology, Queen Victoria, Crafts Society, Paxton’s project, cast plate glass, Crystal Palace, Koh-i-noor, excursions, prehistoric animals, fire in 1936.

Abstract: In his article Nabokov analyzes Charles Dickens’ novel ‘Bleak House’ and describes the plot and the heroes’ destinies underlying the particular features of the novel. Nabokov pays honor to the talent and mastery of Dickens and underlines how bright the images in Dickens’ novels are.

Keywords: philology, writer’s mastery, satirics, fog, children, court of Chancery, false philanthropists, uncovering the evil, mystery, topic, false and true solutions.

Abstract: Based on the example of a famous novel by Vladimir Nabokov the author of the article analyzes the brilliant style and writing techniques of Stevenson which he used to make the fi ctional story to sound quite convincing and believable. Much attention is paid at the problem of complicated relations between the good and the evil, the fi ght and interpenetration.

Keywords: philology, creative writing, style, good and evil, external and internal, image, symbol, intonation, a fi gure of speech.