Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the concept of "technology" in the history of philosophical thought. The authors have consistently analyzed the psychological, symbolic and socio-cultural factors of influence on the processes of the origin and evolution of technology, which is represented in the history, primarily of classical philosophy, in the form of metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism". This research focus makes it possible to study the interaction of human and technical in a historically and culturally mediated philosophical discourse. In conclusion, a brief overview of the models of representation of technology and the image of a person associated with it as a machine or mechanism dominating in modern information culture is given, epistemological philosophical and natural scientific factors of the functioning of this process are highlighted, and a conclusion is made about the dominant concept of technology as a "supporting structure" of modern culture Using the comparative method, ancient, medieval, and modern concepts of technology, as well as the binary opposition of "man–machine" formed by it, are studied. For the first time, the reconstruction of the concept of technology was carried out through the analysis of socio-cultural discourse in philosophical constructions. The role of these constructions in culture is determined. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1. The genesis of the concept of technology was associated with the understanding of technology as technology, but technology in ancient thought was a broader concept, denoting the totality of artificial human activity represented in technology (specific objects, images) as a means of defining reality. 2. The "supporting structure" of the concept of technology in Western European culture are the metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism", which laid the foundations for understanding man in a post-industrial society. 3. Modern culture can be considered as a technical and technological reality that continues the reconstruction of the metaphor of the "machine" that has developed in the history of philosophical thought.

Keywords: schematization, culture, human, society, history of philosophy, mechanism, machine, technology, technic, formalization

Abstract: The article explores a set of issues determining the synergetics of artificial cognitive systems: conditions for the realization of non-equilibrium stability of systems, synthesis options of artificial cognitive system, as well as mechanisms of self-organization of consciousness formed on its basis. Artificial cognitive systems are proposed to include not only artificial intelligence systems imitating human thinking, but any multilevel systems that perform the functions of recognizing and remembering information, decision-making, storage, explanation, understanding and production of new knowledge. The defining property of a cognitive system is the ability to make decisions. It is shown that the content of the cognitive system is consciousness, interpreted within the framework of the information concept as an information environment in which the extended model of reality is realized. Consciousness can be qualified as an open dynamic system. The state of such systems is determined by the processes occurring in them (thought processes – in the case of consciousness). For such systems, called "living", there is a realization of mechanisms of stable disequilibrium. The implementation of an artificial cognitive system is technically carried out on the basis of an artificial neural network, and organizationally – according to the actor or reactor model. Self-organization processes determining the synergetics of consciousness are a special case of the extreme principle, which is a consequence of the law of excessive reaction of supersystems, regulating the existence of dissipative systems at the expense of supersystem resources. The initiation of self-organization of consciousness is carried out by the process of thinking, which, due to the non-equilibrium stability of consciousness, does not stop. Thus thinking can be interpreted as a process of varying system parameters in search of suitable ones for extended modeling of reality.

Keywords: dissipation, supersystem, system, extreme principle, stable disequilibrium, cognitive system, consciousness, self-organization, synergetics, reality model

Abstract: The object of the study is a special branch of scientific knowledge, formed at the intersection of interests of various humanitarian disciplines – the philosophy of artificial intelligence; the subject of the study is the problems it considers. The author identifies the main traditional questions that the philosophy of artificial intelligence tried to answer earlier. Such questions in the earlier stages of the development of science were concentrated around the possibility of artificial intelligence to become aware of itself, learn to think, feel and create like a person. Scientists since the 1960s interested in the problems of equality of natural and artificial intelligence, the ability of a computer to show benevolence or hostility towards its creators. The research was carried out using a historical and philosophical analysis of issues in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the method of interpretive synthesis, etc. Systemic-structural, dialectical, cultural-historical, value-based, interdisciplinary approaches to the problem were used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying the problems of the philosophy of artificial intelligence that are relevant at this stage of development of this scientific field. It is noted that the dynamics of the philosophy of artificial intelligence are significantly influenced by the fact that “strong” artificial intelligence has not been created for several decades. This has caused a transformation in the research field of the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and at the moment this branch of scientific knowledge is considering new questions, including why it is not possible to create “strong” AI that completely replicates human thinking; can a computer think, albeit differently, than a human; what is the difference between human and machine thinking; who should be responsible for the decisions and actions of artificial intelligence, and etc. The issues facing the philosophy of artificial intelligence are constantly updated.

Keywords: artificial intelligence philosophy, Internet, computer, information technology, culture, philosophy, artificial intelligence, threats, thinking, consciousness

Abstract: The article analyzes the possibilities and limitations of artificial intelligence. The article considers the subjectivity of artificial intelligence, determines its necessity for solving intellectual problems depending on the possibility of representing the real world as a deterministic system. Methodological limitations of artificial intelligence, which is based on the use of big data technologies, are stated. These limitations cause the impossibility of forming a holistic representation of the objects of cognition and the world as a whole. As a tool for deterministic description of the universe it is proposed to use empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which is an extension of existing general theories of systems due to ontological justification of the phenomenon of isomorphism and definition of a limited set of laws, rules, patterns and primitives of forms and relations of objects in the universe. The distinction of natural (human) and artificial intelligence is considered, including the realization of multisystem integration of intelligence in physical, biological, social and spiritual systems. A philosophically grounded approach to ensuring the evolutionary properties of artificial intelligence is formulated, based on the inclusion of non-equilibrium mechanisms through which stability is realized.

Keywords: deterministic description, evolution, multisystems, nonequilibrium stability, general theory of systems, creativity, unity, intellectual tasks, subjectivity, intelligence

Abstract: The article offers a new interpretation of the technique and its evolution. The ideas about the technique of Aristotle, F. Bacon, P. Engelmeir, N.Berdyaev are analyzed, as well as the understanding of nature, on the basis of which the technique is comprehended and conceptualized. The author's hypothesis is that it is necessary to distinguish between two fundamentally different understandings of technology and the lines of its development: one, where technology is understood as engineering and conceptualized within the framework of the first nature, and the other, technology as technology, conceptualized within the framework of the idea of the second nature. In addition, the author shows that in the twentieth century there is a convergence of both lines of technology development, entailing a synthesis of engineering and technology. The atomic project is given as an illustration. On the basis of the proposed ideas, an explanation of the peculiar explosion of the development of technology in the XIX and XX centuries and the emergence of technoprime is outlined. To analyze the features of the second nature, the work of Dmitry Efremenko is considered, who suggests the genesis of megamachines, distinguishing between their two main types and outlining the third. Another component of the second nature is technology, in which, in addition to the sequence of operations and the conditions that ensure them, the author highlights the division of labor, attitudes to economy, standardization and quality of products, research and optimization or restructuring of production activities. In conclusion, the article points out three consequences of the synthesis of engineering and technology, as well as the crisis of technology in modernity: the need to revise ideas about nature, technology and the modern project, as well as the importance of studying the second nature.

Keywords: technique, science, technology, nature, engineering, synthesis, convergence, activity, environment, megamachine

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of technicalization of human nature studied in the works of an American historian, sociologists and philosopher of technology Lewis Mumford.  The Western philosophical tradition marks the existence of the traditional juxtaposition of technology and nature, technology and human. The impact of scientific and technological progress upon human mind and his corporeal nature is incontestable. However, the evolution of technology itself reflects the intentions of development of intellectual culture. Thus, technology is initially ambivalent with regards to human, producing disintegrating and organizing influence simultaneously. Technology separates human from nature and forms new subject and value systems. The article applies a descriptive method of research, gives characteristics to the most significant works of L. Mumford, as well as utilizes hermeneutic approach and method of structural analysis of his writings. The author’s main contribution consists in versatile analysis of L. Mumford’s interpretations of the philosophical problems of technology. Multiple existing research emphasize his negative evaluation of technology: he correlates process of technicalization with dehumanization, militarization and strengthening of totalitarian means of social organization. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that throughout his path, L. Mumford has substantially modified the context of studying technology: in his early work “Technology and Civilization (1934) Mumford optimistically determines the modern “neo-technological” type of social development. The conclusions are made on the sociocultural and socioeconomic meaning of technology, with focus on the anthropological problem of the impact of technology upon human nature.

Keywords: Russoism, utilitarianism, industrialization, urbanization, technicalization, Megamachine, Mumford, romanticism, masses, totalitarianism

Abstract: The author of the article views Karl Marx’s contribution to the philosophy of technology from the point of view of the modern state of development of this philosophy and discovery of certain ideas in Marx’s studies which could appear to be significant in XXI century. The author discusses the role of machines in transformation of labor structure, birth of the ‘iron man’ who opposed an ‘alive’ worker in the production process. It is shown that this event, which is paid much attention in Marx’s teaching, was possible only under conditions of the ‘infrastructure of social time’ ensured by working hours and schedules. In its turn, technological progress caused revolutionary changes in old infrastructures and creation of new ones. Infrastructure introduced a global element into technology, inevitably changed and continues to change our social life.

Keywords: philosophy, machine, time, labor, capitalism, hours, time, infrastructure, Marx, Hegel.

Abstract: The article considers current approaches to interpretation of computer metaphor of consciousness in modern philosophy of consciousness and analyzes justification of the analogies ‘consciousness — mind’ and ‘program — hardware’. Based on the sign of such relation, the author suggests his own classification of approaches: algorithmic, causal-cultural and causal-biological approaches to interpretation of computer metaphor of consciousness. Base on this classification, the author makes certain conclusions about their role in ontology and gnoseology and considers the perspectives of the idea about the ‘strong’ artificial intellect in the framework of existing approaches to development of the artificial intellect.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, artificial intellect, Turing machine, computer metaphor of consciousness, algorithm, cogitation, program, functionalism, connectivism.

Abstract: The author of this article describes and analyzes the two basic strategies of objection to a well-known thought experiment called Chinese Room argument: so called robot and system objections. The analysis allows to assess the validity of critics of the argument’s opposition as well as provisions defended in the framework of so called Chinese Room. In conclusion, the author conducts a thought experiment modifying the initial argument in order to prove that a number of such conclusions are wrong.

Keywords: philosophy, Chinese Room argument, artificial intellect, consciousness, functionalism, thinking, algorithm, connectionism, Turing test, program.

Abstract: The author views technology as a form of human communication and a communication strategy invented by human in order to govern the world. But the world around is the human world. When we ask about technology, we ask about human, his purposes, values and responsibility. From this point of view connection between technology and morals are viewed as a link between responsibility and human rationality, i.e. culture and society. It seems obvious that such connection does not have any perspectives. However, the author thinks he knows how to unite technology and culture and how to prevent us from the confl ict between human and technology.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, technology, morals, tradition, innovations, communication, risks, institutions, progress

Abstract: this is the continuation of the book by an American sociologist Kevin Kelly. There he drew a parallel between Darwin’s natural evolution believing that people descended from monkeys and his “artificial” evolution according to which people were the prototypes of self-controlling and self-constructing machines.

Keywords: robot, machine, mind, body, natural evolution, artificial evolution.

Abstract: The first part of the book by the American sociologist is devoted to neobiological civilization as the union of the “created” (by man) and the “born” (by nature) as well as to describing networks from the point of view of “clusters”. The author used such new conceptions as cluster system, vivisytem, Bio, Techno.

Keywords: biological, technology, vivisystem, network.