Abstract: The subject of the research is object-oriented programming (OOP) as a historically established disciplinary matrix of software engineering, which throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries defined the main principles of thinking and practices in software system development. The evolution of OOP is examined: from research innovations of the 1960s and 1970s through institutionalization and unconditional dominance in the 1980s to the 2000s, to a phase of technological maturity, gradual hybridization with other approaches, and loss of ontological priority in the multiparadigm environment of the 2010s and 2020s. Particular attention is paid to why OOP, despite losing its status as a universal model, maintains significant institutional stability and a profound influence on contemporary engineering culture, including modes of thought, professional values, and the organization of collective development. The methodological foundation comprises T. Kuhn's concept of disciplinary matrices and J. Dosi's model of technological trajectories. Historical-technical reconstruction of the lifecycle of the paradigm, analysis of anomalies, and hybridization in the context of cognitive-normative attitudes of the professional community are applied. Typological parallels with features of post-nonclassical rationality are used instrumentally, without asserting direct conceptual continuity. The scientific novelty lies in the integration of T. Kuhn's disciplinary matrix concept and J. Dosi's technological trajectory model for analyzing object-oriented programming as a coherent engineering paradigm. The research reveals the reasons for OOP's loss of status as a universal normative model while maintaining institutional stability. This stability relied not only on technical solutions but also on enduring cognitive-normative attitudes of the professional community that gradually became part of the engineering culture. OOP completes the lifecycle of the technological trajectory, transitioning from a universal foundation to one of contextually limited practices in a multiparadigm environment. The findings allow for a better understanding of the dynamics of modern programming paradigms at the early stages of their institutionalization and for reflecting on the general patterns of the change of engineering paradigms.

Keywords: object-oriented programming, programming paradigms, disciplinary matrix, technological trajectory, engineering thinking, style of thought, post-non-classical rationality, philosophy of technology, history of software engineering, multiparadigm

Abstract: The relevance of the work is determined by a profound crisis of understanding in the era of widespread implementation of large artificial intelligence models. Dominating public narratives, oscillating between the utopia of total automation and the apocalypse of machine superiority, prove helpless in the face of real problems: the unpredictable behavior of algorithms, their rootedness in social prejudices, and the emergence of new forms of dependence and labor. Existing analytical frameworks, whether legal, ethical, or purely engineering, are inadequate for comprehending this new technology. It manifests not as a passive tool, but as an active agent, transforming the foundations of communication, creativity, and cognitive activity. In this regard, there is a need to develop a new conceptual language capable of describing this new technosocial reality of joint creativity and co-evolution of humans and machines. The methodological foundation consists of a synthesis of philosophical and technical analysis in the tradition of Gilbert Simondon and critical genealogy of technologies. The conceptual reconstruction of such notions as "transduction" and "transindividual" allows for a problematization of the metanarratives about automation. Genetic analysis traces the co-evolution of algorithms, data, and social practices. Problem-oriented comparison is applied to the paradigms of play and labor, while the hermeneutic approach reveals machine learning as a form of joint becoming of humans and machines within a common operational environment. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the implementation of a radical ontological shift, achieved through the synthesis of the social history of machine learning and Simondon's philosophical concept of technology. Unlike critical studies focusing on the external social consequences of artificial intelligence, this work addresses the internal logic of its emergence as a technical object. The concept of transductive play allows for rethinking the genealogy of machine learning not as a linear sequence of succeeding paradigms, but as a single continuous process of transindividualization. In this process, the technological system and human collective mutually condition and generate each other within the framework of an emerging common environment. This approach enables a reformulation of key ethical dilemmas: the problem of algorithmic bias becomes a question of the quality and representativeness of the initial environment of emergence, while the problem of control over technology transforms into the issue of designing conditions for open divergent play.

Keywords: Gilbert Simondon, automation, transductive game, individuation, specification, transindividuation, pre-individual field, artificial intelligence, machine learning, process ontology

Abstract: The subject of the research is the deep ontological and sociocultural transformations of the mechanisms of individual and collective memory occurring in the context of global digitalization and the expansion of "disruptive technologies" (artificial intelligence, neural network algorithms). The focus is on the acute dialectical conflict between the imperative of permanent technological renewal, characteristic of the era of "liquid modernity," and the fundamental need of society to maintain a stable identity and intergenerational continuity. The article analyzes in detail the phenomenon of exteriorization (externalization) of the mnemonic functions of consciousness, where living human memory, rooted in social practices, is replaced by technical archives and automated data management systems. Special attention is given to the study of the influence of "social acceleration" on the modern subject's ability for historical reflection, as well as on the processes of transforming the past into a digital resource, devoid of temporal depth and existential significance for future design. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach that synthesizes social-philosophical analysis, collective memory theory, and critical social theory. A dialectical method is employed to reveal the contradictions between "space of flows" and "space of places," as well as hermeneutic analysis to interpret the impact of digital archives on identity formation. The scientific novelty lies in substantiating the thesis that in the 21st century, innovations have lost their status as merely tools for economic or technical modernization and have become an independent ontological factor provoking systemic "social amnesia." For the first time within the framework of social-philosophical analysis, it is proven that the uncontrolled dominance of algorithmic forms of information storage leads not to the preservation of culture but to the establishment of a "presentism" regime—locking society in an eternal present where past experiences are instantly devalued. It has been revealed that digital fragmentation of narratives generates a deep crisis of personal and group identity, creating a new type of social inequality of access to the management of historical memory and meanings. As a final conclusion, the necessity of transitioning from a technocratic paradigm to an ethical model of "responsible innovation," based on Hans Jonas's principle of responsibility, is substantiated. An imperative of "humanitarian sovereignty" is formulated, according to which any technological innovations must undergo an assessment of their impact on the preservation of the "anthropological constant" and society's capacity for long-term historical thinking.

Keywords: Social memory, Innovations, Philosophy of technology, Liquid modernity, Digitalization, Social acceleration, Responsibility, Disruptive technologies, Maurice Halbwachs, Zygmunt Bauman

Abstract: In the era of total digitalization, when artificial neural networks curate our attention and social networks function as machines for producing affects, the question of how we perceive the world takes on not just an academic but a sharply social character. This article proposes a radical ontological shift in understanding the digital age, asserting that the key political field of the 21st century is the very structure of human perception. Through the synthesis of the concepts of technical individuation by Simondon, Stiegler's "pharmacology" of attention, and Latour's actor-network theory, we demonstrate that digital technologies are not merely tools but active co-architects of a new "perceptual grammar." This grammar is a hidden set of rules and filters that determine what can be seen, heard, and felt. It is produced in hybrid networks where algorithms, interfaces, and user practices interweave into a new mode of sensibility that requires its own deconstruction. The novelty of the approach lies in the rejection of viewing technology as a neutral mediator. Hence, the methodological approach of the research is based on the sequential application of three theoretical optics: the concept of individuation (Simondon), actor-network theory (Latour), and the pharmacological approach (Stiegler). This three-tiered method, ascending from ontological justification through empirical tracing to critical evaluation, allows us not only to describe but also to problematize the politics of digital sensitivity in all its complexity. The relevance of this research is determined by the unprecedented challenge that technological platforms pose to human agency and autonomy. If Simondon provides an ontological basis by understanding technology as a condition for the possibility of individuation itself, and Latour serves as a method for empirically tracing the assemblages that produce reality, then Stiegler introduces a critical and political vector. His analysis of the "proletarianization of sensitivity" under the pressure of the attention industry allows us to pose the following central question: "Whose interests and what logics (economic, political, ideological) crystallize in this new perceptual grammar?" Thus, the article insists that the struggle for the future is a struggle for the very "material" of experience and calls for the development of a new "therapeutics" of digital sensitivity capable of resisting its total capitalization.

Keywords: Simondon, Stiegler, Latour, pre-individual, transindividual, individuation, pharmacon, quasi-object, actor, actor-network

Abstract: The rethinking of schemes by Gilbert Simondon marks a radical break from the Kantian tradition. For Kant, the schematism of pure reason served as an a priori mechanism for subordinating sensory diversity to the categories of understanding, ensuring the possibility of knowledge while remaining confined within the transcendental sphere of the subject. In contrast, Simondon makes an ontological turn. His "operational schemes" are rooted not in the structures of consciousness but in the very dynamics of the material world, primarily in technology. Schemes are immanent patterns of development of "technical lines," crystallizing in the process of invention through "productive imagination." Simondon's novelty lies in the rejection of the primacy of reason over experience: the scheme arises not prior to experience as its condition but from the practical, operational participation of thought with things, from the effort to resolve specific technical problems. Here, imagination is not reproduction or combinatorics but a force rooted in action and materiality, generating new forms of being of technology. The research is based on the consistent application of complementary methods appropriate to Simondon’s dynamic non-substantial ontology: genetic-critical method, techno-ontological analysis, operational hermeneutics, and comparative-topological approach. In this case, not only the immanence of schemes to technical lines is revealed, but also Simondon's break with Kantian transcendentalism is highlighted. This methodology allows us to avoid the reification of schemes, revealing them as living tools of procedural reality, which corresponds to Simondon's key "maxim," namely, to know means to follow the individuation of being. The relevance of the Simondonian concept of "operational schemes" is difficult to overestimate today. In the era of algorithms, interfaces, and self-learning systems, it offers a powerful tool for understanding how technical objects themselves generate schemes that mediate our thinking and action. Digital platforms, artificial neural networks, and "smart" environments – all embody "dynamic schemes." Moreover, this approach is relevant as an epistemological shift: it overcomes the divide between theory and practice, reason and matter. Operational schemes assert an ontology of relation and action, where knowledge and invention arise not from contemplation but from engaged interaction with the world. This makes Simondon's philosophy indispensable for understanding the joint evolution of humans and their artificial environment.

Keywords: Simondon, Kant, Bergson, individuation, transduction, pre-individual, metastability, dynamic scheme, technical diagram, imagination

Abstract: Digital technologies are radically changing the modern world, increasingly acting as autonomous agents. Algorithms governing social networks, neural networks creating content, or robots making decisions. Their actions are determined by their own internal logic, beyond human intentions. While many researchers in digital technology argue for the capability of machines to think based on their functional similarity to human reasoning when processing information, the outstanding philosopher and thinker in the field of technology and technological innovations, Gilbert Simondon, shifts the focus to the specificity of technical being and the collaborative nature of intellectual activity. The question "Can machines think?" transforms into a question of how we understand thinking within the complex interaction of the technosocial system "human-technology-society" with its own evolutionary dynamics. The methodological foundation of this article is based on methods of analysis, observation, and synthesis, consisting of the key ideas of philosophical individuation of technical systems (Simondon) and the ideas of genealogy, control, and machine cognition (Deleuze). The key task is to reveal the contingent process of the technosocial phase of individuation that produces operationally closed (autoetic) systems. Classical cybernetics, relying on the servomechanical model, interprets machines as passive executors of pre-set commands, denying the possibility of genuine "thinking." This article challenges this paradigm in relation to the modern machine learning process of neural networks. We assert that the servomechanism is incapable of adequately explaining the emergent, unpredictable, and creative aspects of complex models' behavior, especially deep neural networks, which go beyond simple responses to input stimuli. Drawing on Simondon's philosophy of technology, the article proposes an alternative ontological framework. The process of machine learning is interpreted as contingent technical individuation: the model arises ("individuates") from a "pre-individual" field (architecture, data, learning stochasticity) through the resolution of internal tensions (minimization of losses). The result is not a servomechanism but a unique operationally closed system. Its "thinking" is understood as an emergent property of this individuation – contingent (dependent on the learning path), immanent to the internal structure (weights), and manifesting in the ability to generalize, generate, and abduct.

Keywords: individuation, specification, transduction, associated environment, computational sovereignty, automated cognition, genesis, technical democracy, internal resonance, complexity

Abstract: The subject of the research is the image of the Megalopolis and its interpretation in the works of P. Geddes and L. Mumford. The image of the Megalopolis, on the one hand, is connected with the development of the utopian tradition in culture. On the other hand, it has a direct relation to the concepts of technogenic civilization and the idea of technical progress. The aim of the work is to examine the image of the Megalopolis in the context of the concepts of neo-technical development by leading urbanism and philosophy of technology theorists of the 20th century – P. Geddes and L. Mumford. The relevance of the topic under development is determined by its significance for understanding the patterns of modern urban development. The study of the image of the Megalopolis in the works of leading urbanists and philosophers of the 20th century is highly relevant for contemporary urban studies and urban planning, as solving the problems of modern city development largely requires studying them in a historical context. A comprehensive methodological approach was used in writing the article, combining hermeneutic interpretation of a number of concepts and terms from the philosophy of the city by P. Geddes and L. Mumford, exposition, as well as comparative analysis of the content of their works. The novelty of the research lies in the interpretations of the image of the Megalopolis in light of the concept of neo-technical development. While the issues of the Megalopolis in the works of P. Geddes and L. Mumford have been examined multiple times, relating it to the theory of transition from paleotechnology to neotechnology, formulated by P. Geddes and developed by L. Mumford, is innovative. The intensive growth of European cities that began during the industrialization era was subjected to thorough analysis in the philosophy of technology and urbanism of the 20th century. In the studies of P. Geddes and L. Mumford, very accurate forecasts were made that anticipated the most important trends in urban environment development and were confirmed in practice. Issues of modern urban planning, such as the rapid growth of metropolitan megalopolises and the desolation of peripheral cities, the problem of resource conservation in the process of renovation and gentrification of urban areas, can be addressed using the approaches proposed by P. Geddes and L. Mumford within the framework of the concept of the neo-technical city (ideas of "reconstruction," "practical economy," etc.). Therefore, the critical reflection on the image of the Megalopolis by these thinkers remains highly relevant in the context of modern urban planning strategies.

Keywords: P. Geddes, L. Mumford, Megalopolis, neotechnics, paleotechnics, industrialization, urbanization, evolutionism in urban studies, new urbanism, philosophy of the city

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the concept of "technology" in the history of philosophical thought. The authors have consistently analyzed the psychological, symbolic and socio-cultural factors of influence on the processes of the origin and evolution of technology, which is represented in the history, primarily of classical philosophy, in the form of metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism". This research focus makes it possible to study the interaction of human and technical in a historically and culturally mediated philosophical discourse. In conclusion, a brief overview of the models of representation of technology and the image of a person associated with it as a machine or mechanism dominating in modern information culture is given, epistemological philosophical and natural scientific factors of the functioning of this process are highlighted, and a conclusion is made about the dominant concept of technology as a "supporting structure" of modern culture Using the comparative method, ancient, medieval, and modern concepts of technology, as well as the binary opposition of "man–machine" formed by it, are studied. For the first time, the reconstruction of the concept of technology was carried out through the analysis of socio-cultural discourse in philosophical constructions. The role of these constructions in culture is determined. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1. The genesis of the concept of technology was associated with the understanding of technology as technology, but technology in ancient thought was a broader concept, denoting the totality of artificial human activity represented in technology (specific objects, images) as a means of defining reality. 2. The "supporting structure" of the concept of technology in Western European culture are the metaphors of "machine" and "mechanism", which laid the foundations for understanding man in a post-industrial society. 3. Modern culture can be considered as a technical and technological reality that continues the reconstruction of the metaphor of the "machine" that has developed in the history of philosophical thought.

Keywords: technic, technology, machine, mechanism, history of philosophy, society, human, culture, schematization, formalization

Abstract: The article explores a set of issues determining the synergetics of artificial cognitive systems: conditions for the realization of non-equilibrium stability of systems, synthesis options of artificial cognitive system, as well as mechanisms of self-organization of consciousness formed on its basis. Artificial cognitive systems are proposed to include not only artificial intelligence systems imitating human thinking, but any multilevel systems that perform the functions of recognizing and remembering information, decision-making, storage, explanation, understanding and production of new knowledge. The defining property of a cognitive system is the ability to make decisions. It is shown that the content of the cognitive system is consciousness, interpreted within the framework of the information concept as an information environment in which the extended model of reality is realized. Consciousness can be qualified as an open dynamic system. The state of such systems is determined by the processes occurring in them (thought processes – in the case of consciousness). For such systems, called "living", there is a realization of mechanisms of stable disequilibrium. The implementation of an artificial cognitive system is technically carried out on the basis of an artificial neural network, and organizationally – according to the actor or reactor model. Self-organization processes determining the synergetics of consciousness are a special case of the extreme principle, which is a consequence of the law of excessive reaction of supersystems, regulating the existence of dissipative systems at the expense of supersystem resources. The initiation of self-organization of consciousness is carried out by the process of thinking, which, due to the non-equilibrium stability of consciousness, does not stop. Thus thinking can be interpreted as a process of varying system parameters in search of suitable ones for extended modeling of reality.

Keywords: synergetics, self-organization, consciousness, cognitive system, stable disequilibrium, extreme principle, system, supersystem, dissipation, reality model

Abstract: The object of the study is a special branch of scientific knowledge, formed at the intersection of interests of various humanitarian disciplines – the philosophy of artificial intelligence; the subject of the study is the problems it considers. The author identifies the main traditional questions that the philosophy of artificial intelligence tried to answer earlier. Such questions in the earlier stages of the development of science were concentrated around the possibility of artificial intelligence to become aware of itself, learn to think, feel and create like a person. Scientists since the 1960s interested in the problems of equality of natural and artificial intelligence, the ability of a computer to show benevolence or hostility towards its creators. The research was carried out using a historical and philosophical analysis of issues in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the method of interpretive synthesis, etc. Systemic-structural, dialectical, cultural-historical, value-based, interdisciplinary approaches to the problem were used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying the problems of the philosophy of artificial intelligence that are relevant at this stage of development of this scientific field. It is noted that the dynamics of the philosophy of artificial intelligence are significantly influenced by the fact that “strong” artificial intelligence has not been created for several decades. This has caused a transformation in the research field of the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and at the moment this branch of scientific knowledge is considering new questions, including why it is not possible to create “strong” AI that completely replicates human thinking; can a computer think, albeit differently, than a human; what is the difference between human and machine thinking; who should be responsible for the decisions and actions of artificial intelligence, and etc. The issues facing the philosophy of artificial intelligence are constantly updated.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, philosophy, culture, information technology, computer, Internet, artificial intelligence philosophy, threats, thinking, consciousness

Abstract: The article analyzes the possibilities and limitations of artificial intelligence. The article considers the subjectivity of artificial intelligence, determines its necessity for solving intellectual problems depending on the possibility of representing the real world as a deterministic system. Methodological limitations of artificial intelligence, which is based on the use of big data technologies, are stated. These limitations cause the impossibility of forming a holistic representation of the objects of cognition and the world as a whole. As a tool for deterministic description of the universe it is proposed to use empirical-metaphysical general theory of systems, which is an extension of existing general theories of systems due to ontological justification of the phenomenon of isomorphism and definition of a limited set of laws, rules, patterns and primitives of forms and relations of objects in the universe. The distinction of natural (human) and artificial intelligence is considered, including the realization of multisystem integration of intelligence in physical, biological, social and spiritual systems. A philosophically grounded approach to ensuring the evolutionary properties of artificial intelligence is formulated, based on the inclusion of non-equilibrium mechanisms through which stability is realized.

Keywords: intelligence, subjectivity, intellectual tasks, creativity, unity, general theory of systems, multisystems, nonequilibrium stability, evolution, deterministic description

Abstract: The article offers a new interpretation of the technique and its evolution. The ideas about the technique of Aristotle, F. Bacon, P. Engelmeir, N.Berdyaev are analyzed, as well as the understanding of nature, on the basis of which the technique is comprehended and conceptualized. The author's hypothesis is that it is necessary to distinguish between two fundamentally different understandings of technology and the lines of its development: one, where technology is understood as engineering and conceptualized within the framework of the first nature, and the other, technology as technology, conceptualized within the framework of the idea of the second nature. In addition, the author shows that in the twentieth century there is a convergence of both lines of technology development, entailing a synthesis of engineering and technology. The atomic project is given as an illustration. On the basis of the proposed ideas, an explanation of the peculiar explosion of the development of technology in the XIX and XX centuries and the emergence of technoprime is outlined. To analyze the features of the second nature, the work of Dmitry Efremenko is considered, who suggests the genesis of megamachines, distinguishing between their two main types and outlining the third. Another component of the second nature is technology, in which, in addition to the sequence of operations and the conditions that ensure them, the author highlights the division of labor, attitudes to economy, standardization and quality of products, research and optimization or restructuring of production activities. In conclusion, the article points out three consequences of the synthesis of engineering and technology, as well as the crisis of technology in modernity: the need to revise ideas about nature, technology and the modern project, as well as the importance of studying the second nature.

Keywords: technique, science, technology, nature, engineering, synthesis, convergence, activity, environment, megamachine

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of technicalization of human nature studied in the works of an American historian, sociologists and philosopher of technology Lewis Mumford.  The Western philosophical tradition marks the existence of the traditional juxtaposition of technology and nature, technology and human. The impact of scientific and technological progress upon human mind and his corporeal nature is incontestable. However, the evolution of technology itself reflects the intentions of development of intellectual culture. Thus, technology is initially ambivalent with regards to human, producing disintegrating and organizing influence simultaneously. Technology separates human from nature and forms new subject and value systems. The article applies a descriptive method of research, gives characteristics to the most significant works of L. Mumford, as well as utilizes hermeneutic approach and method of structural analysis of his writings. The author’s main contribution consists in versatile analysis of L. Mumford’s interpretations of the philosophical problems of technology. Multiple existing research emphasize his negative evaluation of technology: he correlates process of technicalization with dehumanization, militarization and strengthening of totalitarian means of social organization. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that throughout his path, L. Mumford has substantially modified the context of studying technology: in his early work “Technology and Civilization (1934) Mumford optimistically determines the modern “neo-technological” type of social development. The conclusions are made on the sociocultural and socioeconomic meaning of technology, with focus on the anthropological problem of the impact of technology upon human nature.

Keywords: Mumford, Megamachine, technicalization, urbanization, industrialization, utilitarianism, Russoism, romanticism, masses, totalitarianism

Abstract: The author of the article views Karl Marx’s contribution to the philosophy of technology from the point of view of the modern state of development of this philosophy and discovery of certain ideas in Marx’s studies which could appear to be significant in XXI century. The author discusses the role of machines in transformation of labor structure, birth of the ‘iron man’ who opposed an ‘alive’ worker in the production process. It is shown that this event, which is paid much attention in Marx’s teaching, was possible only under conditions of the ‘infrastructure of social time’ ensured by working hours and schedules. In its turn, technological progress caused revolutionary changes in old infrastructures and creation of new ones. Infrastructure introduced a global element into technology, inevitably changed and continues to change our social life.

Keywords: philosophy, machine, time, labor, capitalism, hours, time, infrastructure, Marx, Hegel.

Abstract: The article considers current approaches to interpretation of computer metaphor of consciousness in modern philosophy of consciousness and analyzes justification of the analogies ‘consciousness — mind’ and ‘program — hardware’. Based on the sign of such relation, the author suggests his own classification of approaches: algorithmic, causal-cultural and causal-biological approaches to interpretation of computer metaphor of consciousness. Base on this classification, the author makes certain conclusions about their role in ontology and gnoseology and considers the perspectives of the idea about the ‘strong’ artificial intellect in the framework of existing approaches to development of the artificial intellect.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, artificial intellect, Turing machine, computer metaphor of consciousness, algorithm, cogitation, program, functionalism, connectivism.

Abstract: The author of this article describes and analyzes the two basic strategies of objection to a well-known thought experiment called Chinese Room argument: so called robot and system objections. The analysis allows to assess the validity of critics of the argument’s opposition as well as provisions defended in the framework of so called Chinese Room. In conclusion, the author conducts a thought experiment modifying the initial argument in order to prove that a number of such conclusions are wrong.

Keywords: philosophy, Chinese Room argument, artificial intellect, consciousness, functionalism, thinking, algorithm, connectionism, Turing test, program.

Abstract: The author views technology as a form of human communication and a communication strategy invented by human in order to govern the world. But the world around is the human world. When we ask about technology, we ask about human, his purposes, values and responsibility. From this point of view connection between technology and morals are viewed as a link between responsibility and human rationality, i.e. culture and society. It seems obvious that such connection does not have any perspectives. However, the author thinks he knows how to unite technology and culture and how to prevent us from the confl ict between human and technology.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, technology, morals, tradition, innovations, communication, risks, institutions, progress

Abstract: this is the continuation of the book by an American sociologist Kevin Kelly. There he drew a parallel between Darwin’s natural evolution believing that people descended from monkeys and his “artificial” evolution according to which people were the prototypes of self-controlling and self-constructing machines.

Keywords: robot, machine, mind, body, natural evolution, artificial evolution.

Abstract: The first part of the book by the American sociologist is devoted to neobiological civilization as the union of the “created” (by man) and the “born” (by nature) as well as to describing networks from the point of view of “clusters”. The author used such new conceptions as cluster system, vivisytem, Bio, Techno.

Keywords: biological, technology, vivisystem, network.