Abstract: The goal of this article is the socio-philosophical conceptualization of memory conflicts in the migration society, as well as comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign contexts. Foreign experience was examined within the framework of the policy of assimilation and multiculturalism, as well as politics aimed at formation of transnational identities. The analysis of Russian context was conducted on the basis of determination and classification of conflictogenic factors, main parties of the conflicts, settlement strategies, and types of conflicts in the condition of internal and external migration challenges. The author leans on the constructivist approach, which suggests that perception of the past is predetermined and formed by sociocultural contexts and practices of memory and obscurity. In comparison with the foreign, Russian context demonstrates the prevalence of latent forms of conflict. Russia marks the formation of “parallel” memory communities, when the migrants and accepting society maintain a forced neutrality. If the foreign research indicate mostly status conflicts, in the Russian conditions, the migrants are oriented towards defensive type of memory conflicts. The oversea conflicts of memory mark the clash of modernism and traditionalism, while Russia demonstrated the clash of different versions of traditionalism.

Keywords: historical consciousness, conflicts of cultural memory, external migration, internal migration, identity conflict, migrants, cultural memory, ethnocentrism, multiculturalism, transnationalism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of formation of civil society. The author presents a comparative analysis of the Western and Russian models. Based on such positions as the stance on private property, peculiarities of social community, agency of social transformations and source of social initiatives, the article highlights the key characteristics of the two described models. Particular attention is turned to the problem of personal spiritual and economic freedom as one of the fundamental factors for the establishment of civil society. The author outlines its external and internal determinants. The research methodology is based on the comparative analysis of the Western and Russian models of the formation of civil society, considering the specifics of cultural and historical context. The Russian model of civil society, being functionally identical to the Western, represents a peculiar social phenomenon, differed by the type and genesis. Within the national context, civil society acquires a unique content, defined by nature and dynamics of interaction between the government and people. In this regard, the formation of mentality of a Russian person is of particular significance.

Keywords: Christianity, nation, society, model, personality, power, freedom, civil society, state, ideology

Abstract:   This article examines the idea of the modern model of local self-governance as a social determinant for the formation of civil society. It is noted that currently the local self-governance experiences a political and social absenteeism reflected in apathy and inaction of the society, established as a result of the lack of confidence in any authority and skepticism towards possibility of influence its decisions. The author underlines that system modernization aimed at the formation of civil society is possible only within the new philosophical context, occurring from acknowledgement of the need for coordinated interaction between the government and population. The article explores the historical and social peculiarities of establishment of the local self-governance in Russia, as well as provides a comparative analysis of the Western and Eastern models. The focus of attention on the presented by the author conceptual grounds of building a model of local self-governance would allow avoiding “groping” searching the ways and effective methods for transformation of Russia, as well as erect the barrier to mass social reforms and change, which aggravate the negative social consequences. Only then the effective local self-government as a determinant for formation of civil society is possible.  

Keywords: paternalism, civil responsibility, individual freedom,, local self-government, social determinant, social absenteeism, civil society, state power, philosophical context, model

Abstract: The focus of this research is associated with the phenomenon of wide proliferation of information and communication technologies and electronic means of communication. The selection of topic is substantiated by the relevance of following problems: consequences of informatization and virtualization of society; establishment of fundamental grounds of information society; occurrence of crises and challenges in the course of the development of information society. The article examines the process of transformation of socio-communication space in modern society in the context of its informatization and virtualization. The author attempts to determine and describe the basic structural peculiarities of the forming virtual socio-communication space. The research leans on N. Luhmann's theory of social systems, A. Toffler’s wave model of society, M. McLuhan’s classification of the types of communication, G. Deleuze’s philosophical concepts, and J. Baudrillard’s idea of hyperreality. It is determined that the result of informatization of society is a new form of social existence – the virtual social space. It suggests the proliferation of the network method of organization of social systems and formation of a virtual social subject therein. Network structures of the virtual social space are characterized by of deterritorialization, cybernation and decentralization. The genesis of network structures of information society increases the threat of information opposition.  

Keywords: The Great Disruption, social network, information war, Information society, virtuality, social communication, social space, network society, The Third Wave, decentralization

Abstract: This article is the sequence of publications for approbation of dissertation on the topic “The Nature of Social Reality in the Context of the Modern Forms of Cynicism”. For deriving one of the methodological tools of dynamic approach in explaining the nature of social reality, Max Weber’s theory of social action was selected as the object of this research. The subject of this work implies the typology of cynic action, which manifests as such tool. The research goal consists in: 1) explication of the foundations of typology of social action; 2) analysis of Weber’s project of “purposeful rationality” as the basis of social action; 3) examination of “ideal bureaucracy” as the principle of building a society that allows cynic behavioral models; 4) substantiation of the typology of cynic action. In the course of the study, the author applied such methods of theoretical cognition as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and analogy; in conceptualization of the notion of “cynicism” – systemic and qualitative approaches, as well as moderate subjectivism. The author’s contribution is expressed in conceptualization of the typology of cynic actions, which in the course of dynamic examination of the essence of social reality and manifestation of cynicism, allows viewing its modern symbol structures and marker-trends that determine the dynamics of social changes.

Keywords: Desacralization, Interatism, Hypersensitivity, Indifference, Negation, Cynic subject, Cynicism, Social action, Mimicry, Pseudo-rationality

Abstract: The subject of this article is the impact of Digital Revolution on human civilization. The development and active implementation of digital technologies leads to serious transformation in the structure and functionality of the government and society, as well as influences the life of each individual. The authors focus on the processes of globalization and their results produced in the conditions of digital society. Special attention is given to the problem of creative abilities of a human, which stops being an existential experience, but becomes mundane, and then a social debt of a person. As a result of this analysis, the author determined the outlines of a number of big challenges aroused before humanity and led to the process of digitalization (implementation and distribution of digital technologies). In particular, it is the formation of the new global virtual reality, which provides the pseudo-empirical experience and deprives human of the need for physical self-realization. The authors assume that humanity apprehends the critical danger of the idea of “revolutionary progress” and will shift to the new paradigm of the scientific-technological and social development.

Keywords: Social Dynamics, Scientific Progress, Information Society, Virtual Reality, Big Challenges, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Digital Technologies, Digitalization, Scientific and Technological Development, Digital Revolution

Abstract: The article tackles the questions of social capital transformation in developed countries. The author considers the role played by human rights in this process, form several points of view, including the influence of the human rights on traditional interpersonal forms and institutions of social capital (family, kin, neighbors…), as well as the role of human rights in broad forms (national, universal) of social capital transformation. The author does not limit his thinking to – almost ubiquitously admitted in social sciences – questions of depletion (deterioration) of social capital but also considers the less accepted issues of reconstruction of social capital. Several conclusions are drawn. First, the human rights, among other factors, have contributed to the deterioration of social capital (especially the traditional forms and institutions of interpersonal social capital). Second, human rights have also contributed to construction of social capital, especially the broad (national and universal) forms of social capital. Moreover, the author advances the idea that if the traditional interpersonal forms of social capital were depleted under the influence of several factors (human rights among them), the human rights played almost exclusive role in construction of broad forms of social capital.

Keywords: social solidarity, unity, family, relatives, liberal values, human rights, social capital, fundamental rights and freedoms, citizen, individualism

Abstract: This article examines the main meanings of social adaptation in the historical context, as well as modern stage of development of a scientific thought. The authors demonstrate the contradictory nature of social adaptation and ambiguity of its interpretations, as well as establish the dependence of understanding of the meaning of social adaptation from a specific historical period. Adaptation as a process is viewed within the framework of three key scientific directions: natural scientific, psychological, and philosophical. The latter is revealed from the perspective of its interpretation as the interaction that forms between personality and social environment, and is aimed at resolution of the emerging contradictions between them. Social adaptation has dual nature, which manifests in interaction of the two beginnings: passive (adjustment of a person to social environment), and active (transformation, subordination of environment. The role of social adaptation in the process of evolution and establishment of a human in society is being revealed . It is demonstrated that by resolving the contradictions that actualize the adaptation process, human acquires the necessary experience that makes him a full member of society and successfully socialize within it. By the virtue of social adaptation, a human obtains capacity to such activeness, which allows finding the way for resolving the social contradictions, while preserving the own self-identity and considering the demands of social environment.

Keywords: Interaction, Society, Personality, Adaptive strategies, Adaptability, Stages of adaptation, Process, Contradiction, Social adaptation, Adaptation

Abstract: The article considers the socio-philosophical prerequisites of modern media ecology. It is shown that, since media ecology as a scientific discipline was created and substantiated within the framework of social and philosophical representations of the largest representative of the Toronto School of Communications - Marshall McLuhan, - its instruments still bear the stamp of the philosopher's basic views. Even though many modern researchers working within this discipline do not share the McLuhan concept and polemic with him on a number of key issues in the theory of communications, the very research prospect of media ecology has a direct impact on their work. The article analyzes the materials of current publications on media ecology for the existence of theoretical problems related to the conceptual justification of the discipline toolkit.Among the most significant philosophical preconditions of media ecology stand out: the concept of historicism, as an assumption of the existence of an objective sense of history and the possibility of its comprehension; the concept of social realism, as an assumption of the existence of social groups as independent entities; the concept of technological determinism, as the assumption that technology has a direct mechanistic effect on society; and the concept of unifying the effect of the media, as the assumption that the medium of communication affects the entire social space in the same way.

Keywords: Mcluhan, determinism., social realism, historicism, network, Media ecology, communication, media, Castells, Manovich

Abstract: This article examines such socio-ontological formation as the virtual social capital. This formation is presented as the condition for existence, creation and target structuring of the foundations of the future information society. The author reviews the functions and value that is realized by the virtual social capital in the process of social informatization and virtualization. The article analyzes the properties and characteristics of the virtual social capital, as well as its differences from the traditional economic, social, and cultural capital. The forms and varieties of its existence have also been determined. The research applies the social-constructivist methodology based on the concept of social fields of P. Bourdieu alongside the theory of social communication of G. Innis, M. McLuhan and M. Castells. The main result of the study consist in the theoretical comprehensive socio-ontological representation of the virtual social capital within the structure of social communicative systems. This, in turn, allows demonstrating its place and role in the process of establishment of the future informational society, as well as highlight the prospects of formation and development of the information culture.

Keywords: virtualization, informatization, constructivism, social communication, social ontology, Information society, virtual social capital, polyontism , transhumanism, social evolution

Abstract: The subject of this research is the philosophical idea of progress in interpretation of the French and German theoreticians of the XIX century. The author suggests a hypothesis about the distinction between the triadic forms of progress, which signify the development of the humanitarian structures of society, as well as the progress in science and production. The latter are advancing increasingly, while in the humanitarian fields throughout more than two centuries, progress carried a different (triadic) character. As a result of this research, were determined the peculiarities of the philosophical triad among French; the prevailing scheme was taking its roots from Saint-Simon and meant the transition from the “feudal-theological” society to “metaphysical”, and in future – “industrial” society. The Germans (Hegel, Marx) developed the attitude towards progress according to the Hegel’s principle of alienation and its removal. But if in Hegel defines this dialectics as the movement of the World spirit towards self-cognition, Marx reveals it as a dynamics of labor – from the unity of clan, where an individual is absolutely dependent, to the movements towards alienation of the individual and his property from the clan, and finally, the removal between individual and universal. By comparing the French and German theories of progress, the author attempts to determine their unity and diversity. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that triadic forms of progress emerged at the dawn of capitalism, but the reminiscence of the passing era is still alive. Thus emerge the attempts to build value norms of the future by using the achievements of the past.  

Keywords: alienation principle, industrial society, metaphisical epoch, feudal and theological society, science, production, philosophical-historical triad, progress, individual, universal

Abstract: This article presents the study of system and structural properties of concrete forms of social communication at a certain stage of their formation and development. The comparative research of various historical forms of social communication presented as the procedural aspects of the functioning of social communication systems. In particular, the author focuses on virtual communication as a form of social communication. The author views transcendentalism and transgression as the methods of provision of such type of communication. The former is presented in the structuralist approach to the study, the latter is presented  in the constructivist approach. Within the framework of the present research the concept of virtual social communication is based on the structural-functional and socio-constructivist approaches. The study explicated such modes of existence of virtual social communication as a virtual social space and virtual social time. It is established that regulation of the virtual social communication involves both structural and constructivist factors. At the end of the article the author makes a conclusion that further studies of virtual social phenomena can be productive only if they take into account the dual nature of such phenomena. 

Keywords: polyontism, social constructionism, structuralism, transgression, virtual social communication, social communication system, virtual social space, social structure, social construct, virtualization

Abstract: The subject of this paper is to study the concept of organ projection presented in Ernst Kapp’s “Principles of a philosophy of technology”, the book that has never been fully translated into Russian. The author of the article examines the foundations of Ernst Kapp’s concepts from the point of view of socio-cultural and technological dynamics of the modern society and pays particular attention to the phenomena of the body, power and transgression. Using the receptions of the idea of the organ projection presented in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Pavel Florensky, Ernst Cassirer and Marshal McLuhan, the author explicates its heuristic potential and significance for contemporary philosophy and culture. Along with the general scientific research methodology the author also uses dialectical, hermeneutic, psychoanalytic methods and the method of the comparative analysis of philosophical doctrines. The novelty of the research lies in the interpretation of organ projection as a transgressive process that leads to the blurring of the boundaries between the inside and the outside. Ernst Kapp’s concept of organ projection implicitly contains the ontology of transgression which will be developed further in the non-classical philosophy. As a result of transgression, the borders of human body expand beyond their own limits and extend its power to the external space, assimilating and absorbing it. The special contribution of the author consists in explication of the characteristics of the phenomenon of the body represented in the organ projection concept, in particular its gender characteristics.

Keywords: social space, human, modern society, technique, border, Kapp, organ projection, transgression, power, body

Abstract: Analysts and philosophers talk about the shrinkage of the social space and time. In her article Vladimirova views social communication and social information as a form and content of the informational aspect of social interaction. There is a growing number of evolutionary variation and selection mechanisms that have proved to be effective or socially adjustable. This makes the social evolution even faster (Niklas Luhmann). Social practices of the post-modern age acquire completely different characteristics. The research subject is the peculiarities of social practices caused by the growth in the intensity of social information exchange. Theoretical and methodological grounds of the research include Niklas Luhmann's neoclassical evolution theory, Jean Baudrillard's concept of simulation, V. Kemerov's concept of sociality, D. Ivanov's, Aleksey Losev's, Zygmunt Bauman's and Manuel Castells' ideas. Vladimirova also notes that the following peculiarities of social practices result from the growth in the intensity of information flows: risk and uncertainty, distance and abstraction. Networks define peculiarities of the contemporary practice  under the conditions of information flows. As an instrumental activity, network allows to develop different schemes of numerous relations and connections.  Vladimirova offers a hypothesis that evoluation of the social activity or practice involves the birth, development and potential death of some 'rational sociality' that is based on the increase of the information flow. Social practice has the following forms of sociality: absolute sociality (institutions), relative sociality (networks), situational and local sociality (particular interactions) and altersociality (space of flows) (D. Ivanov). On the other hand, Losev's perception of the 'name of a thing' as a piece of information is based on different features of the intensity of the information process that can be referred to absolute, relative, situational sociality and altersociality. Noteworthy, that one of the peculiarities of contemporary social practices is the colonization of the social relations by particular worldviews and patterns (Zygmunt Bauman) and orientation at 'network-based ahistoric space of flows' to the disadvantage of sustainability of social cultural codes (Manuel Castells).

Keywords: peculiarities of practices, intensity of communication, information flows, risk, uncertainty, abstraction, distance, abstractiveness, social colonization, network orientation, sociality forms, network

Abstract: Central Asian states have been going through many crises lately. Some of these crises are more than evident. This includes the crisis of generations, bellicosity of religious groups and the crisis of confidence which can be clearly seen among Tadjiks after the civil war (1992 – 1997). Some manifestations of crisis (for example, problems with the national concept and disagreements between member states) can be described as ‘structural’, i.e. influencing transformation of social relations. We assume that the aforesaid questions can be solved if political leaders are intelligent and decisive enough. Moreover, each state has financial capacities to solve these issues. However, cultural crisis still remains and this is the more profound and continued issue. The reason is that the modern world tends to choose more radical paths and go beyond morals or culture. This leads to the loss of a traditional pattern which was based on the established moral community system adopted in Central Asia. The traditional pattern is replaced with hedonism which withdraws us from understanding historical consequences of immorality and all-permissiveness. The author assumes that the cultural crisis of the region can be less painful if the local community takes part in solving the aforesaid issues. The importance of theoretical and methodological principles of analyzing a community has the two interrelated aspects: 1) individual should be viewed as a member of the community; 2) the author declares the importance of a number of values that are usually less demanded in individual philosophy; these values include mutual respect, tradition, virtue and others, i.e. the ethic principles that can function and be used by modern actors. The scientific novelty of the article is in the system analysis of the philosophical and cultural potential of the Central Asian community. Conclusion: Central Asian peoples should not lose their community culture and the feeling of internal balance. When a person loses that feeling, he tends to fill in the emptiness inside him with goods or manipulates his identity working himself into euphoric dissolution with the community. This leads to the development of hedonism and totalitarianism. Therefore, it is necessary for the community to search for their own model of glocalization (globalization plus localization) when global and local processes are not opposed to each other. In her article the author talks about creating a new social and cultural balance that unites the process of modernization of local social institutions with the innovations of the global multi-cultural civilization.

Keywords: community, morals, culture, individualism, Islam, tradition, communitarianism, memory, Mahalla, variety.

Abstract: The author develops and substantiates the concept of the co-existence of nations and ethnoses in the course of historical process. The author views nation and ethnos as essentially different social phenomena that have their peculiar genesis, socio-dynamic development and ontological grounds. According to the author, ontological differences between nation and ethnos are not always clearly seen based on the materials of the previous two or three centuries of the European history. These differences are much better seen based on the examples of the development of early political communities of the Ancient times and Classical Antiquity. According to the author, the periods of the rise and decline of a state institution has been evidently accompanied with the periodic (cyclic) actualization and de-actualization of ethnoses and ethnic identities. The periods of the progressive development and rise of political communities (state institutions and civilizations) have been accompanied with the cyclic weakening of ethnic groups and ethnic identity. The author offers the terms ‘early nation’ and ‘proto-nation’ to describe early political communities. The methodological base of the present research is the comparative social and philosophical analysis of the main theories and concepts of socio-genesis combined with the comparative study of the early forms of state institutions and social communities of the political genesis that were created by particular forms of state institutions and were different from the initial ethnic substrate. The fact that the early states had a developed system of evident class, estate and cast groups which genesis and reproduction were directly related to the state and governmental institutions allows to make an assumption that the early states also had a system-forming social community which genesis was also related to the political sphere. According to the author, these communities called ‘early nation’ or ‘proto-nation’ were created when the common social space of a traditional community was split and elites of warriors and hierophants became independent and led to the formation of political institutions. Early political communities started to differentiate from the early ethnos as a result of objective differentiation of different spheres of human existence. Early political communities that appeared as a result of the formation of the first urban localities as political, cultural and trading centers demonstrated a more obvious difference from the initial ethnic substrate that existed in the form of a traditional rural community. This proves the author’s hypothesis according to which national and ethnos are long-coexisting but at the same time esse ntially different social phenomena that have their peculiar genesis, socio-dynamic development and ontological grounds.

Keywords: ethnos, nation, early nation, proto-nation, socio-genesis, globalization, primordialism, constructivism, ethnocultural fragmentation, state institution.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role and place of modern ethnic social studies in wide-ranging studies of ethnonational issues touching upon a wide circle of social relations and related to the cultural development. The author of the article underlines the ‘situation’ faced by ethnic social studies due to interdisciplinary interaction between different social and humanitarian sciences and branches of social studies. The author emphasizes the issues of modern ethnic social studies as a branch of general social studies because ethnic issues have been growing more important in different countries of the world and affect practically everybody. The main methodological approach used by the author is the interdisciplinary approach that allows to present issues of ethnic social studies in terms of modern social and humanitarian sciences. The scientific novelty of the research is in the substantiation of the need for studying not only various social relations but also socio-cultural issues within the framework of ethic social research. The author also shows the heuristic opportunities of ethnic social studies when analyzing such socio-cultural factors as ethnicity and mentality as well as their influence on the development of a wide circle of social phenomena.

Keywords: culture, society, ethnic social studies, ethnicity, polyethnicity, social studies, social relations, ethno-national peculiarities, polyethnic, society, mentality.

Abstract: The author of the article offers his concept of pseudomorphic development of Russia and views the question about the interaction and interdependence between governmental patterns brought by the Varangians to the lands inhabited by the Slavs and Ugro-Finns at the second half of the IXth century. The author raises a question about the role of Norman (the Varangians) in formation and development of the Russian state after Rurik came to Novgorod and after Kiev was conquered by his successor Oleg. The author also studies the relation between the allochtonous and autochtonous information of the Old Russian state, in particular, relation between the great and tribal knyazhes, veche and the new European-like knyazh power. The author raises a question about to what degree processes caused by the coming of the Norman (Varangians) could have been viewed as a pseudomorphosis and the ground and condition for Christianization of Russia (which, according to the author, was a typical pseudomorphic process). The author’s theory about pseudomorphic historical development of Russia is based on a famous theory offered by Oswald Spengler). The author reviews Spengler’s theory and views pseudomorphosis not only as a certain stage or form of development, in particular, development of Russia, but also a certain type of development. As for concrete historical examples, the author bases on a wide range of historical works written by both famous Russian historians (K. Kavelin, V. Klyuchevsky, S. Platonov and S. Soloviev) and Soviet researchers (V. Kobrin, A. Novoseltsev, V. Puzanov, B. Rybakov, M. Sverdlov, A. Tolochko, F. Uspensky, I. Froyanov, A. Yurganov, V. Yanin and others). Based on the results his research, the author concludes that the Norman brought some kind of a new cover for the life of the Slavs and Ugro-Finns. From this point of view, we can conclude that ‘normanization’ of Russia was a pseudomorphosis that was also typical, for instance, for the epoch of Peter the First. Coming of the Varganian knyazhes was mostly a ‘ferment’ triggering the development of Russia in a certain direction. ‘Normanization’ of Russia created a certain type of government and that was the only form of government under which Christianity could exist as a state religion but not just a local cult. In other words, without the coming of the Varangians and triggering of certain processes in the government, Russia would not have been ready to adopt Christianity at the end of the Xth century.

Keywords: pseudomorphosis, Norman, the Varangians, Rurik, mythologization, conquest, Knyazh, veche, Novgorod, Kievan Rus.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the literature about the ‘new woman’ as an individual literary trend in Great Britain at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The literature was created against the background of the rapid development of the feminist’s movement and deepening gender crisis. The image of the new woman became the symbol of that epoch. Literature about the new woman created numerous debates regarding tender, family and matrimonial issues, in particular, femininity and the status of a woman in the family and society, Victorian marriage, gender, maternity, female sexuality and etc. The author of the article used the hermeneutic method in her research which allowed to conduct a complete analysis of literature about the new woman and define social, ideological and axiological role of cultural transformations caused by the phenomenon of the new woman. Literatureabout the new woman in particular and the phenomenon of the new woman in general still lack serious research by Russian scientists. Being an important part of the literary and socio-cultural environment, literature about the new woman made a significant impact on the development of the world view of contemporaries and contributed to emancipation of a woman and development of a new, more liberal attitude to femininity, marriage and gender relations within the family and society.

Keywords: family, marriage, gender issues, femininity, female emancipation, literature, new woman, maternity, sexuality, gender.

Abstract: The present article is devoted to the historical and cultural peculiarities of genesis of Russian entrepreneurship as well as the main parameters of the dominating model of the relationship between Russian entrepreneurship and the government. Based on the analysis of numerous historical resources, the authors of the article try to cover system characteristics of a specific socio-cultural composition of relations between society, business and government. The central element of Russian institutional structure or «matrix» which was very well described by Vasily Klyuchevsky as the «development of industry at public institutions and ivory tower» is the government’s exceeding the scope of regulation of entrepreneurial activity and regulating access to scarce resources. The process of establishment and evolution of the Russian model of the relationship between business and government can be properly understood based on the integrated cultural and historical approach to analysis of particular «cases». This approach offers a system view of the problem, i. e. genesis of entrepreneurship is included in an extensive institutional and socio-cultural system. In Russia the genesis of patrimonial-political capitalism is associated with the institutional procedure of «giving away» which causes resentment of population towards Western values and ideas of free entrepreneurship. In Russia entrepreneurship acquires new features that do not correspond to any models that are known and relations between society, business and government have a very specific composition. The fact that in Russia there are no conditions for «free competition» other than governmental protectionism or forced or criminal activity has a historical background and at the present time hinders from development of an «independent business man».

Keywords: Russia, government, entrepreneurship, institutional trap, patrimonialism, political capitalism, «giving away», property, culture, society.

Abstract: The article aims to broaden the methodological basis for the social and philosophical studies of the limit to development of a society. The author points out the topical issues regarding formation of social and philosophical discourse on limitation to development of the society.

Keywords: philosophy, limits, changes, development, measure, conversion, process, discourse, category.

Abstract: Modern post-industrial modernization is viewed as an integrated dialectic contradictory process of revolutionary reformation in all social spheres — revolution in human’s methods of influence on the environment (technological revolution) that deeply changed the entire variety of social relations and transformed our system of views regarding our place and role in nature and society (world perception).

Keywords: philosophy, technological revolution, post-industrialism, modernization, revolution, evolution, world perception, society, human, development.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the system of Pyotr Berngardovich Struve’s views on economy and the model of capitalization of Russian economy presented by Struve during him being interested in Marx (or so called ‘legal Marxism’). This model and Struve’s ideas still retain their theoretical and practical significance and stay in tune with today’s problems of Russia’s modernization.

Keywords: philosophy, social modeling, modernization, economic system, economic growth, public policy, social progress, capitalism, populism, legal Marxism, conservative liberalism.

Abstract: The article contains a brief review of F. A. Stepun’s articles published in the Army and Navy of Free Russia Newspaper during the summer of 1917. Despite increased interest towards that philosopher, the given period of his life has never been really studied by researchers. Therefore, the analysis of his articles that were not included in his selected works and thus were not so popular is an important step allowing us a better insight into Stepin’s personality and philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, history of philosophy, Stepun, war, revolution, peace, Russia, politics, 197, Russian handicapped.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the dialectics of formation of civil society. Formation of civil society is performed into the two following directions: up (from the bottom) and down (from the top). Civil society is internally contradictory. State institution, political parties, social organizations and citizens’ positions play an important role in overcoming these contradictions.

Keywords: philosophy, civil society, national idea, state institution, centralizing and decentralizing beginnings in a modern society, citizenship contradictions, modern society, structure, citizenship, democracy.

Abstract: Our government carries out its activity in conditions of unstable, dynamic, complicated and contradictory word, multi-variant development of events and unbalanced international relations due to the crisis. The analysis of the current confessional situation in our countries allows to define a number of tendencies characterizing the processes within the religious organizations as well as their relations with the government and influence not only on internal confessional and inter-confessional relations but also on political and economic relations in the world. The problem of ethno-confessional security as the object for sociological analysis suggests the study of its antipode — ethno-confessional threat which also has its own system of indictors and criteria. Sociological analysis in this sphere must be characterized by a wider frontal approach and complete and true information on peculiarities of this or that process related ethnical and religious identification, ethno-confessional interactions and relations. It would allow to make the best management decision.

Keywords: philosophy, tolerance, inter-confessional, stability, security, ideology, conflict, civilization, dialogue, contradiction.

Abstract: The article considers the factors which ensure a sustainable development of a society. Special attention is paid at the traditions securing the collective social experience. The article also analyzes the modern condition of the Russian society and Russian attitude to the phenomenon of stability.

Keywords: philosophy, tradition, society, stability, transformation, development, revolution, evolution, empire, power.

Abstract: The author studies post-classical interpretation of the problem of human and the perspective of his development in the modern world. Special attention is paid at the views of post-Marxist philosophers such as Alain Badiou, Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe and István Mészáros on human activity and social relation of individuals with the projects of construction of modern socio-cultural environment.

Keywords: philosophy, human, post-marxist, activity, socio-cultural environment, individual, social subject, democracy, agonism

Abstract: Modernization without the loss of cultural identity (usually referred to as ‘glocalization’) assumes involvement in globalization processes based on creatively reconceived cultural traditions of their own. Glocalization strives to overcome the imperialistic globalism ignoring historical and cultural changes of every local nation. According to the author, we should not assume that modernization needs to adopt western stereotypes and policies. As Japanese experience showed and as India, China and Brasilia begins to demonstrate now, non-western societies can easily adopt western ways of achieving prosperity and keep their cultural identity at the same time. Sustainable development is possible only if a country relies on its own cultural grounds.

Keywords: philosophy, India, modernization, glocalization, cultural identity, particularism, Indian cultural universals, caste, varna-ashram-dharma, artha

Abstract: The author of the article viewed the literary process of the 20th century in the context of sociology. According to the author, literary works were often subject to excessive sociologizing and politicization. However, in social and cultural contexts literature and literary process are often viewed as phenomena actualizing the bond between society and culture, art and human.

Keywords: philosophy, cultural studies, literature, sociologizing, art, social services commissioning, politicization, legacy, socio centricity, culture centricity, creativity

Abstract: The article considers the type of mentality which was fully shown when the authorities made a decision to expand the territory of Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts by pushing away the surrounding cultural sights including the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences which had been earlier located on Volhonka street. According to the author, particular features of such a type of mentality include: operating the system of priorities as a universal instrument for arranging the reality, attempts to simplify the social network, disrespect of cultural traditions and historical memory. Generally speaking, this type of mentality does not meet the requirements of the 21st century so it can significantly worsen the perspectives of the Russian society if it continues to be part of the governmental authorities.

Keywords: philosophy, power, culture, mentality, consciousness, priorities, expansion, historical memory, tradition, Volhonka, Institute of Philosophy, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Christ the Savior Cathedral

Abstract: Having lived in prosperity at other’s account for over 200 years, the USA now owes more than 10 trillions as their national debt. In September – November all the world countries and all mega regulators have already given away about 10 trillions of US dollars to support the financial and banking sector as well.