Abstract: This publication aims to analyze the economic, social, and cultural phenomena that first appeared in the "era of revolutions" that occurred in the nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. The modern European trend toward tolerance, which is the basis of current social and cultural changes, including in our country, has specific intellectual grounds. The subject of the study was the ideosphere of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including philosophical, economic, and psychological concepts that gave rise to modern trends in these areas. The result of this study was the determination of the reasons that caused the change of the ideological paradigm in Europe. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the intellectual foundations of the formation of tolerance as an actual socio-cultural phenomenon are analyzed. This article consistently proves that among the first such grounds, it is possible to determine the emergence of machine production and, as a result, the appearance of a mass person with a culture corresponding to them, performing a compensatory and entertaining function. The most important cultural foundation is mainly the intellectual "background" created by the teachings of Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud. The ideas of Anglo-American pragmatism played a significant role in forming a new morality, which included the denial of religion and its values, giving it a utilitarian character. During the subsequent historical period and at present, these views have become the basis for the creation of the so-called "individual faith," in which religion ceases to be the guide of human life but only serves the needs of the individual. The desacralization of religion leads to the study of different aspects of sexuality, which opens up the possibility for modern thinking about gender. The concept of "natural law" should also be attributed to the intellectual factors of the formation of modern European tolerance.

Keywords: desacralization of religion, European tolerance, intellectual foundations, values, religion, individual faith, the proletariat, culture, natural law, ideosphere

Abstract: The author of the work raises the issue of the phenomenon of nomadism in the context of the work of the French director Alain Resnais. The object of the research is the early works of the director, such films as "Last year in Marienbad", "Hiroshima, my love", "I love you, I love". The purpose of the work is to answer the question of how nomadic strategies allow the author to create non-linear narrative structures, oscillating characters and flickering characters in his films, and how understanding these strategies can help viewers and researchers in the act of deciphering works. The author also analyzes a number of phenomena related to nomadism, such as the rhizome, the body without organs, deterritorialization, escape, flicker. The novelty of the research lies in the application of nomadic strategies to the cinema of Alain Resnais. This approach makes it possible to use the current philosophical and art history prism to study narrative structures, intraframe space and characters. The author argues that Rene's cinematography can be viewed through a position of resistance to forms of power - suppression and control - which manifests itself in the violation of traditional forms of narration and the creation of split characters. To study the mentioned aspects of Rene's work, the author resorts to the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. The author also explains the position of the modern viewer and describes the strategies of looking, which can lead to a state of pleasure from interacting with nomadic works.

Keywords: Postmodernism, Rhizome, Power, Alain Resnais, Felix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze, Body without organs, Counternarrative Structures, nomadism, Physicality

Abstract: This article analyzes the theme of book in the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, as well as the inevitability of transformation of its customary forms. The theme of book is central at least in the three texts by Jacques Derrida: “The End of the Book and the Beginning of Writing”, “Outside the Book”, and “The Book to Come”. However, in the process of analysis, the author goes beyond the boundaries of these three works of the philosopher, placing the problem of the “book to come” in a broader context of discursive practices of Jacques Derrida. The book in its common form is on the cusp of dispersion, i.e. decay of its usual structure and integrity. The former totality of linear writing, which is organically interrelated with the book form, yields to the new forms of submission of information and its archiving. This article describes how Jacques Derrida explicitly builds the form of the “book to come” letting it to the horizon of his writing, and thereby changing its very structure and fabric. A number of philosopher’s texts are distinguished by their polyphony, structural complexity, excess of quotations, scatteredness of phrases, words, and even sounds, phonemes, and syllables. All this leads to the disruption of the customary rules of reading, and forces us to form completely new strategies of the perception of writing and books, as well as all other practices that are inextricably entwined.

Keywords: Glas, diastema, trace, letter, coming book, book, deconstruction, Derrida, preface, grammatology

Abstract: The object of this research is the introduced into postmodernist discourse concept of body without organs. This article advances a hypothesis regarding the causes of occurrence of the aforementioned concept replacing the Cartesian teaching on parallelism of body and soul. Cultural practices of postmodernism fight against thinking of binary oppositions, which led to repression of the corporeal beginning. On the examples from the field of art and fashion, it is demonstrated that the theoretical model of body without organs finds its practical implementation. In this research the author applies analytical, hermeneutic and comparative methods with regards to the outlined ideas from the area of philosophy and art. The scientific novelty consists in interpretation of art phenomena through the concept of body without organs. The concept of the Theatre of Cruelty developed by Antonin Artaud inspired the philosophers and art community to pursue the experience of a “living body”. Cunningham carried over the principle of coincidence from music to dance, undermining the traditional perception of body as a hierarchical system with organs subordinate to the center. In a commercial sphere, Gucci Luxury Fashion House created a visual reflection of the idea of agender. Abreaction practices in performance art are aimed at liberation of body from imagery. Postmodernists are sure that freedom from dyadic thinking, idea of the center and periphery, principles of hierarchy and teleologicity that are so common to any mind, would lead to regeneration of corporeality and human as such, realizing the true value of the European culture – value of freedom.

Keywords: actionism, postmodern, Deleuze, Artaud, body without organs, corporeality, body, agender, dance, fashion

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the process of determination of existential dimension of illness in the culture of high and late Middle Ages. Based on the material of theological doctrines of this period, it is demonstrated how the illness becomes crucial and inevitable parameter of the human ontology. The analysis of the interconnections between the formed interpretations of bodily disorders and fundamental definitions of Christian anthropology, contributes into accenting the ethical productiveness of the medieval semiotics of illness. The author gives attention primarily to the theological interpretations of suffering in medieval culture, as well as examines how the latter predestined the existential autopoiesis of the sick. The followed in the article genealogy of the existential-phenomenological dimension of the experience of illness is realized by means of methodological orientations of the history of ideas based on the material of the tradition of understanding the sick flash of theological anthropology of the Middle Ages. The author concludes that the European culture owes to the medieval era regarding the discovery of the existential resource of an illness. The article also conceptualizes the formed within the stated chronological framework grounds of the cultural environment of sufferings, within the limits of which such manifestation of illness acts as a cultural constructive power.

Keywords: Metanoia, Personalization of illness, Spiritualization of the fact, Sin, Reflection of viciousness, Ontological dimension of inferiority, Facticity of the vice, Autopoiesis, Suffering, Existential of illness

Abstract: The postmodernism is considered in this article not only, as the phenomenon of modern culture defining lifestyle, tastes and requirements of a civilized society but also as feature of thinking, as a call to scientific knowledge. The deconstruction (the direction of post-modernist criticism, one of manifestations of global unification of culture and the nature) is investigated from a position of organic type of philosophy of history and the multinational approach developed in domestic tradition (eurasianism of the 20-30th of the XX century and the theory of ethnogenesis of L.N. Gumilev). In this research the analysis of a current crisis state of science is submitted and an attempt to define its world outlook and sociocultural reasons is made. Achievements of modern science in the field of creation and distribution of GMO as one of ways of unification of the biosphere are presented to attention of the reader. Achievements of European civilization in distribution of "universal" culture and destruction of a national variety, are also obvious. Understanding of the modern world outlook problems defining now destiny of mankind is a first step on the way to formation of new rationalism in which there will be a place for various national interests where it is possible to keep a priority of cultural wealth and freedom of creative search.

Keywords: civilization, eurasianism, culture, unification, biosphere, science, deconstruction, postmodernism, technosphere, outlook

Abstract: The article deals with transformations that took place in the German phenomenology in the first decades of the XX Century and were stimulated by a discontinuity of the phenomenological idea of strict science and the growing popularity of anthropology and biology. The author focuses on the differences in Husserl’s and Heidegger’s phenomenological approaches and on the internal situation in the phenomenological community, which required thematic specialization of phenomenological research, commitment to a single theoretical paradigm and institutional reinforcement after Husserl’s retirement from Freiburg. The paper uses methods of historical and conceptual analysis along with an approach from the side of sociology of knowledge. It is shown that Husserl views anthropology in the light of his earlier relativism and psychologism critique. However, Husserl fails to distinguish between “anthropology”, “philosophy of life” and “existential philosophy” and does not find any new philosophical arguments against these new forms of philosophizing. The article also shows that Husserl and Heidegger are basing themselves on different understanding of what is "initial grounds” for the philosophical research: ontology, strict science, or the doctrine about humans.

Keywords: sociology of knowledge, anthropology, philosophy of life, relativism, phenomenology, science, Heidegger, Husserl, ontology, human studies

Abstract: The present article is devoted to deconstruction as the leading category of post-modernism as well as the method of composing post-modernistic literary and art texts aimed at critisizing traditional analytical thinking, decentration of different kinds of centralisms, removal of binary oppositions and search for conceptual multiplicity. Moreover, the author of the article describes such features of post-modernistic texts as intertextuality, nonclassical interpretation of past traditions in the ironic, playful or parodical form. The author also tries to define the general and specific features of deconstruction in foreign and Russian literary and art texts. Based on the analysis of philosophical, cultural, literary and art researches, the author describes the features of deconstruction. The author has used the comparative method to analyze foreign and Russian post-modernistic texts of literature and art. The author concludes that while American and Western European post-modernists perform the deconstruction of the ideology of the consumer society, Russian post-modernists deconstruct the consumption of products of the Soviet ideology. Americans and Western European post-modernists use deconstruction in order to create a free player space, to make the most important issues of human existence to be the aim of the play, and to view traditions from the point of view of the democratic pluralism, while Russian post-modernists deconstuct such 'national metanarratives' as 'ideologism', 'totalitarianism', 'utopism' and 'literature-centrism'. These allow to understand our traditional 'eternal' issues using nontraditional means such as obscene words and shocking naturalistic and physiological descriptions. The author's conclusion that deconstruction acts as a mean of creating a new language capable of describing framentary, orderless, unstable and hyperreal post-modern world is crucial for understanding and adequate perception of post-modernistic texts.   

Keywords: decentration, intertextuality, multiple meaning, irony, parody, play, absurdity, metanarrative, hyperreality, simulacrum

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the term ‘phenomenal concept’ offered by Brian Loar. The author of the present article proves that Loar’s concept does not contradict to Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Quite on the contrary, Loar’s concept of the ‘phenomenal concept’ is a necessary stage in solving the problem of the explanatory gap. However, conceptual dualism in Loar’s interpretation cannot be the final solution of the aforesaid problem, it only takes the problem to a new conceptual level. The ‘gap’ between phenomenal concepts and physicalistic/functional concepts must be explained (or covered) materialistically. The conceptionof thin and thick implicit physical and phenomenal concepts offered by Ned Block allows to take a step in this direction. It can be assumed that a better synthesis of Wittgenstein’s second philosophy and metaphysics of phenomenal properties and concepts would completely solve the problem of the explanatory gap. The main research method used by the author of the article is the analytical method of the modern philosophy of consciousness. The author also conducts a brief comparative analysis of different approaches to phenomenal concepts and analyzes the definition of the phenomenal concept offered by Brian Loar as well as the application of that concept for solving the problem of the explanatory gap in terms of other approaches. The author proves that the concept of the phenomenal concept does not oppose to late Wittgenstein’s philosophy, in particular, his private language argument. The author also points out that there is a chance to fully solve the problem of the explanatory gap.

Keywords: phenomenal concept, theoretical concept, explanatory gap, semantic premise, phenomenal property, phenomenal experience, Brian Loar, conceptual dualism, dualism, a posteriori physicalism.

Abstract: The present article is focused on some ideas of Gilles Deleuze and Pierre-Felix Guattari described in their last publications they wrote together. These are the works particularly describing Deleuze’s and Guattari’s philosophy (as some researchers say, Deleuze is one of the most ‘metaphysical’ post-modernisists.

Keywords: philosophy, post-modernism, culture, cogitation, transcendence, human, vitality, humanlike, art, multiplicity.

Abstract: The author develops the conceptual grounds for the processes of cultural dynamics: expansion and contraction of the cultural field. The article contains a comparative analysis of the terms ‘new archaic nature’ and ‘post-modern’. The author also studies regular patterns of the existence of the system of culture from the point of view of synergetic and non-linear approach. Expansion and contraction cycles change one another. When the system of culture is contracted, the phenomenon of archaicism appears. Expansion of the system causes another phenomenon — post-modern. The author develops the system of influence of the contraction process on formation of delusive consciousness. The author also presents the conceptual model of philosophical reflection of delusive consciousness.

Keywords: philosophy, post-modernism, post-modern, archaic nature, culture, dynamics, objectivity, hierarchy, dissipation, change.

Abstract: Different projects of release (of human, consciousness, culture, language, creativity and etc.) which have become the norms of post-modernistic paradigm are now reflected in religious activity and teaching by an Indian philosopher Rajneesh (Osho). The uncertainty principle, being one of the main concepts in post-modernistic ontology and gnoseology, in many ways defines the plurality of modern perception of the world. Just like his predecessors, Osho tries to create the synthesis of Oriental metaphysics and Western philosophy. But unlike them, he goes beyond the limits of Indian spirituality and incorporates all Chinese and Japanese spiritual practices into his teaching. In his lectures Osho touches upon a great variety of topics and his philosophical conceptions are syncretical and eclectical. His philosophy can be named as one of the most provocative and sometimes even scandalous versions of Hinduism reformation in post-modernistic paradigm.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, post-modernism, religion, mysticism, release, truth, human, Rajneesh, Osho.

Abstract: The article describes the author’s approach to the analysis of cultural processes. The author gives definition of dissipative processes in culture and defines unbalanced dynamic systems as creating such dissipative processes. Illusory perception is the result of mixed subjective levels of human existence in our consciousness. The article also contains classification of dissipative processes in culture.

Keywords: philosophy, art, culture, system, subject, consciousness, illusion, symbols, signs, reflection.

Abstract: Using the universals ‘the arrant’ and ‘the must’ allows to define additional aspects of the study of hidden contradictions between Modernity and Post-Modernism as well as to determine the basis for eliminating them.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, the arrant, the must, Modernity, Post-Modernism, code, modus, industrialism, post-industrialism.

Abstract: The article considers the tendencies of the modern fashion industry, in particular, its commitment to poli stylism. The author also studied the problem of style prototypes and their role in the world and Russian culture of fashion

Keywords: cultural studies, fashion, culture of fashion, industry, poli stylism, prototypes, style, communication, post-modern, globalization

Abstract: Review: the author of the article suggests to talk about the problem of social evolution and its criteria based on axiological meanings of modern social transformations connected with modernization and globalization processes. Admitting that the present day situation cannot be adequately described as a ‘formula of progress’ (the term born in Enlightenment epoch) the author tried to show that nevertheless the term and the theory of social evolution behind the term have much food for research and play a significant role for social modeling.

Keywords: philosophy, history, social evolution, progress, cultural bonds between generations, social ideal, economics, consumption, knowledge, spirituality, civil freedoms, social equality

Abstract: The article demonstrates the ethical side of Deleza’s, Fuko’s and Derrida’s works. The author argued against F. I. Girenko’s negative views on post-modernism and criticized a few of his ideas written in Girenko’s work “Pleasure of thinking the other way”. According to the author, from the point of view of ethics post-modernism philosophy is the philosophy of new freedom requiring maximum creative efforts and maximum responsibility from a man.

Keywords: philosophy, post-modernism, ethics, simulacrum, microphysics of power, sign, communication, time, space, freedom.