Abstract: The intuitions of Raimundus Lullus religious metaphysics are in this article explicated according to the opportunities of the convergence between the medieval and the new time philosophy. Such approach to the creativity of the thinker is possible, because his conception is one sides associated with the mystical symbolic theologism, that is typical for the medieval tradition, over sides develops Lullus the new understanding of the infinity of the world, inherent in the newtime philosophy. This opposition conditions some of the features of Lullus spiritual quest. This quest connected the respect to the past, that causes the homesickness to the lost ideals, together with the progressivity – the presentation of the future. This presentiment is by Lullus expressed as the desire to change the external world. The aim of this change is the approximation of the rational theological base – the model for the real life. Lullus experiences the combination and the unrealized synthesis of this intentions as the tragedy. The acute and intensive conflict of this intentions triggers the practical atheism, when the stimulation of the external distraction of the evil leads causes the appearance and the activation of the new evil. This disaster of life is determined with some aspects of Lullus metaphysics, in that the infinity of God is realized as the infinity of the world. The infinity of the world is by Lullus given as the rational hierarchical order, leading to the creator of the world. The tragedy of life is for Lullus the marker, that emphasizes the crisis of the medieval philosophy, that was based on the revelation. This crisis discovers the land of new philosophy. This philosophy stresses the autonomy of the human personality.

Keywords: Tradition, Paradox, Autonomy, Personality, Tragedy, Life, Utopia, World, God, Culture

Abstract: The object of the study is atheism and theism as important ideological components of two opposing solutions to the "main question of philosophy" – materialism and idealism – forming two systems of human life navigation. The subject of the study is two ideological paradigms – Soviet atheism and Orthodox Christianity. Materialism and atheism are the fundamental elements of the Marxist doctrine underlying the philosophy and culture of the Soviet period of Russian history, opposing theism, creationism and providentialism of the Christian understanding of the world and man, characteristic of the ideological paradigm of pre–revolutionary Russia. The purpose of the study is to clarify and substantiate the ideological intersection of these seemingly incompatible ideological positions. One of the objectives of the study is to substantiate their vertical semantic and value orientation. The novelty of the research, in particular, lies in the substantiation of the statement that two incompatible ideological poles represent varieties of the classical philosophical tradition with its vertical value-semantic orientation, and together oppose the main orientation of non-classical philosophy based on a horizontal scale of meanings and values. One of the main conclusions is that the vertical of Soviet materialism and atheism is a paradox and at the same time its tragedy: surprisingly, due to the vertical orientation of Soviet culture – formally atheistic – it is actually permeated with religious intuitions, questions, problems, ideas and plots disguised as secular concepts and terms, which finds its manifestation in various works of Soviet artistic culture.

Keywords: atheism, christianity, religion, idealism, materialism, positivism, liberalism, non-classical philosophy, classical philosophy, the main question of philosophy

Abstract: The article is devoted to the new poetry that entered the Russian musical culture with the Khrushchev "thaw". A special perspective of the study is the "female" chamber vocal cycle of the 1960s and 1970s. The wave of interest of Russian composers in chamber and vocal music that arose during this period is associated with a hitherto unprecedented wealth of poetic themes and images, the emergence of modern literature. Spiritual horizons expanded rapidly, original texts entailed fresh genre and technological solutions. The new poetic "information", as well as scientific information, liberated the creative forces of musicians, demanded a new language, style, form. Poetry turned out to be one of the most important incentives for the renewal of compositional concepts. The main conclusion of the study is the idea that the development of vocal music, the figurative and thematic expansion of "female" chamber vocal cycles is primarily associated with the modern poetic tradition, with the expansion of the spiritual horizons of Soviet cultural life in the second half of the last century. Russian chamber and vocal music is being studied for the first time in such a perspective and this direction must be recognized as fruitful, more fully revealing the most important vectors of the development of the musical and poetic tradition. It is quite obvious that the modern literary preferences of composers became the basis for a radical renewal of the chamber-vocal genre in the 1960s and 1970s.

Keywords: Boris Tishchenko, Dmitry Shostakovich, Marina Tsvetaeva, Anna Akhmatova, Renewal, Vanguard, New Poetry, Domestic music, Alfred Schittke, Vocal cycle

Abstract: The object of this research is the ecophilic and ecophobic trends in collective consciousness. The subject of this research is vegetarianism as an ecophilic and eco-theological concept. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that vegetarianism as a theoretical-practical approach towards life sustenance allows assessing and outlining the solutions to the environmental problems. Vegetarian food correlates with the ethical position, systemogenetics of law and morality, and religious attitudes. The interrelation between vegetarianism and ecology is reflected in ecophilic approach towards environment. The author leans on the general scientific theoretical methods, such as genetic, comparative, systemic, and factor analysis; and provides an overview of the thematic literature. The conclusion is made that vegetarianism can be considered an indicator of ecophilia-oriented collective consciousness. The philosophical conceptualization of the problem of vegetarianism is the problem of bioethics and environmental ethics, as well as eco-theology. The ethical outlook upon vegetarianism consists in comprehension of the value of life of the whole creation and biocentric regard to all animal organisms. The eco-theological approach is demonstrated on the example of the theory and practice of vegetarianism in Vedic culture.

Keywords: hinduism, sustainable development, Bhagavad-gita, sacralization of nutrition, ethics of ahimsa, ecophilism and religion, vegetarianism, deep ecology, ecology of spirit, ecotheology

Abstract: This article analyzes the fundamental principles of the concept of "aesthetic education" of F. Schiller, which remain relevant in solving the crisis challenges of the modern era. The subject of this research is the concept of “aesthetic education” described in Friedrich Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”. The goal consists on analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education” for more profound understanding of the development paths of German philosophy, as well as in assessment of the philosophical and sociopolitical importance of the philosopher’s ideas in the current context. Detailed analysis is conducted on F. Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”, highlighting the key features and major contradictions the concept of “aesthetic education”. The novelty of the research lies in the relevant analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education”, and assessment of its value for the development of philosophy and society. The central concept of aesthetic theory becomes the concept of play drive, which balances the sense drive and the form drive, which ensures the ability of perception in all kinds of interaction between a human and the world, and the rational independence from perception. The aesthetic freedom, on the one hand, is determined as state of harmony between the sensual instincts and the laws of reason; while on the other hand, it is the freedom that arises from the sense of exalted belonging to the category of pure spirit and revealing the absolute moral power beyond feelings. According to modern philosophers, the aesthetic way of creating the “composition of the world" lies in the sphere of transcendental. The advantage of Schiller’s concepts is the expansion of its boundaries from the sphere of art to sociopolitical sphere. In addition to intellectual and ethical path of human development, Schiller offers the aesthetic path. The idea of “aesthetic education” implies the communicative and societal power of art, which is capable to comprehend the overall nature of modern politics.

Keywords: christian religion, Pascal's wager, theism, idealism, materialism, the main question of philosophy, faith, atheism, anti-scientism, scientism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the history of relations between Prishvin and Kalinin – a prominent revolutionary and party leader of the Soviet era, who was the head of the state for many years after the October Revolution. The author observes that the biographical material about communication of Prishvin and Kalinin contained in the works of the writer and the memoirs of their contemporaries is sufficiently studied, while his diary notes that significantly change the representations on the true nature of their relationship are yet to be researched. The article employs the method of historical reconstruction of the ideological-political context of the Soviet society, which gives a better outlook on the peculiarities of the writer’s attitude towards the political activity of Kalinin. The novelty of this research consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the new facts from the 18-volume Prishvin’s Diary (1991-2017), which was published only in the post-Soviet period. This revealed new facts and aspects of his relations with the state leaders during the Communist Era. Using the specific examples of communication of Prishvin and Kalinin, the author demonstrates that the role of the latter in addressing the important state problems was quite limited, which was predetermined by the country’s governing principles , i.e. the decision-making monopoly belonged to the highest political leadership of the ruling party represented by Stalin.

Keywords: politics, ideology, state, revolution, Bolshevism, Marxism, Stalin, Kalinin, Prishvin, literature

Abstract: The subject of this article is the analysis of the history of relations between M. M. Prishvin and N. A. Semashko since gymnasium childhood until the last days of life. It is demonstrated that if the biographical material on enduring friendship between Prishvin and Semashko, contained in reminiscences of their contemporaries and works of the writer himself, is given considerable attention, then his diary notes, which significantly transform the representations on true nature of their relations, have not yet become the subject of research. The article employs the method of historical reconstruction of ideological-political context of life of the Soviet society, which gives a better perspective on the peculiarities of artistic interpretation by M. M. Prishvin of the party and state activity of N. A. Semashko. The novelty of this article consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of the new facts from Prishvin’s Diary that consisted of 18 volumes and was published only in post-Soviet time  (1991-2017), which is a testimony that his relations with the People's Commissar of Public Health N, A, Semashko were often tainted with irreconcilable ideological and worldview discrepancies. It is no coincidence that in his autobiographical novel “The Chain of Kashchei”, Prishvin portrayed Semashko not only as an ideological supporter of Leninism, but also a nihilist-Nietzschean Yefim Nesgovorov. Morveover, the history of relations with Semashko sheds light on the reasons of Prishvin's disappointment with the revolutionary ideology of Bolshevism.

Keywords: politics, ideology, state, Bolshevism, Revolution, Marxism, Nietzsche, Semashko, Prishvin, literature

Abstract: This article examines the formation of a new environmental culture that promotes a positive spiritual transformation of the individual. The analysis of the environmental culture in China shows that in the center of the eco-ethical system of Confucianism is a social person, follower of environmentally moral behavior. China’s future is impossible without sustainable development of society, where positive environmental imperatives play a serious role. This paper shows the role of the Chinese leadership in the formation of a new radical and global policy that has new challenges for social thinking, the problems of environmental development of society and a new environmental strategy. The findings suggest that the problem of getting out of the environmental crisis can be solved through formation of environmental culture, as it includes all the material and spiritual values created by humanity in the process of socio-natural interactions.

Keywords: ecological traditions, ecological unity, socio-natural interaction, ecological imperative, ecological culture, environmental development, ecological principles, Confucianism, eco-ethical system, ecological crisis

Abstract: The subject of this article consists in analysis of the influence of Dostoevsky’s religious-ethical ideas upon the works of Prishvin; as well as in studying the historical and cultural context of his views on possibility on realization of the ideals of Christian love in Soviet society, even in the conditions of militant atheism and violence of the ongoing Great Patriotic War. It is demonstrated that for revealing that substantive essences of reality Prishvin uses various concepts, which is testified by a range of the relevant worldview ideas present in the semantic field of this texts. Comparing the assessments given by Dostoyevsky and Prishvin with regards to revolutionary movement, the author determines metatext, which allows better understanding Prishvin’s apprehension of main trends in the development of social existence and awareness of his time. The scientific novelty consists in analysis of the context of Prishvin’s reasoning on the ways for overcoming spiritual disunity of the Russian society, in which the Orthodox worldview of a significant part of population collides with the ideology of Bolshevism. Through the artistic being of his characters, the writer elucidates how at the time of Fascist invasion, the life itself demonstrates the triumph of Orthodox faith, to which the Russian people hold true despite the pressure of a harsh atheist state.

Keywords: the Great Patriotic War, Bolshevism, Revolution, religion, ideology, state, Dostoevsky, Prishvin, context, metatext

Abstract: This article examines the stages of establishment of the philosophical and religious-aesthetic views the British writer, poet, teacher, scholar and theologian Clive Staples Lewis. The authors explore the biographical and historical material of the essay "Surprised by Joy", analyze the impact of sociopolitical, literary and social life of England in the early XX century upon C. S. Lewis’ philosophical and religious views. Special attention is given to the evolution of the writer’s perception of Joy, which transformed from the childhood feeling of the joy of life through “approaching remoteness”, admiration with the beauty of nature, passion for occultism, fascination with literature, to the joy of genuine faith. The research is carried out via analyzing an extensive range of sources, including biographical, religious, philosophical works of C. S. Lewis, as well as memoirs of his contemporaries. The scientific novelty consists in systemic examination of the key landmarks in evolution of the spiritual world of the writer, his philosophic and theological views. The article reveals the influence of these stages upon further works of the writer, as well describes the factors of C. S. Lewis’ long path towards sincere and genuine faith.

Keywords: philosophical and religious views, autobiography, atheism, Christianity, joy, Clive Staples Lewis, philosophy, spiritual search, gaining faith, delusion

Abstract: This article represents the historiographical and theoretical overview of the views of Greek thinkers from Pythagoras to the representatives of Greek Patristics regarding the question of origination of the philosophy. The author ascertains that among the Greek thinkers were prevailing the supporters of so-called adoptive hypothesis, according to which philosophy was borrowed from other nations. Many of the ancient authors believed that oriental wisdom was perceived by the Greek philosophers during their “philosophical journeys” to Egypt, Babylonia, Persia; or brought to Greece by the descendants from remote lands. The representatives of Greek Patristics, as well as Jewish apologists, in turn, were finding the origins of Hellenic wisdom in the ancient Biblical texts. Usually, Greeks considered similar borrowings as blessing for their culture. Opinions of the ancients also divided with regards to the religious source of philosophy. The main conclusion of this research lies in the fact that the task for reconstructing the system of representations of the ancient Greeks on the genesis of philosophy remains relevant to this day, as it opens the opportunity to answer the question on the formation of metaphysical foundation of the entire European civilization.

Keywords: Ancient Greece, science, culture, religion, historiography of ancient philosophy, history of philosophy, philosophy, Greek Patristic, sophists, the genesis of philosophy

Abstract: The object of the research is the image of Hamlet in the eponymous tragedy after W. Shakespeare. The subject of the research is the philosophy of the Prince of Denmark represented by a system of values the character puts to the test by his own life. The author examines thoroughly why the wisdom of Hamlet can be understood as philosophy in the sense of worldview and mindset, as well as analyzes the values that influenced the way the protagonist accomplished his mission. These values include the belief in God, love, power, glory, honour. A particular emphasis is given to proving the pan-human importance of "the Hamlet doctrine" as interpreted by the author. The methods applied are the historical-cultural reconstruction of the imagery, the systems approach to the research topic, the philosophical interpretation of the literary text, extrapolation, axiological analysis, ethical synthesis. The main research findings are: Hamlet's philosophizing can be characterized as a special type of worldview philosophy known as "philosophy of life"; in his conduct, Hamlet follows certain values that are put to the test in the accomplishment of the mission imposed on the protagonist. The author's particular contribution to the researched topic is the demonstration of the contradictory nature of influence these values have on Hamlet's personality and actions. The academic novelty of the research is found in the approach to the contemplations of the Prince of Denmark based on the analysis of his philosophy as manifestation of the certain system of values.

Keywords: the doctrine of Hamlet, ethics of duty, ethics of revenge, honor, glory, power, faith in God, love, the system of values, Hamlet as a philosopher

Abstract: The field of philosophical problems generated by the study of the hesychast mystico-ascetical practice is structured into three principal domains: Hesychasm and Phenomenology, Hesychasm and Energy, Hesychasm and the Anthropological Unlocking. The first of these domains is analyzed, in which problems of methodology, epistemology and heuristics of spiritual and philosophical experience are collected. Comparative study of hesychast and phenomenological (intentional) experience demonstrates that these two kinds of experience possess close resemblance and structural parallels. Namely, the triadic structure of the way of spiritual ascension in hesychasm corresponds to three stages of the phenomenological act of the grasping of the intentional object (phenomenological reduction – intentional grasping – noesis). The hesychast principle of soberness (nepsis) is characterized as a specific modus of consciousness, which coincides with intentional consciousness in all principal features.

Keywords: phenomenological reduction, intentionality, anachoresis, ascesis, hesychasm, phenomenology, philosophy, noesis, soberness, attention

Abstract: The modern condition of philosophy as a special sphere of research and training course is considered, the concept of 'belief of philosophers' as a self-confidence and faith in themselves and their 'internal person' is applied. Russian professional philosophers knew about such belief, many followed that belief, too, but privately. In their classrooms they spoke of other things such as politics, art, laws of existence and cognition. Thus, true philosophical themes were replaced with the philosophical problems of politics, science, art, etc. There is an opinion that philosophy of culture will be the last philosophy 'of something' and be replaced only with the philosophy of human. In their research the authors have used the analytical and comparative research methods which was determined by the need to define the ideological essence in understanding the real value and problem status of philosophy. The authors conclude that a new idea of philosophy will be education culture as a form of existence created by its carrier and defining, therefore, all originality of humankind. Strictly speaking, even in the systematised modern philosophy of culture still remains within the borders outlined by Hegel. Logically, in the future it will be replaced with philosophy of the person. In this article it is underlined that it should be philosophy not 'about' the person but 'of' the person created by his independent thinking. 

Keywords: philosophy of culture, idea of philosophy, philosophy, culture, education, standard training, science, belief of philosophers, supression of philosophy, philosophy of the person

Abstract: The conversation with S. S. Neretina has been recorded within the framework of the editorial project 'Who creates philosophy in Russia today' and devoted to the modern trends of the Russian philosophical thought. The conversation referred to the works written by S. S. Neretina, A. P. Ogurtsov and other Russian philosophers who discussed the status of Russian philosophy and problematic philosophical self-identification. S. S. Neretina believes that one of the most essential features of cogitation is the probability so evauation of this probability should be the main goal of modern philosophy. During their conversation A. S. Nilogov and S. S. Neretina used the methods of historical analysis that allowed to define the tendencies in understanding philosophy and the history of philosophy. They also used the hermeneutic approach that allowed to describe the contemporary situation in Russian philosophy. S. S. Neretina insists that man himself creates forms of communication that are not established by traditions. Our contemporaries have initiated the creation of social networks, some kind of democracy where everyone has a right to speak out. This is the hidden-outspoken democracy and a new form of philosophy. 

Keywords: philosophy, Russian philosophy, democracy, universals, Ogurstov, Bibikhin, conceptualism, double-interpretation, medievalism (medieval philosophy), thropology

Abstract: The article discusses the features of the interaction of the transcendent and the immanent in Russian philosophy. This interaction determines the unique image of Russian philosophy. The structure of philosophical knowledge is due to the particular forms of this interaction.

Keywords: the transcendent, the immanent, reality, structure, Russian philosophy, religion, concepts, main features, branches of knowledge.

Abstract: Philosophical views of one of the most mysterious and controversial philosophers who were into the spiritual and moral search Peter D. Ouspensky are described as the philosopher’s life journey which, unlike usual chronicles of life, is filled with philosophical reflection, has the internal psychological truth and shows the philosopher’s ideas in terms of the philosopher’s personal biography. From the philosophical point of view, spiritual and moral search involves, first of all, a search or a process, a living force that, unlike in classical philosophical systems and scientific researches, has the structure and content expressing the results of a completed research. Peter D. Ouspensky’s philosophy is viewed not as the system of categories but as the spiritual and moral search of the philosopher as a human. In this regard, his philosophy has much potential for creative co-partnership and a new understanding of universal philosophical ideas and timeless values in terms of the modern age. The analysis carried out by the author was focused on the most fundamental creative ideas of Peter D. Ouspensky: secret knowledge, esoteric Christianity, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, multi-dimensional universe, superman, eternal returns and ‘psychological’ evolution of the humanity. All these ideas are closely connected and complete each other. The second essay is devoted to the so-called ‘Gurdieff’s’ period in Peter D. Ouspensky’s period (1915 – 1924), contradictory relations between the teacher and the follower and between Gurdjieff’s system and Ouspensky’s ideas. According to the author, those were the years of rewarding work over developing a new model of Universe and methods of psychological evolution of the humankind and, at the same time, the years of drudgery, spiritual discordance and reappraisal of values.

Keywords: Peter D. Ouspensky, new model of Universe, secret knowledge, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, esoteric circle, superman, ‘psychological’ evolution, George Gurdjieff’s system, human of a new race.

Abstract: Philosophical views of one of the most mysterious and controversial philosophers who were in absorbed into the spiritual and moral search, Peter D. Ouspensky are described as the philosopher’s life journey which, unlike usual chronicles of life, is filled with philosophical reflection, has the internal psychological truth and shows the philosopher’s ideas in terms of the philosopher’s personal biography. From the philosophical point of view, spiritual and moral search involves, first of all, a search or a process, a living force that, unlike in classical philosophical systems and scientific researches, has the structure and content expressing the results of a completed research. Peter D. Ouspensky’s philosophy is viewed not as the system of categories but as the spiritual and moral search of the philosopher as a human. In this regard, his philosophy has much potential for creative co-partnership and a new undesrstanding of universal philosophical ideas and timeless values in terms of the modern age. The analysis carried out by the author was focused on the most fundamental creative ideas of Peter D. Ouspensky: secret knowledge, esoteric Christianity, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, multi-dimensional universe, superman, eternal returns and ‘psychological’ evolution of the humanity. All these ideas are closely connected and complete each other. The first essay is focused on the so-called ‘theosophical’ period of Peter D. Ouspensky’s work (1907 – 1915), his travels to the East (India, Burma, Egypt and etc.), searches for a new way, esoteric school and a method of discovery and description of other dimensions of reality.

Keywords: Peter D. Ouspensky, secret knowledge, esoteric Christianity, experimental mysticism, the fourth dimension, multidimensional universe, superman, eternal return, ‘psychological’ evolution, theosophy.

Abstract: The subject under research is the philosophical analysis of modern socio-cultural processes of the devaluation of axiological models ‘Being’ and ‘God’. Processes of socio-cultural development and axiosocio dynamics are described taking into account their phenomenological and mental grounds. An important part of the research is the philosophical analysis of philosophical categories ‘Being’ and ‘God’ in terms of broad socio-cultural dynamics and modern world view crisis. The subject under research can be specified by the names of the following chapters of the article: The nature of values and the modern socio-cultural crisis; Deaxiologization of the classical image of ‘Being’ and Deaxiologization of the classical image of ‘God. Research methodology includes the combination of axiological, sociocultural and social-ontological approaches. The analysis of processes and mechanisms of devaluation of axiological models ‘Being’ and ‘God’ is carried out by combining philosophical research methods with the categories, concepts and methods of social psychology and social cognitive science. The scientific novelty of the research is in the discovery of a number of characteristics of modern socio-cultural dynamics leading to devaluation of classical axiological models ‘Being’ and ‘God’. These characteristics include the ‘spatial and temporal’ gap between culture and sociality when mechanisms of cultural self-regulation and social memory are left behind the speeding social development which inevitably distorts processes of socio-gnoseogenic functioning of the public consciousness as the main phenomenon of the system of socio-cultural regulation; such deformation of the system of traditional values and a long absence of a new system of values result in a spiritual and ideological vacuum filled with pseudo values and images created for manipulative purposes; a new system of values is being formed spontaneously, without cultural filtration and by the means of a metamorphosis combination of the ‘old’ and ‘new’ values; it is not only a simple replacement of values but a deep structural and phenomenological transformation of axiological grounds of socio-cultural environment; new axiological grounds include images and representations that are completely opposite to the essence and temporality of cultural being and human existence.

Keywords: socio-cultural approach, values, axiological models, axiosociodynamics, Being, God, society, culture, public consciousness, human.

Abstract: This article is an extended version of the speech made at the seminar ‘History of Philosophy: Heritage and Project’ (arranged by the division of History of Western Philosophy at Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences on April 22, 2014). The speech was associated with the fact that the speaker celebrated his 80th jubilee and therefore was based on the analysis of the speaker’s creative experience. In this article the author tells about the evolution of Russian historical and philosophical journalism at the last third of the XXth century. The author also emphasizes the multiple meanings o the term ‘modern age’, discusses the problem of topical historical analogies and explains the paradox ‘the past interprets us’. In his research article the author uses general scientific methods. He discusses and uses methods of biographical analysis, psychological creativity and theatrical hermeneutics. He also views the factor of the decisiveness of historical and philosophical journalism and its conceptual dramatic theory describing the role of logical formula of rhetoric. For the first time in scientific literature the author introduces and analyzes the term ‘reconstructive improvisation’ as a special type of investigative behavior. The author describes the similarity between certain types of historical and philosophical research with interpretations of theatrical script writers and stage directors.

Keywords: history of philosophy, journalism, teaching, deceit, visibility, allegory, metaphor, allusion, popular culture, existentialism.

Abstract: Today’s social and humanitarian science does not fully consider the problems of art development. Art development is usually studied in philosophy and art history. However, art as the phenomenon of social human life and a system of communication between society, state and human can present academic interest for other spheres of knowledge, for example sociology of culture, sociology of art and social cultural studies. The author of the present article raises a question about dialogue existence of art where art is viewed not as the phenomenon of art communication but as a form of interaction between state, society and human. Special attention is paid at the reasons that make it possible for art to exist at the level of efficient interaction between state, society and human. A good dialogue in this system of communication can create the environment where the ‘humanitarian’ image of art is preserved.

Keywords: culture, art, social world, dialogue, state, society, human, communication, distinctive character of art, total sociality.

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the forgotten pages in the history of Russian thought — the ideology of return to soil. Its followers supported the preservation and actualization of the Russian people’s soil, as a sacral archetype within the national consciousness, defining the spirit and values of the people.

Keywords: philosophy, soil, land, tradition, return to soil, people, organic, spirit, Orthodox Christianity, religion.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes issues arising from the fact that psychological experience of justice includes reactive altruistic emotions. Such emotions apparently contradict to the central idea of morals — a demand to perform self-initiated altruistic actions. Some philosophers of morals and moralists eliminate this contradiction trying to prove the thesis that true justice has nothing to do with reactive anti-altruistic feelings such as indignation and, in particular, envy and rancor. The author of the article uses results of various researches in social psychology, socio-biology and psychology of moral development proving that that aforesaid statement is wrong. However, this connection does not demean psychological experience of justice because both envious and rancorous emotional impulses are held back and considerably transformed in the process of moral development.

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, morals, psychology of morals, socio-biology, justice, emotions, envy, indignation, rancor.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the peculiarities of functioning of the family as the most significant factor of the cultural development of the society. The author of the article also studies the socio-philosophical concept of the comprehension of interdependence of the cultural processes in the society and the family from the point of view of the axiological approach. The author also analyzes the influence of objective factors of social development on the cultural content of the family in this day and age. The author focuses on the relevance and importance of the designated problems taking into account socio-cultural transformations. The problem is viewed through the prism of spirituality, the latter performing the role of the original basis in the methodology of studying humans and society.

Keywords: philosophy, family, culture, cultural process, value, spirituality, indicator, being, good morals, form.

Abstract: This is the final part of the article ‘Russian Path from Morals to Law’ published in Philosophy and Culture Journal (issue 7, 2012) and devoted to the history of Russian culture and unique features of the Russian mentality. In the second part of the article the author pays most of his attention at peculiarities of formation of legal consciousness in Russia and the objective relation between events of Russian modern history and Russian mental provisions (moral and legal provisions in the first place). In conclusion the author points out the possible drivers and ways to improve moral and legal aspects of social consciousness of Russians in the future.

Keywords: philosophy, ethical orientation, mythology, religion, morals, legal consciousness, mental evolution, Russian culture, spiritual crisis, social self-consciousness.

Abstract: The ‘Philosophy and Culture’ Council of Editors congratulates to a famous Russian philosopher Mikhail Nikolaevich Gromov on his 70th anniversary and wishes him long life and creative success. The interview is taken and written down by Gurevich, P. S.

Keywords: philosophy, interview, anniversary, creativity, congratulations.

Abstract: The author of the article discusses the role of Antique Taurida for today’s Crimea and the process of civilization in Russian history. The author underlines the importance of Southern vector in this process and touches upon Chersonesos and Koktebel as the two cultural symbols of Taurida.

Keywords: philosophy, civilization, culture, Southern vector, influence of Antique times, Byzantium influence, Cyril and Methodius, legacy, Silver age.

Abstract: This is the script of the interview with Vladislav Lektorsky taken by Pavel Gurevich. In his interview Lektorsky talks about his researches, crisis in the theory of knowledge and different epochs in philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, anniversary, theory of knowledge, Vladilsav Lekstorsky.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the history of Russian culture and unique features of the Russian mentality. In the first part of the article the author pays most of his attention at methodological analysis of ethical orientation and legal consciousness as constituents of social identity. The second part of the article is devoted to the objective relation between events of Russian modern history and Russian mental characteristics as well as causes of the latter and drivers of their development in the future.

Keywords: philosophy, ethical orientation, mythology, religion, legal consciousness, mental evolution, ethical identity, Russian culture, crisis in spiritual practice.

Abstract: The article talks about the three methods of philosophy: Sophian, Epistemial and technemimic. All these methods were formed in the Ancient Greece and occurred at different stages of philosophy development. The author provides evidence that Russian philosophy is mostly based on the Sophian methods. This thesis is illustrated by the example of the two great philosophers of the 19th century, Dostoevsky and Soloviev. It should be noted that Sophian image of their philosophies had a very different basis. Dostoevsky’s philosophy was based on contradictory and sometimes paradoxical human nature while Soloviev built his conception on the idea of all-encompassing unity.

Keywords: philosophy, sophian, idea, human, technema, definition, essence, existence, image.

Abstract: The article describes the dynamics which characterizes a modern interpretation of a symbol. Based on Hegel’s heritage, the author shows that the general prognosis of a German philosopher about decreasing role of symbolic forms of thinking was not eventually proved. Traditions of symbolic interpretation o the world are only coming back to us today. The author o the article describes anthropological meaning of a symbol and characterizes the image of human which was described in detail during Post- Modernism.

Keywords: philosophy, symbol, culture, thinking, symbolic, real, imaginative, myth, law, meaning.

Abstract: The article contains certain conclusions based on which the structures of everyday life are some kind of a shelter for his existential state of mind. On the other hands, these structures make human to protest or even act with aggression towards the reality. Special attention is paid at the resources which help a modern human to overcome the inertia of everyday structures, particularly, human’s starvation to keep his ethnical peculiarity and to review his attitude towards information technologies and etc.

Keywords: philosophy, everyday life, values, existence, human, norms, culture, post-modern, existentialism, estrangement.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of definition of such concepts as ‘spirituality’ and ‘morals’ and their place in human’s path to his own nature. Many philosophers believe that morals have something to do with the will, virtue, commitment to work and happiness. Only if you conquer yourself for the sake of our close and distant people, you shall become spiritual and liked by God. Spirituality is closely connected with our attitude to others and it is all about mercy. Morals are formed as some kind of habitual behavior under the influence of our cultural and social environment in our childhood.

Keywords: philosophy, mind, freedom, happiness, habit, self-sacrifice, conscious, multiple personality disorder, workmanship, labor nature of morals.

Abstract: The topic on human body is viewed from the point of view of new biotechnologies allowing to influence our lifespan and support biochemical processes and even change the body structure. The author of the article discusses the right of human to do with his body what he wants and proves that being a unique bearer of consciousness, our body is not our personal possession at all. The article discusses the ethics of limiting body reconstruction in order to preserve continuity of culture.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, ethic, body, consciousness, law, paternalism, liberalism, life, death.

Abstract: The article shows the growing importance of the role of personality in conditions of globalization. Intellectual and spiritual development gains special importance in the process of its formation. It is proved that in order to prevent the personality dissociation in the society experiencing the drastic transformation it is necessary to address to historical knowledge which helps to establish a patriotic attitude to history and to understand the role of personality in history.

Keywords: philosophy, public conscience, standard values, moral stand, objects of history, axiological disorientation

Abstract: the article studies various aspects of V. S. Stepin’s theory of culture which are devoted to the analysis of modern times. Globalization is viewed as a special state of culture, which creates certain risks and at the same time, new perspectives of interaction between cultures. Supreme role of economics in an industrial civilization is described as one of the factors of the environmental crisis. Refusal from excessive consumption and creation of new values are thought to be the way out of this situation. The article also describes V. S. Stepin’s views on cultural studies which he views as an independent science bringing together the structure and dynamics of culture.

Keywords: cultural studies, globalization, dialogue of cultures, crisis of culture, industrial civilization, environmental crisis, popular culture of, new type of civilization development.

Abstract: The article analyzes the theory of culture represented by a member of the academy V. S. Stepin and the role of philosophical perception in theory and culture. The author views science as a socio-cultural institution and a basic tool for development of industrial civilization, influence of various factors on science, and V. S. Stepin’s approach to the demarcation problem. The author also describes the relationship between philosophy and science and analyzes the role of philosophical knowledge in culture. It is noted that giving us reflection over the basic values of culture, philosophy gives birth to new perceptions of the world, meanings of culture, categorical ideas which are used in science for reproduction of new knowledge. This is how philosophy makes the future.

Keywords: science, philosophy, philosophy of science, culture, theory of culture, the demarcation issue, types of rationality, self-developing systems.

Abstract: The article analyzes the role of cultural continuity in V. S. Stepin’s theory of culture. It is underlined that culture is nothing else but a unity of traditions and innovations. The author emphasizes V. S. Stepin’s views on a relationship between ‘culture’ and ‘civilization’ and considers various aspects of a development of civilization. The author also views the two types of civilizations described by V. S. Stepin – traditional and technogenic civilizations. The article shows the problems and contradictions of civilizational dynamics.

Keywords: cultural studies, culture, cultural continuity, civilization, traditional civilization, technogenic civilization.

Abstract: The article analyzes V. S. Stepin’s views on culture. It is shown that his views altogether form a fundamental theory which actually makes a great contribution to cultural studies. Stepin’s researches build a multi-dimension overall ‘picture of the world’. Culture is viewed as a system of trans-biological programs of activity, a specific form of coding of social information, a system of social and spiritual programs. Stepin has also described so-called cultural universals which are the basic elements of the system of culture, in this regard the author of the article underlines the organic interconnection between certain categories in philosophy and cultural studies. It is shown that V. S. Stepin’s theory of culture plays a great role for theory and practice.

Keywords: cultural studies, culture, trans-biological programs, human activity, coding of information, cultural universals.

Abstract: The article analyzes the origins of art work projects and theories which appeared in the esthetics of the 20th century including the project of modernism and identifi ed themselves with conservative political priorities and, at times, directly with fascism. Unlike the point of view considering fascism as some political and cultural irrationality, this article shows that both political and esthetical characteristics of fascism have their digital logic. The article also describes social prerequisites of protofascistic esthetics in modern art.

Keywords: philosophy, aestheticization of politics, sovereignty, Georges Bataille, fascism, transgression, «homo sacer», political emancipation, modern art

Abstract: the article considers ethical views of a member of the academy A. A. Guseynov. The author analyzes his works talking about the phenomenon of conscience, negative ethics, morals and moralization. At the end of the article the author describes A. A. Guseynov’s works written over the last years.

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, morals, conscience, negative ethics, personality, culture, values, relics

Abstract: The essay is devoted to the philosophical ideas of the Academician A.A. Gusseinov. The author attempts to analyze the nature of considerable input of A.A. Gusseinov into ethics. At the same time the essay includes the attempt to implement creative dialog with a renown leader of our ethics.

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, nature, philosophic secret

Abstract: The genre of the article is some kind of a psychological portrait giving us insight not only into the philosopher’s creative life but also into his inner world and personal traits. The first essay of such a genre was devoted to Erich Yurievich Soloviev (Philosophy and Culture journal No 5, 2009). This essay is written about the member of the Academy Salam Kerimovich Guseynov

Keywords: philosophy, ethics, human, knowledge, mystery, biography, independence, thinker, meaning

Abstract: When developing metaphysics of personalism, Lossky expanded the main ideas of Leibniz’ modadology. Addressing to Leibniz’ original study allows to follow the basics of Lossky’s metaphysics and define the main elements of his study. For describing Lossky’s conception of transformation the author of the article chose the eschatological doctrine of transformation allowing to throw light on many ideas of Lossky

Keywords: philosophy, metaphysics, cosmogony, monadology, personalism, pan vitalism, eschatology, impersonation, soteriology, theodicy

Abstract: The article describes the process of perceiving and understanding Tolstoy’s teachings in Japan. Special attention is drawn at one of the modern Buddhist philosophers Daisaku Ikeda. The author studies what’s in common between Tolstoy and Ikeda’s teachings. The article also contains an attempt to explain why Tolstoy’s views are so popular in Japan now

Keywords: philosophy, L. N. Tolstoy, Daisaku Ikeda, Buddhism, nature of human, nature of Buddha, absolute advantage of life, non-resistance to evil, non-violence

Abstract: The article discusses the events of the last period of Tolstoy’s life and his leave from the Yasnaya Polyana. It is proved that an important reason of his leave was the contradiction between the spiritual life Tolstoy had tried to lead after his ‘spiritual birth’ and the world around, in particular, the concrete situation at Yasyana Polyana. In their turn, spiritual birth of Tolstoy was greatly influenced by certain episodes from his young and mature ages.

Keywords: philosophy, spirit, birth, life, death, eternity, love, faith, leave, immortality, mind, conscious

Abstract: As it is well known, there are many forms of philosophical anthropology. The most significant are religious, cultural and structural philosophical anthropology. Altogether they demonstrate some kind of ‘anthropological Renaissance’ which can be described as deep interest to the ‘human’ phenomenon. It reflects various approaches to the topic of philosophical anthropology and varied ways to understand concrete problems related to the topic.

Keywords: philosophy, religion, philosophical anthropology, inconceivable, rationality, myth, dream, devotion to God, devotion to religion, personality

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the memory of the French ethnologist and anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss who died on October 30, 2009 in Paris. The author analyzed the main ideas of Levi-Strauss’ conception of myths as a type of speech described in his work ‘Mythologiques I-IV’. The author also studied the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau on Claude Levi-Strauss’ views. It is underlined that the French philosopher made a great contribution to development of anthropology and philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, myth, Rousseau, Claude Levi-Strauss

Abstract: Review: Dignity can be called the ‘core’ of personality. It is also closely related to personal concepts of happiness and meaning of life. Without dignity, human being cannot identify himself and cannot reach the stage when he understands his identity with other people and becomes intelligent

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, cultural sciences, personality, culture, human being, dignity, self-conciseness, love, trust

Abstract: Review: the article is devoted to creative work of a great Russian philosopher Erih Yurevich Solovyev. The author underlined unique features of the jubilee’s writing style

Keywords: philosophy, morals, ethics, public morals, law, categorical imperative, personality, anthropology, historicism, the Reformation

Abstract: The author of the article analyzed the bond between economy and culture, in particular, how scientific knowledge, education, morals and ideas of social justice influenced performance and development of economic reality. Economy policy and its “moral” aspects are viewed as the tool for conducting such a bond and still keeping economy effective.

Keywords: philosophy, economy, profit, economic policy, culture, education, knowledge, morals, social equity, justice, human development.

Abstract: Abstract: Valentin Ivanovich Tolstyh’s article about the “soviet person” phenomenon, its nature, peculiarities and general personal traits.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, society, soviet person.

Abstract: Resume: the author of the article is comparing Confucius’ and Jesus Christ’s teachings. The author’s preference is given to Confucius because his teaching is not heterogenic like Christ’s ethics which is complemented by mythological images and ideas. Confucius’ teaching has an anthropological focus and this is why it is more humanistic, true and non-contradictory. Christ’s ethics are more theologized and this is why Christ’s adepts were full of paradoxes and their society was full of dichotomies and conflicts. Thus, despite its old age, Confucius’ ethics have a very important meaning for the modern society and can help us to overcome the moral crisis in Russia.

Keywords: truth, path, myth, God, code of ethics, fear, humanism, faith, duality, the Good, the Evil.

Abstract: memories of David Izrailevich Dubrovsky, the member of the academy at Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, about another great person, physician and philosopher Vladimir Spiridonovich Gott.

Keywords: philosophy, Vladimir Spiridonovich Gott, magazine “Philosophical Sciences”.

Abstract: the author is analyzing religious forms of rock-motion, applying to the subculture of heavy metallists and the approach is ready, descrying them as the saplings religions. Relatively of the religion of black-metallists the author comes to the deduction, that Satanists which is characteristic of them and Satanism is the saplings religion which is subject to the transformations in the prophecy scenarios of the development protest of the religion pagan and unblack-metallists.

Keywords: rhilosophy, philosophy, religion, subculture, comparativistic, anthropology, psychology, consciousness, trance, sociology.

Abstract: The author spoke of the central place in I. V. Kireevskiy’s Christian philosophy being devoted to the thoughts on the relation between the faith and the reason. However, we haven’t inherited much from this great thinker. As a result, there is a danger that the strict division between the faith and the reason might be a way too simplified. On the other hand, treating these two concepts as something similar would make I. V. Kireevskiy’s teaching “unoriginal”. The author tried to overcome these two extremes and provide for a clear understanding of the subject.

Abstract: It seems that the key request of the modern life of our time has to do with the personal growth. However, this term is mostly associated with social success. Everyone thinks that personal growth means competence, responsibility, activity, self-assurance. This is an ideal portrait of the hero of our time. And, just like any idea, it is rather far from reality. And under the mask of an ideal person, there may be a small person from a crowd…