Abstract: The spiritual quest of Raymond Lull is of interest to modern philosophical discourse as occupying an intermediate position between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and thus combining the features of these two eras in the history of the development of human thought. They are connected with the Middle Ages by theocentrism and traditionalism, and with the Renaissance by emphasizing the peculiar polyphony of the world, the predominance of plurality over unity, given in the autonomous dialogic space of the human personality as a gradual immanentization of the presence of a transcendent deity, associated with the acceptance by man of the external world as the only possible one. This immanentization is carried out by Luli in the symbol of Love as the Unity of the Loving and the Beloved, explicating the thinker's introspection. The novelty of the work lies in the application of the teachings of A.F. Losev about the interpretive symbol, which made it possible to consider them as a special form of explication of the personality as its transcendence and simultaneous immanence, being a special form of introspection, which correlates with Lull's teaching about Love as a fluctuation in which the Beloved descends, and the Lover ascends. This contributes to the actualization of Lull's spiritual quest as an integrity, a unique eidos, in which each of the separate features of Raymond Lull's spiritual quest is realized in a special way, reflecting the intermediate position occupied by the thinker between the worlds of Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The proposed model of mutual positing of the "components" of Lull's teaching allows us to show one of the possibilities for the interaction of the thinker's logical system (understanding the force, its bearer and passively perceiving its beginning) and his theologically oriented personal spiritual quest as a special kind of dynamics in which the leading role is assigned to introspection as a personal intentions, a kind of mythological sub-foundation of the actual logical dimension of the thinker's teachings.

Keywords: the Middle Ages, the Beloved, the immanent, the Lower, the transcendent, introspection, personality, the Renaissance, consciousness, symbol

Abstract: The subject of the study is the mystical experience as a kind of altered states of consciousness. The purpose of the article is to solve at the conceptual level the problem of distinguishing genuine mystical experience and various kinds of surrogate states with quasi-mystical content. The theoretical basis for solving this problem was the study of the panorama of moments of divergence and convergence of discourses of the humanities and natural sciences, as well as theology. In the course of the conducted research, the infra-personal processes going on in the vector of the dissolving and spreading "I" were revealed. They correspond to both mystical (dissolution in the Deity, in emptiness, in cosmic consciousness, etc.) and clinical states (confused or floating consciousness). The authors also consider in detail the ultrapersonal processes occurring within the framework of the dissemination of personal consciousness and which correspond to both mystical (the scattering of reality into many spirits, souls, astral projections and quasi-persona) and clinical conditions (schizophrenic type disorders). The novelty of the article lies in revealing the diverse directions of inauthentic mystical experience based on the systematic study of altered states of consciousness, as well as in determining the range in which an outlet to authentic forms of mystical experience can open. It has been established that in the spectrum of infra-personal and ultra-personal states there is such a feature of mystical and occult practices with the prefix "neo" as the achievement of mystical states according to the "accelerated course" programs. However, due to the inversion of the view characteristic of modern consciousness, in the ideology of neo-mysticism, destructive processes are often perceived as a new, higher stage in the evolution of mankind. With this interpretation, conditions arise for the perception of science as a "new religion", as well as the desire to find in scientific concepts a support for modern occultism and neo-mysticism.

Keywords: hesychasm, cognitive sciences, psychology, theology, altered states of consciousness, neomysticism, occultism, christianity, mystical experience, spiritual seduction

Abstract: The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the analysis of indicators of mental and physical health of a person and their mutual influence is little disclosed in the philosophical literature. There is a problem of studying the achievement of well-being in philosophical terms and the factors influencing it, including the connection of existential fullness (fundamental existential motivations) with various positive aspects of the functioning of the individual that make up well-being: autonomy, competence, personal growth, positive relationships, self-acceptance, life goals. In this regard, we have undertaken a study related to the study at the theoretical level of the relationship between existential fulfillment and well-being. The purpose of the study: to identify the relationship between the components of life well-being and existential fulfillment. The degree of existential fullness shows whether there is a lot of meaning in life, whether a person lives in inner harmony, whether his decisions and actions correspond to his essence. Life well-being is a subjective feeling of wholeness of satisfaction with one's being.   The study revealed significant connections between the components of such personal constructs as life well-being and existential fulfillment. As a result of the theoretical study , the following conclusions were made: The first fundamental existential motivation concerning the possibility of existence in the world is largely related to self-acceptance and competence. The second fundamental existential motivation concerning the value of life is largely related to self-acceptance and positive relationships. The third fundamental existential motivation concerning self-esteem is largely related to personal growth. The fourth fundamental existential motivation, crowning all the previous ones and concerning meaning, is essentially related to life goals and autonomy.

Keywords: autonomy, goal, motivation, positive psychology, self-actualization, personality, well-being, existence, existential fulfillment, happiness

Abstract: The subject of this research is analysis of the process of establishment of aesthetic representations in Descartes’ philosophy, who abruptly turns the epistemological plot of European culture. It is determined how the lines of his thoughts on cogito intertwine with the fabrics of understanding of the aesthetic establishment of the existence of ego, comprehension of transcendental resemblance on the theatrical stage, as well as how the cogital orientations frame the language of a whole action in certain branches of art. The author reveals based on which other work this theatrical oeuvre has been created and what is the idea behind it? Cogito is presented as the existence of cogitative and experiencing it, adding an ultimate form of aesthetic manifestation. The scientific novelty lies in patterning of Descartes’ aesthetic orientations associated with the range of their conditions: harmony, reverence, generosity, joy of spirit, conceptual programs for sensual experience, activity of floating to consciousness imagination, ability to reasoning and improvement, determination of aesthetic meaning of Descartes’ fundamental postulate: cogito ergo sum, representation of how it can be converted into aesthetic format.

Keywords: French philosophy, history of philosophy, philosophy of art, egologia, cogito, esthetics, art, consciousness, philosophy, Descartes

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of consciousness (rational life) within the worldwide context of its teleological status. The article provides general contours of the phenomenon of consciousness based on determination of its orientations at the scale of Universe from the perspective of immanent goal setting. The author clarifies the three key positions that pertain to: 2) specificity of philosophical theorization; 2) exposition of typical perception of consciousness; 3) achievement of awareness of choice in the area of conceptual discrepancies. The need for the preliminary acquisitions derives from the methodological demand of cognizing the axiomatic foundation and conditions of the due substantiation of the suggested positions. The main results consist in explaining the logical-conceptual basis of certain interpretations of consciousness, their critical verification, as well as explication of assertion of the ontocosmic teleology of consciousness. In its development, consciousness is set by the factor with cosmic meaning, which directly forms the further evolution of the Universe. The dominant aspects lies in the reached moral component that complements and naturally completes the Hegelian unity with the theoretical and practical idea respectively.

Keywords: Universe, creative development, anti-entropy, Ontocosmic perspective, evolution of matter, consciousness, intention, nature, thinking, categorical generalization

Abstract:   This research represents the experience of biographical reconstruction of scientific knowledge strategy of the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The subject of the article is the intuitionism of Henri Poincaré as a conceptual core of his philosophical science. The key goal of this work is to describe the distinctness of Poincaré’s intuitivistic method based on his biography and scientific materials. The initial point of the research lies in the thesis about the deep interconnection between the cognitive and personal peculiarities of a specific scholar, inherent to him scientific method and sphere of academic interests. During the course of this research, the author analyzes the interconnection between the characteristic specificities of Poincaré’s perception and way of thinking that form the particularity of this academic style, and the key ideas of his philosophy of science, such as concept of convenience, conventional nature of the truth, juxtaposition of the two strategies of mathematical knowledge – analytical and intuitivistic. Analyzing Poincaré’s life experience, the author determines special cognitive structures – synesthesia, muscular sensation, macroscopic conceptual optics. The latter explain the distinctness of intuitionism of Henri Poincaré, as well as its difference from the traditional methods of scientific cognition. The research demonstrates that the universal methods of scientific cognition depend on the specific outlook of a certain scholar and his cognitive abilities.  

Keywords: relativism, paradigm, intuitionism, intuition, biographical method, philosophy of science, philosophy, gestalt psychology, Poincare, philosophy of mathematics

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the approach towards the problems of consciousness, self-consciousness and the I within the framework of such direction of the modern humanitarian sciences as social constructionism. The main goal is examination of the main positions of this approach towards consciousness and its various manifestations from the perspective of this direction and placement of this approach into the context of other research of consciousness in classical and contemporary philosophy. Socio-constructivist approach to consciousness makes a strong accent on the role of social constructions in formation of consciousness and self-consciousness of an individual and leans towards denial of the existence of the I. However, criticizing social constructionism, the author demonstrates that the presence of common experience among all subjects does not depend on social constructs. At the same time, a positive feature of the socio-constructivist approach to consciousness is favorable for understanding of position of an individual within the modern information era. Author’s special contribution consists in determination of the intersecting points of social constructionism with other approaches to consciousness in classical and contemporary philosophy. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in Russian philosophy there are in fact no works dedicated to the socio-constructivist approach to the problems of consciousness.  

Keywords: communication, dialogue, discourse, narrative, I, social constructionism, self-consciousness, consciousness, nature vs upbringing, personal identity

Abstract: In his article Rudnev offers us to think of the philosophical thought as the proposition denying the previous philosophical thought which has become the ordinary proposition. In other words, a philosopher needs to say something new which has never been said before. For example, providing that insanity is the inability to stay among things (Ludwig Binswanger) and thought is the absence of thing (Wilfred Bion), it could be suggested that insanity is the place where the thought is being born. From this point of view, any thought is the pathological process. This corresponds to the theory of Tim Crow about homo sapiens originating only after the development of the schizophrenia gene or Yury Lotman's words that the ability of mind to think is, in a sense, the ability of human to become insane. However, all these provisions disagree with the other thought of Bion according to whom thought is also related to the ability to endure frustration. The ability to endure frustration allows to create thought as the mean that makes frustration more endurable. In his article Rudnev offers his own research method which he has been developing for many years and which he has called psychosemiotics of the pathographic text. The scientific novelty of the present research is caused by the fact that Rudnev views the thought theory from the point of view of psychoanalytical and design-analytical concepts offered by Ludwig Bingswanger and Wilfred Bion. Thought is one of the alternative responses of a child to frustration. A child has the choice either to cry or to think. The second reaction leads to the development of thinking. 

Keywords: frustration, thought, , Beethoven, thing, proposition, psychopatology, Bion, Binswanger, Frege, Tim Crow

Abstract: The subject of study in this work is the understanding of fractal invariance of consciousness at the level of concepts, memes,  and mental constructs. The human mind is a coexistence of a subject's information component and qualitative component as a phenomenological foundation for the mental representations of reality that is reduced to the fractal nominator. These two components can be considered as the "variables" of consciousness that are filled in during the life cycle. The author of the article shows that self-similarity as the basic principle of fractality embedded in the language and any mental structures. The qualitative states with a variety of substantive meanings act as a link between the item and representation and express fractal characteristics. The methodological basis of the research is based on the fractal-synergy concept involving the study of self-organization and structural self-similarity at the level of systems and subsystems of existence. To analyze individual problems of consciousness the author has used cognitive-informational and phenomenological methods. The scientific novelty of this paper consists in considering the phenomenon of consciousness through the prism of fractal. The application of the fractal approach to the study of the phenomenon of consciousness allows to detect self-similarity of the whole in all of its parts and the existence of links, branches of global structures stored in the mind, to small parts (concepts).

Keywords: invariance, holographic, fractality, qualia, fractal, frame, meme, concept, representation, self-similarity

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the content of pluralistic modes of introspection offered by modern analytical philosophers of the mind Jessie Prince, Eric Schwitzgebel and Jessie Butler comparing their approach to the perception concept of introspection typical for the philosophy of the Early Modern Period and critics of introspection typical for the early analytical philosophy of the mind. Moreover, the author of the article makes an attempt to use pluralistic models of introspection in order to the question about whether ‘introspection’ can be considered to be a scientific term, to compare pluralistic models of introspection with the theory of perception theory of the mind as well as to discuss the question about accuracy of introspection forms. In her article the author uses comparative and historical research methods that are based on a detailed conceptual analysis of different approaches to introspection. Theauthormakesthefollowingconclusions. Firstly, perceptionmodels of introspection are a ‘middle way’ between naïve belief in introspection and absolute skepticism towards it. In case we assume that perception models of introspection are generally correct, then, secondly, the term ‘introspection’ can be used in terms of scientific research only when a particular introspection form is clarified. Thirdly, introspection forms can be associated with the modules of attention, working memory and so on. Fourthly, the author establishes that different forms of introspection has a different level of accuracy.

Keywords: introspection forms, heterophenomenology, Daniel Dennett, Jessie Butler, Jessie Prince, accuracy of introspection forms, introspection, pluralistic models of introspection, epistemology, Eric Schwitzgebel.

Abstract: The article is devoted to fundamental ontology founded by John Searle who was the follower of scientific naturalism. For John Searle, ‘philosophy starts with scientific facts’ which generally contradicts to the idea of the world being the way it is described by science. So the philosopher raises the main question of his philosophy, ‘how does a human, this conscious creature, fit in our physical reality?’ Searle defines the main features of consciousness such as, consciousness is an integrated phenomenon, focus, functioning under the influence of one’s mood, and so on. However, Searle views subjective firstperson experience as a fundamental difference between consciousness and body. The philosopher considers himself to be the follower of the idea of autonomous mentality but at the same time he avoids the ‘consciousness –body’ dualism. John Searle tries to achieve correspondence with scientific naturalism without simplifying or eliminating the mental element but by expanding our interpretation of the physical so that it starts to include the mental.

Keywords: Searle, scientific naturalism, consciousness, subjective first-person experience, scientific facts, physical reality, materialistic conceptions, external realism, naturalism, qualia.

Abstract: The author of the article studies Soviet psychology from the point of view of sociology and culturology of psychological knowledge or implementation of historical approach to Soviet psychological concepts. The author shows that Soviet psychology was based on ideology and studied Soviet human in particular. Analytical reconstruction of cultural and historical grounds of psychological knowledge is performed mostly on the basis of research conducted at Moscow School of activity psychology. The main purpose of the article is to show an essential need in such an analysis.

Keywords: cultural studies, sociology, psychology, knowledge, psychotechnic, phenomenology, formation, experience, analysis, society.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the implementation of the phenomenological concept of ‘reduction’ or ‘epoche’ described by Edmund Husserl. First the author gives the definition of this phenomenological concept and then shows how this concept is being implemented. Special attention is paid at the verbal expression of this phenomenological concept.

Keywords: philosophy, phenomenology, reduction, term, cogitation, Husserl, grammar, Ingarden, language, quotations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the biography of one of the most powerful analytical philosophers John Searle. His biography includes interesting personal and historical data about the philosopher’s childhood, teaching at Oxford and philosophical researches throughout his 40-year experience as a professor at University of California, Berkeley (California, USA). His scientific and creative activity has made a great contribution to researching language, mind and consciousness, human rationality and processes of building social reality. John Searle’ philosophical works received international recognition and his biography was translated into several languages. The philosopher also gave his lectures all over the world.

Keywords: philosophy, Searle, college, Oxford, philosophizing method, philosophy of language, speech acts, Jane Austen, Berkleley, the mind issue.

Abstract: The article provides arguments for B. Kaplan’s and T. Nagel’s critical remarks about John Searle’s solution of the mind-body problem. Searle explained the cause of the mental based on the emergence conception. From such point of viwe, subjectivity of the reality is transformed into a biologial or physical property so the mind becomes a mental and, consequently, a physical property of the brain similar to the liquid state being the property of the molecular system. As opposed to Searle’s thesis saying that the mind is the product of the brain activity and its property at the same time, the author of this particular article analyzes arguments against such concept both in science and philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, mind, John Searle, causality, feature, description level, dualism, psyche, physical.

Abstract: The article provides a new solution of the ‘difficult consciousness issue’ which explains why all the previous solutions of the ‘consciousness and body’ issue failed. The author of the article describes a new theory of consciousness and its structure which allows to explain the consciousness phenomena as well as to study consciousness in an experimental way. Solution is based on the hypothesis about environment model which is used in explaining the issue and consciousness structure.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, difficult issue, mental, qualia, reality model, I and It, brain, representation, neurophysiology.

Abstract: The article proves the thesis about structural impossibility of ontological non-freedom and unconditional compatibility of freedom and determinism. Moreover, it is the mechanistic determinism and non-illusion freedom that are compatible as the author says. It is concluded that compatibilism and incompatiblism are old-fashioned methods of the problem solution unlike the hypothesis about calorie as the explanation of the warmth phenomenon.

Keywords: philosophy, freedom, free will, freedom of choice, determinism, agnosticism, compatibilism, casuality, Dennet.

Abstract: The main goal o this article is to clarity the term ‘escapism’, to analyze how it originated and how it is used in modern socio-humanitarian sciences. It is shown that the term ‘escapism’ is very rarely studied in philosophy and therefore, it needs a thorough analysis. The author suggests that we should view escapism not only from the point of view of alienation of a person from the other world but also as an efficient creative force as one of the elements of individual consciousness.

Keywords: philosophy, escapism, Self, identity, escape, consciousness, dissociation, imagination, reality, virtual.

Abstract: The article analyzes socio-cultural perception of space in religious beliefs as a mechanism, form of reflection of the real world by the consciousness as well as the integrated image of space formed under the influence of religious experience.

Keywords: philosophy, gnoseology, religion, perception, belief, consciousness, socio-culture, experience, space.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the subjective side of socio-cultural perception of space in philosophical legal conceptions. It is viewed as a perception complex and the process of the subject’s inner emotions regulating his activity. The subject’s readiness to perceive space from the socio-cultural point of view is explained by the fact that there are mythological, religious, scientific and philosophical conceptions of space in a human mind.

Keywords: philosophy, subject, perception, space, interest, right, emotions, motives, situation, consciousness.

Abstract: The article discusses the possibility of building an information and synergetic model of consciousness. The author introduces a principle of ontological reality of information – primary information in relation to material and energetic (or physical) reality and reality of meanings (or ideal reality). The author suggests a new approach to understanding an anthropic principle and interpretation of a philosophical category ‘consciousness’ as a concept of information reality theory.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, information, synergetics, reality, science, creativity, subjective, principle, physics.

Abstract: The article analyzes the three basic conceptions of cogitation created by G. P. Schedrovitsky. The first conception is aimed at creating the theory of cogitation and views cogitation as a developing semiotic process and activity. The second conception limits the definition of cogitation to methodologists’ activity and researches its reflection. The third conception interprets cogitation as a subsystem of thinking activity conditioned by communication in particular.

Keywords: philosophy, cogitation, conception, genesis, activity, thinking activity, designing, communication, culture, methodology.

Abstract: The article contains the analytical review of the main conceptions in philosophy which are devoted to the problem of consciousness.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, idealism, materialism, metaphysics, phenomenology, monism, behaviorism, continuity, discontinuity

Abstract: Understanding of Russia’s way continues to be an issue now as it already was a hundred years ago. Having refused from the communistic values and Soviet) dream of building an ideal society all over the world, Russian public opinion is now concerned about what to offer instead. What values a new strategy of development should be based on? It is especially difficult to say after we failed to adopt Western reforms without taking into account peculiarities of the Russian mentality. As A. I. Solzhenitsyn once said, in order to lead such a great country as Russia is, it is necessary to feel all the centuries of its history. Otherwise the country might lose more than get.