Abstract: Jade products that imitate ancient Chinese art samples are a special kind of objects that, in their form and decor, are close to or likened to more ancient works of arts and crafts. The article explores the artistic form and characteristic features of imitations of ancient jade products of the Qing era, presented in the collections of Russian museums and the Palace Museum of China. The object of the study are objects of Chinese art of jade carving, which are in the collection of the Palace Museum (Beijing), the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg) and the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow), where the use of imitations of ancient objects was discovered. Artistic analysis of jade imitations allows us to conclude that the works of the Qing era were more complex and diverse in form, decor and carving techniques compared to Han products, while the craftsmen, although they managed to preserve the classical sophistication of objects, lost the severity and solemnity of Han jade. As well as the art history analysis of the works, one can see that the forms and decors of jade objects are the product of aesthetic consciousness. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the varieties and features of imitations of ancient jade during the Qing Dynasty are summarized, and the huohuan technique in jade processing is confirmed. This may be of interest to researchers in related scientific fields.

Keywords: art form, technique, jade carving, aesthetic consciousness, jade processing technique, Qing dynasty, imitation ancient jade, Art Analysis, study, carving art

Abstract: The object of this article is the Russian philosophical community, which includes the character thinks and their groups who claim the orientation towards the native culture and peculiarities of Russian mentality as their identifying distinction. The subject of this research is the history of emergence of these thinkers and groups in post-Soviet Russia, their forming institutions, and history of relations with the other intellectual groups. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the historical roots of these newly established traditions, their representation within the academic and educational institutions, as well as specificities of theoretical platforms of their leaders. The methodology is based on the approach, according to which the network structure of relationship between the intellectuals defines the generally important space of intellectual attention, which is structured upon several competitive positions. The main result of the conducted research consists in description of history, theoretical peculiarities, composition and institutional representation of the three intellectual directions among the “contextualist thinkers” – “conservative revolutionaires”, “Orthodox immanenists”, and “existentialists of tradition”.

Keywords: archeomodernism, Russian mentality, historiosophy, existentialists of tradition, Orthodox immanentists, conservative revolutionaries, Slavophilism, Contextualists, synergetic anthropology, existential cultural studies

Abstract: The author of the present research article studies the history of the development of philosophical thought of ancient slavs. The author provides key historical and cultural facts of its development and underlines the original nature of the philosophical ideas of the ancient slavs. Chorniy also touches upon the relations between protoslavs thinkers and the philosophy and culture of the ancient greeks. Based on the analysis of the historiographic sources, he focuses on the specifics of the philosophical ideas and problems of the ancient slavs.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, slavs, greeks, education, history, literature, fact, idea, thought.

Abstract: The purpose of the present article is to prove the point of view based on which the industrial world initially has two opposite yet interconnected development trends. One of them is shown as global processes including socio-economic transformations and phenomena of social massification and the other one is presented as the growth of individual role in social activities. The author of the article tries to describe the two poles of the industrial world through antithesis of the two types of philosophical and historical vision. The author offers a classification of concepts of history typical for industrial societies. One of them includes Auguste Comte’s and Karl Marx’ concepts of history. Comte was against metaphysical abstraction of individuals and offered to focus on the phenomenon of the mankind and human experience. He described a major cycle of European history from the stage of feudal religious society to the stage when individual was the priority and, finally, the third stage of the industrial society and social solidarity which are only starting to form now. Marx also introduced the idea that European history had a triad structure. The second type of concepts of history in industrial societies is base on the principle of individualism. Max Weber presented the most founded concept. Weber admitted the role of science in history, however, he believed that individual had a priority in determination of purposes of human activities. Unlike historical optimism of triad concepts, followers of individualism talked about the relative character of history. At the end of the article the author puts forward arguments for bipolarity of the industrial world.

Keywords: philosophy of history, industrial society, historical triads, production, science, general population, individual, principle of understanding, truth, value.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of singular terminology of Slavophilism and Neoslavophilism. The author of the article describes how these two movements developed and were related to each other. The author describes the general features as well as the main, fundamental difference in theoretical heritage of the main founders of early Slavophilism, late Slavophilism, Pochvennichestvo and modern Neoslavophilism of the XXI century. The author of the article underlines that today it is impossible to solve the main problems and key issues of history and culture raised by the first Slavophiles in the XIX century. The author of the article formulates a series of general provisions of early Slavophilism that are mandatory for all modern Slavophilism theories (critics of mindless imitation of Western experience, idea of the distinctive character and origin of the Russian culture, acceptance of Orthodoxy as the spiritual basis for our national culture and etc.). The author shows how topical and important these ideas are for today’s society and how these ideas can be used for formation of a perspective model of Russia’s future development.

Keywords: slavophiles, neoslavophiles, distinctive character, culture, tradition, succession, world view, perspective, Orthodoxy, modern age.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the Russian nativist movement founded by the brothers Dostoevsky, Grigoriev and Strakhov, - pochvennichestvo or ‘returning to soil’. The author revealed the conception of ‘soil’ in pochvenniks’ point of view and underlined the traditional nature of pochvennichestvo. Based on Orthodox culture, pochvenniki established the conception of the ‘national soil’ as a storage of national and cultural archetypes and harmonic development of culture.

Keywords: philosophy, pochvenniki, traditions, soil, mentality, harmony, Orthodoxy, conciliarity, art, national character

Abstract: the article is devoted to the first philosophical school in Russian history, the school of Slavophiles. The author covered the main achievements of Slavophiles in founding the Russian idea, such as collegiality, Orthodoxy, wholeness of spirit, Russian freedom from nationalism and strives for higher moral and Orthodox imperatives.

Keywords: philosophy, Slavophiles, collegiality, Orthodoxy, wholeness of spirit, community, inner truth, political indifference, the Russian idea.