Abstract: As the subject of research the author raises and analyzes the problem the ersatz-thinking that has multiple projections on the life of modern man. As a starting cognitive situation, the tendency to weaken the anthropological tradition in the formulation and solution of the problem of thinking is considered. The author reveals the epistemological preconditions of distribution the ersatz-thinking practices in cognitive and communicative activities. Carrying out conceptual parallels between such concepts as "instrumental reason", and "technocratic thinking", the author emphasizes that ersatz thinking is an instrument for maintaining the utilitarian-hedonic mode of life. Adhering to the existential-anthropological tradition, the author notes that thinking is existential in its essence act, but today is reduced to a utilitarian mentality, which allows to produce models of adaptive and successful behavior. Using the example of conceptual devaluation of the imperative "Cognize oneself", the author describes phenomenology of ersatz- thinking and opposes him the existential thinking. Revealing the main functions of ersatz-thinking, the author comes to the conclusion that it prevents the unification of all time dimensions of the person's cogitative self-identity into a single reflexive anthology of "doing thinking". In conclusion, it is emphasized that a certain part of modern humanitarian knowledge is generated in ersatz-thinking practices, which have already acquired a regulatory character and thereby, on quite legitimate grounds, aggravate the situations of the "anthropological catastrophe".

Keywords: self-knowledge, cognition, attitude, man, ersatz-thinking, thinking, anthropology, being, deed, self-identity

Abstract: In this article the authors discuss whether it is possible to apply the concepts of context processing and context effect for the purposes of studying specific features of the generalization process in the norm and in case of mental pathology. The article introduces the authors' earlier studies that demonstrated the dependence of the actualization of the significant feature in the process of object generalization on the conditions of the cognitive task, i.e. the context of generalization. The article deals with the study of mechanisms of impairmen context processing impairments in case of internally generated mental disorders (especially schizophrenia and schizotypal and affective disorders) and borderline disorders (personality disorders and neurotic disorders). Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of impairment of temporary, conceptual and episodic memory, relation the ability for social cognition and cognitive functioning in both foreign and domestic researches. Using the method of theoretical and methodological analysis, the authors propose the general theoretical hypothesis of differentiated mechanisms of generalization process impairments for endogenous and borderline mental disorders and prove experimental methods of its verification. The authors suggest that the actualization of latent features including subjective features in the process of generalization of stimulus uncertainty (semantic distance of generalized objects) demonstrated by patients with schizophrenia is determined by the deficit of the social context processing, and in case of patients with borderline mental disorders, on the contrary, it is determined by excessive social labeling. The authors dscribe the methodology of experimental tasks of the pilot research offered in the adopted 'Find the odd one out' inventory. The methodology includes three series of tasks offering the variety of the semantic distance of objects, their emotional richness and adequacy of the social context of the use of objects. The article also presents expected results of the research by the original method that will open up new prospects in the differential diagnosis of patopsychology and psychiatry.  

Keywords: schizophrenia, stimulus under uncertainty, social labeling, latency feature, subjective feature, impairment of the process of generalization, thinking, context effect, context processing, borderline mental disorders

Abstract: The problem of differentiation between communicative partners as «friends» and «aliens» is touched by the author in this article. Alperovich discusses the role of metaphors in perception of the others as «friends» and «aliens» as well as criteria for their categorization in communication and interaction. Interconnections of metaphors of «friends» and of «aliens» with interpretative repertoires (dispositive, conative, normative, mythologic etc.) of perception of the others as «enemies» and «friends» constitute the subject of the present research. The author elaborates a classification of metaphors of «friends» and of «aliens» based on the cognitive conception of metaphor in psychology including antropomorphical metaphors, artifact metaphors, abstract metaphors, zoomorphic metaphors, naturomorphic metaphors and magic metaphors. The author has discovered that metaphors of different types form different interpretative repertoires of images of «friends» and of «aliens». Antropomorphical metaphors are means of dispositive repertoire. Artifact metaphors are means of normative repertoire. Zoomorphic metaphors and naturomorphic metaphors are means of mythologic repertoire. «Magic» metaphors are means of fatalistic repertoire.

Keywords: dispositive repertoire, interpretative repertoire, Friend, Enemy, aliens, friends, metaphor, conative repertoire, normative repertoire, mythologic repertoire

Abstract: The object of the present research article is the situation of interdisciplinary interaction of sciences and branches of knowledge, the subject of the research is the interaction between contemporary psychology and sociology. The focus is made on the development of the unified strategy of such integration. Within the framework of this development strategy, special place is given to the science consumptive status of a particular sphere of knowledge, obervation of the principles of scientific rigour and implementation of sociocultural resources. The fact that both psychology and sociology follow this strategy considerably increases their potential for interdisciplinary interaction not only with each other but also with the other branches of knowledge. As a rule, interdisciplinary interaction of sciences and branches of knowledge involves the system analysis of the problem. This is the system approach that defines the nature of the integration of sciences, all the more so that both psychology and sociology belong to sociohumanitarian knowledge. The following provisions have been recognized as the main conclusions of the research: 1) sociology and psychology are close spheres of knowledge both in terms of their scientific status and science-consumptive specifics; 2) particular method or research methodology is what brings sociology and psychology close to each other; 3) both psychology and sociology use an integrated analysis of the phenomena and processes of social reality. 

Keywords: social knowledge, cognition, integration of sciences, system analysis, sociology, psychology, society, methodology, science, sociohumanitarian knowledge

Abstract: The article is devoted to the intersection and mutual influence of interpretation and cognitive abilities. The research of cognitive issues involves studying the process of cognition and knowledge and information organization that ensure the adequate and efficient orientation and activity of human. The latter is in many ways caused by caused by the knowledge possessed by the person and opportunity to operate this knowledge, i.e. to understand it and act based on his experience. These aspects are of key importance in the process of interpretation. The author of the present article discusses the role of interpretation in the fulfillment of the basic cognitive abilities. Cognition is a complex research subject that has different aspects. This creates the need for applying the interdisciplinary approach and using sources on psychology, cognitive disciplines and philosophy. Examining the basic cognitive abilities, the author demonstrates that explicitly or implicitly these abilities have the element of interpretation that allows the information obtained to become part of the personal experience. This is performed through applying and reconstructing data in the process of formation of images or the mental process of thought by the means of language. The author concludes that interpretation and implementation of cognitive abilities are interdependent processes and their successful fulfillment contributes to the formation of a stable and consistent personal picture of the world. Thus, the research of cognitive abilities and their mechanisms reveal new aspects of the problem of interpretation and understanding.

Keywords: understanding, interpretation, cognitive abilities, image, meaning, information, experience, context, representation, cognitive schemes.

Abstract: The author of the article studies cognitive functions of a subject as the part of the evolutionary Universe. Lasitskaya offers new evolutionary epistemology definitions of knowledge, subject and subjective activity from the constructivist point of view. She describes critics of the weak points of evolutionary epistemology which can be overcome by applying the constructivist principles. Lasitskaya also emphasizes that in evolutionary epistemology the cognitive process involves the elements of constructing, transformation, trivialization and complication and conditioned by biological and trans-biological determinants. Evolution of a subject is related to the growth of his constructivist activity. The subject does not just blend into mesocosm but actively constructs his life world. In her research Lasitskaya has applied evolutionary epistemological, constructivist and activity approaches. The subject is viewed from the point of view of his activity in the environment and active creative position in the cognitive process. Lasitskaya has also reconstructed the basic principles of the evolutionary theory of knowledge based on constructivism by applying the ideas of interactive constructivism, neurophysiologic constructivism, second order cybernetics, Autopoiesis theory, radical constructivism and Ron Amundson’s concept of constraint. Evolutionary epistemology describes constructive activity in cognition as the practice of self-fulfillment of subjectivity in one’s relations with the other world.

Keywords: adaptation, perception, knowledge, constructing, cognition, practice, self-fulfillment, subject, subject, subjective activity, evolution.

Abstract: The essay is focused on the growth of the scientific interest of the modern Western culture in play as a phenomenon and metaphor. The phenomenon of play is viewed as a theory (there is a great number of play theories). However, these theories are often used in practice because the metaphor of play has proved to be heuristically useful. They offer a modern system of views that can be used in research. The author of the essay tries to trace back the process of changes in the scientific interest in the concept of play and the process of developing the concept of play as a phenomenon and a metaphor of contemporary (post) modern Western culture. Contemporary Western culture is defined by Lourens Minnema as the (post) modern culture. From this point of view the author of the essay compares this culture with a game, a combination of games without an overall aim, play without a transcendent destination but with particular rules observed by players. According to the author of the essay, Western scientific interest in play as a phenomenon and a metaphor is characteristic of the way in which contemporary (post)modern culture sees itself. Today it is impossible to imagine the Western discourse in any sphere of research without the phenomenon of play, even in such spheres as the theories of culture, economics, politics and etc. (Post) modern culture can be described in terms of play, therefore, (post) modern culture can also express itself through play.

Keywords: game, play, culture, modernism, post-modernism, play theory, theory of culture, metaphor, human nature, individualization, transcendentia.

Abstract: The authors of the article touch upon one of the least studied aspects of the influence of computers on the brain, psyche and consciousness. Internet is a global phenomenon and intellectual benefit of the humankind and contribution of the Internet to the development of the world history and human mind is very significant. Dialectic connection between virtual reality and real virtuality (in the form of the Mobius band) explains the fact that real and virtual worlds are often mixed up or even pathologically shifted (up to being replaced) in the mind of someone who is suffering from of the Internet addiction. All over the world psychiatrists are aware of this global invisible threat of ‘soft’ mental and social degradation of hundred millions of people. The destructive influence of the Internet addiction on brains can be compared to the drug addiction. Therefore psychiatrists aim their efforts at developing effective methods of saving poor prisoners of the World Wide Web from the loss of their human Self. The authors of the present article base themselves upon the original concept of evolutionary classification of mirror neurons of the brain cortex that has no analogies in neither Russian nor foreign literature. This allows to consider the structure of a whole range of pathological influences caused by extreme use of the Internet on the brain and mental health of a user as the subject under review. In terms of mirror neurons of the brain context special attention is paid to the research of a so-called ‘clip consciousness’ that leads not only to deviant behavior which is widely studied in scientific literature but also to the brain injury and dysfunction of the central nervous system, especially in case of children and teenagers. Noteworthy that Internetrelated tendencies towards simplification of everyday vocabulary and refusal from the epistolary genre are rarely discussed only at the phenomenological level and are still out of sight of neuroscientists, first of all, psychologists and psychiatrists. In a word, even when researches touch upon the topic, they do it ‘outside the brain’ even though it is quite possible to study it ‘from the inside’ due to the computer technologies allowing to neuro visualize processes ongoing in the brain tissue.

Keywords: Internet, brain, consciousness, mental health, computer, information, society, clip, image, addiction.

Abstract: Cognitive picture of the world can be disproved by new observations and researches showing that the world is much richer than what is perceived by a subject. However, it does not mean at all that a subject has limited cognitive abilities or unreliable perception system. In other words, man does not create the world. He creates only representations of the world based on his experience and perception system. Cognitive representations allow to forecast future events and cognitive (mental) maps guide us in our surroundings. This is what makes them significant and valued. Methodological schemes and models provide the easiest access to gaining knowledge about the reality. They serve as the intellectual tool that allows to combine isolated elements. These schemes represent a particular vision of the world typical for this or that stage of history. The author also carries out the analysis of the genesis and development of the scientific picture of the world based on the common sense. According to the author, man does not create the world. He creates only representations of the world based on his experience and perception system. Cognitive representations allow to forecast future events and cognitive (mental) maps guide us in our surroundings. This is what makes them significant and valued.

Keywords: cognitive representation, picture of the world, common sense, perception, genetic epistemology, hermeneutics, social epistemology, scientific picture of the world, philosophy of education, methodology of knowledge.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present research article is the analysis of Alexander Chizhevsky’s style of thinking and consciousness. The author of the article provides particular arguments proving that the great philosopher actually had the cosmic mind, the higher state of consciousness that was in detail studied, described and illustrated by the Canadian psychiatrist of the second half of XIXth century Richard Maurice Bokk. The author of the article prove her arguments through a detailed analysis of phenomenology and nature of this phenomenon (special attention is paid to Stanislav Grof’s concept of the cosmic game) as well as personal qualities and creative work of Alexander Chizhevsky. In her research the author used the following research methods: analysis of literature, comparison, synthesis, induction, deduction and generalization. The novelty of the research article is the systematic study of the style of thinking of a so-called ‘Leonardo da Vinci of XXth century’ with respect to its ‘cosmic nature’ as defined by Bokk. The author also tries to draw a parallel between Chizhevsky’s theory of space ages (most likely to be meant for Tsiolkovsky) and the concept of the cosmic game offered by Stanislav Grof. The main conclusion made by the author of the research is that the hypothesis about Alexander Chizhevsky having the ‘cosmic’ type of mind proves to be true.

Keywords: cosmic sense, cosmism, cosmic game, evolution, overcoming the borders, trans-personal approach, mysticism, Chizhevsky, Bokk, Grof.

Abstract: Starting out from writings by Erik Santner, Slavoy Zizek and Alenka Zupanchich, the researcher establishes the theory of the subjective singularity from the point of view of Lacanian school. The researcher declares that unlike the ‘subject’ (who exists as a result of symbolic prohibition) and ‘personality’ (that is related to narcissistic self-conceit of the imaginary), the singular ‘self’ emerges as a response to the trigger, i.e. directive coming from the reality. Disregarding social and interpersonal relations of a person, this directive forms a ‘character’. Consequently, the singularity reflects personal features, qualities and temperament but at the same time the singularity prevents from both symbolic and imaginary closing. It is open for all levels of disobedience which shows that human life has certain elements which go beyond the borders of standard sociality. Indeed, since the singularity clearly speaks of something related to ‘undead’ enjoyment (‘jouissance’), it connects the person with the paradoxical immortality. It does not mean that he will never die. It is more likely that it brings the ‘transcendental’ experience such as a strong desire to be creative which may take us beyond the borders of earthly life at least for a moment. Such experience allows the individual to feel ‘real’ and prevents symbolic abduction and psychic death.

Keywords: repeated trauma, desire, attraction, enjoyment, signifying, singularity, infinity, transcendental, immortality, character.

Abstract: The problem of rather questionable influence of the Internet on the user’s mental health and surroundings is growing really important. The process of informatization has drastically changed all types, forms and instruments of activity, phenomena and priorities of life style typical for both traditional and industrial societies. The ongoing situation is in violent contrast with the good will as one’s ability to make a virtual choice out of actually existing alternatives, put them into life and hold a social and moral responsibility before the government and society, others and himself.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, informatization, computer, human in a choice situation, Internet addiction, autism, game addiction, choice situation, Internet.

Abstract: The author views the development of formalized psychological models from a historical perspective. The author traces back the evolution of the relation between abstract mathematical reflection and scientific methodological interpretation of perceived reality in the process of such model establishment. The author shows a different role of mathematics in formalization of objective data obtained through empirical and theoretical approaches. Empirical approach assigns a leading role to mathematical methods that view a phenomenon as a collection of formal features, both significant and insignificant. Theoretical approach studies the contents of a phenomenon and uses mathematical methods only to give a certain shape to such contents. The author also shows how a model of the highest form of psyche is built based on each approach. Psychometric paradigm adopts a universal explanatory principle (association) and natural scientific methods for measuring particular features. It does not study the qualitative features of creativity though. Quite on the contrary, activity paradigm provides a theoretical definition of creativity, defines the nature of creativity as a psychological phenomenon and develops a specific psychological method. Whether such formal model is adequate or not is defined through understanding of the essence of the phenomenon being modeled opposed to description of such model based on measured features.

Keywords: psychology, formalization, model, form, contents, unit, analysis, method, development, paradigm.

Abstract: The article describes cultural gameplay technologies from the point of view of entelechy. In philosophy the term ‘entelechy’ is defined as an essential measure of the relation between consciousness as subjectivity and objective world such as one’s inner or spiritual world or even the world of nature. The authors of the article also views multi-culturalism within the framework of the multi-linguality concept. Multi-lingual reality has more ways and methods of translation of multi-lingual experience. The latter ensures the secrecy of transfer of unique and socially valuable information (life activity) and experience of human relations with the language. The channel of communication in this process is the multi-lingual’s attitude to the language. The phenomenon of multt-lingualism assumes hat the language and the multi-ligual (the person studying it) are brought together in a natural environment where this co-event is happening. The authors of this particular article study the main definitions of multi-ligual reality as a method of realization of public and individual needs. The invariant of multi-lingual reality is closely connected with the logic of ideal materialism of the linguistic content and its expression principles. Multi-lingual reality exists as some kind of another world dynamic unity of plurality and integration. Multi-lingual factors belong to the temporal reality. The method of eidos variation allows to understand the essential invariants of multi-linguism.

Keywords: pedagogy, entelechy, evocation, multi-linguality, game, meta-language, semiotics play, multi-culturalism, significatum.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the game models of multi-linguism as well as the role of games and play in pedagogy and teaching foreign languages. The author of the article summarizes the experience of the great interpeters who spoke two and more languages. The author also views the theory of cyrotope and chronochore and their meaning in reproduction of game contents. The author also touches upon important issuse of linguistics, rhetorics, cultural research and literary studies as well as a playing mechanism of a reader as well as important aspects of the world semiotics.

Keywords: pedagogy, language, culture, bilinguality, evocation, multi-linguism, praxiology, interpretation, games.

Abstract: How does a human think? Is it possible to teach human think better, more efficiently or more exact? The problems of thinking are gaining more and more importance and interest not only for philosophers but also for psychologists. Philosophical anthropology shows special interest in this topic, too. What does it have to do with? The author of the article tries to answer these questions and reveal the anthropological aspect of thinking.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, thinking, anthropological aspect, subject, meaning, nonsense, abstractness, neurosis, need.

Abstract: The article analyzes the interaction between adult’s physical indicators and his cognitive potentials. Physical indicators include strength, speed, flexibility and balance. Intellectual potentials include parameters of creative thinking: mental flexibility, originality, mental speed and others. The study involves a correlation analysis. The study proves positive correlations between ability to coordination of movement and some indicators of divergent thinking (flexibility and productivity) as well as mental speed when solving tasks.

Keywords: psychology, potentials, physical potentials, cognitive processes, intellectual potentials, creative potentials, thinking, memory, flexibility, balance.

Abstract: The author of the article gives a definition of emotional creativity as an ability to generate all kinds of new emotions and feelings. Emotional creativity is viewed from the two points of view: in a broad sense s a divergent feeling and part of emotional sphere, and in a narrow sense as one’s ability. It is noted that the structure of emotional creativity in a wide sense reflects the structure of emotional sphere and connects with the divergent feeling, the latter being one of the characteristics of emotions, feelings and personal emotional traits. In a narrow sense, emotional creativity is an ability which is connected with activity and creates the basis for artistic talents. The structure of emotional creativity as an ability includes: emotional productivity (fluency of emotions), flexibility, originality and clearness of emotions.

Keywords: psychology, emotional creativity, creativity, emotions, feelings, divergent feelings, personality, abilities, artistic talents, emotionality.

Abstract: French philosopher Jean Baudrillard pays signification attention at differentiation of the terms ‘sign’, ‘symbol’ and ‘simulacrum’. The attribute which allows to differentiate these terms is their relation to objectivity. According to the author, a sign is always objective and refers to objectivity. Symbol is objective but does not refer to objectivity. Simulacrum tears apart the connection between a sign and objectivity.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, sign, objectivity, symbol, simulacrum, ideology, sociality, message, exchange.

Abstract: The article reflects the results of the carried out research of the argument from the point of view of the cognitive approach which for the first time considers correlations between cognitive style parameters and indicators of arguments.

Keywords: psychology, convincing, cognitive style, proof, substantial indicators of arguments, cogitation, field dependence, cognitive complexity, concrete conceptualization, impulsivity

Abstract: The article analyzes the program and methodology of modeling human intellect from the interdisciplinary approach. Main attention is paid at defi ning basic terms including the term ‘information’.

Keywords: psychology, cognitive science, information, intellect, modeling, communication, data base, knowledge data base, representation

Abstract: Throughout many decades philosophy studied the thinking processes quite independently from other sciences and mostly in the context of intellectual potentials and without taking into account the anthropological aspect. However, such a tendency to ‘keep’ the thinking theory from related branches of science is out of date now. Psychologists start to identity human with his cognitive style. The author of the article makes an attempt to reveal the anthropological grounds of thinking.

Keywords: psychology, human, thinking, cognition, cognitive style, abstraction, meaning, experiment, intellectuality, symbol

Abstract: Review: what do we expect from school today? Is the school’s only goal to reproduce existing culture? Does the school need to ‘make up’ loyal citizens out of children? The authors analyzed changes in methodological and psychological basis of modern education, in particular, its transition from a formally logic disciplinary structure to a narrative interpreting model. According to the authors, education cannot be viewed only as a tool for transferring knowledge. It is not enough just to establish a certain teaching method and to implement it at school. Education has a more global task which is to adjust culture to man’s needs and to prepare a man for realizing his social functions. This is the only context in which the true nature of education can be understood

Keywords: psychology, world perception, education, science, discourse, narrative, culture, information and historical conceptions of education, cognitive science

Abstract: Review: the author studied how mathematical models had been used in psychology in order to formalize description of psychic phenomena based on the features studied. The author viewed the factors proving the need to change mathematical models in psychology. It is shown that dynamic and statistical regularities used for formalization of psychic processes are quite limited. Successful appliance of mathematical models in psychology depends on adequate understanding of the content of psychic reality. Key words: psychology, mathematical models of psychic phenomena, form and content, time interval, the feature studied, continuity rule, description by manifestation, theoretical definition

Abstract: The article is devoted the changes in intellect and psyche which happen in elderly people. The author analyzed the reasons why IQ score is usually lower at that age. The article contains examples of long-living people who remained intellectually active despite their old age. The article also discusses grounds for creating psychological anti-ageing methods which would prevent age-specific changes in intellect and professional activity.

Keywords: psychology, anti ageing, long-living people, age, potentials, intellect, personality, ageing, gerontopsychology

Abstract: Abstract: Ancient Greek sophists had certain views on the process of thinking. Such sophistic methods as eristic, using paradox and absurd can be used to active our imagination and intuition. The true advantage of sophistic communication is the expansion of the two-position dialogue to a many-position conversation.

Keywords: psychology, mind, communication, freedom, creativity, sophistic, dialogue, understanding, absurd, paradox

Abstract: Resume: from the beginning of the 20th century and up to the present “adults’” education has been playing a very important role all over the world. During the second part of the 20th century researchers formed new principles of teaching adults and created a new branch of pedagogy, andragogy. In return, andragogy is now influencing all forms of education.

Keywords: education, psychology, pedagogy, androgogy, information, knowledge, personality, teaching, activity

Abstract: Abstract: author’s methods, octet-psychology and penta-psychology, had been developed during the period from 1999 up to 2008. Octet-psychology aims at studying the psyche based on a 8-component approach and the hierarchy conception of psyche components. Penta-psychology aims at studying the personality based on a 5-component approach and the hierarchy conception of personality components.

Keywords: psychology, psyche, human, personality, intellect, subconsciousness, choice, emotion, reason, psychiatry

Abstract: The article is devoted to studying associative bonds between basic emotions and smells. The research evidently proved that there were tolerant associations between positive emotions and some elementary smells: pleasure was associated with fruity (etheric) odors, joy – with flowery fragrances, surprise and interest – with fresh smells. It was found out that the negative emotion of disgust was associated with the decomposed odor. Association areas of anger and fear were somehow over crossed which was explained by the fact that some probationers associated their own odors with their own emotions while others associated odors coming from the others with their response emotions. Based on the theoretical analysis, the researcher supposed that fear was probably related to acid smells while anger was related to musk odors. Noteworthy that sadness was the richest in associations. People often associate it with the smell of camphor, burning, bitterness, hospital and etc. Received data were interpreted from the point of view of the evolutionary model of the bonds between emotions and smells.

Keywords: emotions, smells, associations