Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problem of establishment of the institutions that pursue the Russian world policy in Mongolia. The goal of this research lies in analyzing the institutionalization of the Russian world policy in Mongolia based on the three key components: Russian diaspora, Russian language and Orthodoxy. The subject of this research is the process of establishment of the institutions of Russian diaspora in the historical context. An important place in this article belongs to the problematic of functional asymmetry of the indicated institutions. The author makes an assumption that the overcoming of such asymmetry will allow increasing efficiency of the institutions of Russian presence. The study is based on the methodology of historical institutionalism. In this context, the institutions are viewed as the structures that distribute power, and remain in a state of struggle within themselves, as well as with the historically preceding institutions. In light of this paradigm, the author analyzes the institutions in the context of their historical evolution. The article is first to trace the succession between the public diplomacy institutions of the Soviet period and the institutions former in the 2000’s. Herewith, the beginning of 2000’s is considered as a critical fork, in other words, the period that mark the emergence of new norms and deactualization of the old ones. The author believes that namely the institutional succession with the preceding period is the cause for double burden on the modern institutions of the Russian world policy. The main conclusion underlines that the overall performance of institutions that implement the Russian world policy in Mongolia is negatively affected by the functional asymmetry.

Keywords: emmigration, asymmetry, Asia, diaspora, ideology, policy, Russian world, institutes, influence, public diplomacy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the status and role of the “Russian” political movements and parties in the State of Israel. The author meticulously examines such aspects of the topic as the establishment of the communal party policy in the State of Israel, formation of the “Russian lobby” and its activity during the first decade of its existence (1992-2003), new generation of the “Russian lobby” (2004-2013). Attention is given to the analysis of the role of Russian speaking community within the political processes in Jewish state in the early XXI century. The specific feature of this work is the application of hermeneutic approach; the author also refers to the general scientific procedures, including analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive conclusions. The scientific novelty consists in implementation of the comprehensive analysis of the “Russian lobby” phenomenon in Israel. The key conclusion lies in the statement that at the present stage there are the following models of lobbying of interests of the “Russian street” of Israel: creation of narrow-sectoral communal party, development of the “Russian” parties with Israel accent, and use of resources of the national parties.

Keywords: political party, Russian lobby, repatriates, Russian street, Russian speaking community, Russian language, State of Israel, political movement, Knesset, electoral barrier

Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of administrative-territorial modelling by the imperial authorities of the steppe territory of North Caucasus, populated by the nomadic people in the XIX century. The author thoroughly examines such aspects of the topic as the administrative-territorial structure of the Kalmyks, Nogais, and Turkmens, as well as its legislative formalization. Peculiar attention is given to the laid in the foundation of the administrative-territorial modelling ethnical principle, which did not violate the economic purposefulness, but rather rationally and effectively complemented it. With preservation of the admissible legal norms and local customs and traditions, the major goal of the imperial policy, regarding the entered into the composition of Russia ethnic groups, consisted in unification of the system of administration due to the growing strategic and economic importance of the region. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the analysis of the determined sources, based on which the conclusion was made that the administrative-territorial modelling pf the steppe area of North Caucasus depended on the political, economic, and ethnical factors, which justified the multivariant government structure as a whole.

Keywords: XIX century, government structure, Nomadic people, ulus, empire, province, steppe area of Norht Caucasus, foreigners, administrative-territorial modeling, administrative-territorial structure

Abstract: The subject of the research is the state of the Russian-speaking communities in the post-Soviet republics. The Russian-speaking population in this paper are considered not only as a basically ethnic group — Russians, but also as a stratum connected with certain professional skills and status position. The position of the Russian-speaking population in the former Soviet Union is considered through a lens of the transformations of social and demographical structure of the former USSR societies. The changes that took place in the former Soviet Union countries regarding the Russian questionn are considered within the framework of the general theory of civilisational and imperial collapse. Based on historical comparison, the author defines different models of the integration of the Russian-speaking population into the public systems of post-Soviet societies. The problems of Russian-speaking population are revealed in the context of transit state of post-Soviet societies. The article reveals common and peculiar features of social and demographical processes in the former USSR republics regarding the problems of the Russian-speaking part of population. The article highlights the differences of group identifications within the Russian community around the world. The author discloses the phenomenon of demographical extrusion and discrimination of the Russian-speaking population in the former Soviet Union countries, which can be explained by the trend of post-imperial disintegration.   

Keywords: migration, latent discrimination, demographic extrusion, The Russian question, identity, former Soviet Union, Russian-speaking, diaspora, compatriot, demography

Abstract: The subject of the study is the Cossacks as a category of ethno-social representations based on the philosophy of freedom of expressions. The authors of the article show the need to integrate the historical experience of Cossack associations into modern society. At all times Cossack communities had the two forms: social (military servicers) and ethnic (natural Cossacks). The aim of the research is to describe the situation that on the basis of socio-natural character of the duality of the Cossacks formed controversial history of the Cossacks. Research methodology involves comparative historical analysis, synthesis of monographic studies, polemical analogy to interpretation of generally accepted concepts. The result of the research article is that the author views the principles of Cossack liberties to be the basis of ethnic ideology of the Cossack communities as opposed to the state (Imperial) doctrine of the nature of the Cossack mentality and views. Ways of integrating traditional Cossack way of life in the socially dynamic environment are shown. Further researches can be used to understand the role of the Cossacks in the development of the Russian state. Many historians directly and openly say that in the XV–XVI centuries and up to the middle of the XVII century, Cossack ethnicity was perceived as a foreign element, harmful and dangerous. Conclusion. The paradigm of Russian Cossacks as Russian ethnic subgroup is based on the recognition of historical facts forming the Cossacks out of heterogeneous nations while maintaining its Slavic, or Great Russian anthropological dominant and grounds. Along with the general Great Russian dominating features, Cossack social community also had other specific differences in culture, psychology and lifestyle of military services.

Keywords: Cossacks, history, ethnicity, Russia, the State, tradition, law, culture, consciousness, worldview.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems of managing the ‘internal’ borderlands of the Russian Empire from the poi of view of the ethnic factor. The author of the given research analyzes differences in the legal status of the Kalmyk people of the Astrakhan Governorate and the Don Host Lands. Based on the comparative analysis of the regulatory acts of the 19th century, the author sets goals to define the influence of the essential (domestic, cultural and economic) factors on the legal regulation of the order of managing ethnic communities of the Volga-Don Region as well as to clarify the management methods and to describe how these are particularly applied to Volga-Don communities. Research methodology is based on the principle of historicism. The research methods include comparative-legal, historical-cultural and situational (concrete historical) methods of critical analysis of sources as well as historiographic critics. The results of the analysis allow to clarify the legal methods of influence on the process of the settlement of the Kalmyks and bringing their status to the status of a country man or a Cossack as a military man. One of such methods was the symbolic change of the names of administrative units while gradually forcing out institutional peculiarities of the military-ancestral organization of nomadic tribes. The author concludes that the legal policy concerning the internal borderlands of the Russian Empire did not have a finalized nature. Strategic tasks aimed at unification of the management of the Kalmyk steppe were solved indirectly through the combination of measures involving the Kalmyk people into a sedentary life style and Orthodoxy. Debates on establishing both tactic and strategic measures provide clear evidence that there were always more than two actors defining the choice of reforms.

Keywords: trusteeship, polyjuridism, nomadism, the Kalmyks, Cossacks, alien races, national administration, the Buzava (Buzava Kalmyks), legal policy, ethnosubjectivity.

Abstract: As a result of social disruptions of the fi rst half of the 20th century, Cossacks have been spread all over the world and deprived of their own social institutions. The concept of Cossacks as a social community has been formed under the infl uence of the political nature of the issue through history, the complexity of the phenomenon of Cossacks and peculiarities of relations between Cossacks and the Russian government. In the USSR scientifi c researches of Cossacks as a social community were subdued to the existing ideology that sometimes was radical. Russian social studies barely ever touched upon the phenomenon of Cossacks. Cossacks were studied by culture experts, historians, lawyers, political experts and military scientists. Within the framework of the research A. Lyashko uses the terms ‘ethnos’ and ‘social class’ as the categories of social studies. Based on this, Cossacks are viewed from the point of view of ethnosociology, sociology of culture, military and political sociology. A. Lyashko carried out the comparative analysis of the military social structure of Cossacks with the military social structures of other societies. The researcher also analyzes the social structure of Cossack (four social classes inside the Cossack class). The researcher shows that Cossacks are one of the indigenous communities of Russia and Ukraine and possess the main features of ethnos. The departure from the stereotypes on Cossacks as a service class community allows to take a new look at Cossacks as a social community, in particular, Cossack culture and traditional Cossack democracy.

Keywords: Cossacks, ethnos, social class, social stratifi cation, social institution, material culture, intellectual culture, national identity, military structure, political culture.

Abstract: In the second half of XVIII and the first half of XIX century, Volga Tatars became the sponsors of caravan trade between Russian Empire and Central Asia, which implied transit via Kazakhstan. On their way, the caravans participated in transit trade with Kazakh nomad camps, which aided the development of Kazakh economy, as well as aided the growth of economic specialization and barter.

Keywords: History, Kazakhstan, caravan, transit, trade, nomad camps countermen, household, specialization, barter.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the first wave of emigration of the Ukrainians to Germany. Life features of a newly born Diaspora are viewed from the point of view of creation and performance of the most important Ukrainian establishments and so are they key problems and achievements influencing the Ukrainian land in general. The First World War is considered to be one of the milestone events in the Ukrainian history which has caused the mass scattering and emigration of the Ukranians to European and American states.

Keywords: history, emigration, refugees, war prisoners, hetman, establishments, society, institute, Ukraine, Germany.

Abstract: This article describes the history of the so-called second wave of immigration of Ukrainians to Germany. The author considers the background of this process, focusing on the military or the Hetman’s exile in 1920. The article deals with the processes of transformation of the immigration community in the Diaspora, its institutionalization, the relationship between migrants and indigenous.

Keywords: immigration, the first wave, second wave, the Second World War, the diaspora community, institutionalization, the organizational aspect of life, the Central Office Ukrainian expatriates in Germany, focal points of the Supreme Ukrainian Public Organizations, Asia and Africa

Abstract: This article presents the author’s position solely on the interpretation of public-modes with respect to the territories of traditional residence and nature of indigenous peoples.

Keywords: area, mode, guarantees, classification, security, indigenous peoples, the territory of traditional land, territories densely populated agricultural land.

Abstract: The article actualizes the problem of ethnocultural integration of people and shows the role of bilingualism in this process. Special attention is paid at the usage of bilingualism as a method of cultural integration of ethnic communities in the system of education and up-bringing of scholars as well as development of the ‘national schools’. The author of the article especially underlines the nature and orientation of ethic identifi cation performed with the help or by the means of bilingualism. On one hand, it actualizes an important role of one’s native language which has a decisive effect on people in the process of acculturation. On the other hand, it does not eliminate the importance of a foreign language which can solve a certain poly-linguistic and poly-cultural situation one may face. These are the aspects the article is mostly devoted to.

Keywords: cultural studies, integration, values, ethnoculture, language, bilingualism, society, norms, identifi cation.