Abstract: The author analyzes the solution of the social issue in the programs of Russian political parties. It is noted that not all Russian parties have a social program, despite the fact that political parties have the opportunity to formulate the main directions of social policy and implement them. The program documents of such parties as United Russia, Just Russia, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation are the most informative. Pension provision is the most demanded by political parties, therefore, each program contains proposals for its solution. It should be noted that not all political parties offer real plans for improving pensions, many party documents contain criticism and rhetorical exclamations. The issue of social insurance is considered by the parties to a lesser extent. We can note the specific proposals of the parties "United Russia" and the Liberal Democratic Party. The article concludes about the important role of social policy programs for the political future of parties. The real result of the elections to the State Duma in 2021 testifies to the importance of social policy in the program documents of a political party. The elections were won by parties that had social programs: United Russia, which won by a wide margin, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, which received 18.93% of the vote, and A Just Russia, with a score of 7.46%. Thus, the solution of social issues is the key to the longevity and political relevance of the party.

Keywords: Russia, Social issue, Party, Politics, social projects, social support, pension provision, social insurance, social policy, Program

Abstract: The article is devoted to the features of the development of the political system of Russia and Argentina in the 30-40s of the twentieth century. A special emphasis is placed on the formation of state policy and key aspects of the creation of political institutions during the reign of Stalin in Russia in the context of the development of communist ideology and socialist construction. It is also indicated that the liberal system established by the Constitution of 1853 in Argentina has shown its inability to cope with the political, social, economic and ideological challenges and transformations of Argentina after the falsification of elections in 1930.In this context, the experience of the rather difficult development of the political system of Argentina and Russia in the 30-40s of the twentieth century is of considerable interest, since these two countries faced similar problems of state structure, especially in the field of economics and politics.           The political system of a society currently undergoing transformational changes is at the modernization stage of development, which brings it to the status of an object of research and professional interest of political scientists, lawyers, philosophers, sociologists, historians and specialists in the field of other humanities. As a result of these shifts, one of the pressing problems that political science is currently dealing with is the development of clear ideas about the consequences of institutional changes. The issues of the development of democracy, democratic transits, transformations of political systems have become one of the main directions of political science in recent decades. The task of finding out the sources of changes in political institutions and predicting their consequences became especially acute at the beginning of the twentieth century, when a number of countries in Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe began to move away from the authoritarian way of government and embarked on the path of democratic development.

Keywords: political relations, social relations, political parties, ideology, Argentina, Russia, political system, economic relations, political regimes, comparativism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the dynamics of changes in evolution of the political parties as a central element in political system of the United States. The dynamics of changes is attributed to the fact that the parties have walked the path from the state of the rapidly implementable political need of the end of XVIII until the stage of the paramount, legislatively regulated institution of the XXI century. Therewith, the dominant role in electoral political process belongs to the Republicans and Democrats, who alternate in the struggle for supremacy. The goal of research lies in determination of the factor of diminishment of the role and impact of the leading political parties of the United States that are the dominant component of the American political system, as well as estimation of the consequences of this process. The following research methods were used: historical-retrospective analysis of formation of the political parties; comparative method on characterizing the parties of the United States; system approach to analysis of the factors that led to establishment of the two-party system in the United States; forecast analysis of the causes of decline in influence of the dominant parties on the political processes in the country. The scientific novelty consists in examination and clarification of the conditions of formation of the political parties, as well as provision of characteristics to the leading and third parties within the US political system. The authors conclude that in the United States had gradually established the two-party system, characterized by the dominant position of the two parties – Republican and Democratic; the two recent decades have marked the evident increase in the number of independent candidates; currently, about 40% of the Americans do not affiliate themselves to one or another party.

Keywords: bipartite system, third parties, democratic party, Republican party, dynamics of changes, electoral process, political system, political parties, USA, system method

Abstract: The article presents the role of the Indian National Congress Party in development of India's foreign and domestic policy. The subject of the study is the principles of establishment of the party, examined within the framework of two periods of development and peculiarities of establishment of the political organization. The first period (1877-1946) lasts from origination of the party and activation of the national liberation movement of India until the declaration of independence; the second period (1947-2014) isa period of party’s dominance in the political life of India. The author conducted a comparative analysis of activity of the most influential party leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Narasimh Rao, Kesri Singh, S. Gandhi, M. Singh, and Rajiv Gandhi. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the factors that contributed to consolidation of the leading positions of the party, as well as its subsequent shift to opposition. Special attention is given to examination of the results of elections, since the first elections in 1951, when the Indian National Congress started gaining its reputation in the parliament, all the way until 2014, when the party lost in the elections, yielding its position to the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Keywords: Lok Sabha, elections, British rule, national liberation movement, party, Indians, India, Gandhi, Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party

Abstract: The subject of this research is the optimality and ability of party systems to changes in the postmodern period that is expressed by the difficulties of the “third wave of democratization”, especially in cases of transformation of the single-party system into the multi-party system. The author thoroughly examines such aspects of the topic as the changes in structural basis of the traditional party systems, analysis of the qualitative signs of party system, mutual influence of the party and electoral systems, peculiarities of formation of the party system with dominant party, potential for transformation of the Russian party system towards the competitive multi-party system. Using the comparative, structural, and functional methods in the context of determining the causes for moderation of the establishment of multi-party system in postmodern transitive period conduced the detection of direct dependency of the type of party system from the forma of public administration, as well as interrelation of the electoral regime with the behavior of electorate, level its activeness or inactiveness. The scientific novelty lies in filling the gap in theoretical research about the transformation of political systems, which takes place not only under the effect of changes in political and electoral systems, but also reconstruction of the internal elements of the party system that must help comprehending and determining the characteristic features of the system that substantiate its sustainable development. 

Keywords: institutionalization of the party systems, inter party competition, electoral systems, dominant-party system, one-party system, bipartisanship, multiparty system, elements of the party system, parliamentary factions, political will

Abstract: In November of 2016 and January of 2017, the two largest party of France – the Republicans and Socialist Party, held the open primary election for nominating their candidate for the presidential elections. The article analyzed the causes for holding the primary election, as well as their consequences for the French political system. The author comes to a conclusion that despite the number of obvious advantages that are common to such event in various countries, it led to negative results in France by discrediting the future of the two major political powers and existence of the system of Fifth Republic. Method of this research consists in the analysis of just-completed presidential campaign in France. Leaning on the central French news media, the author examines the impact of prime election upon the final result of the presidential elections of 2017. The recently ended presidential campaign in France became unique for the Fifth Republic. There is yet no published material on this matter in the Russian or foreign historiography, which defines the scientific novelty of this article.

Keywords: Manuel Valls, Alain Juppe, Macron, Presidential elections, Fifth Republic, Primary election, France, Crisis, Multiculturalism, Identity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the organizational efficiency of the Institutional Revolutionary Party of Mexico. The object is the Institutional Revolutionary Party of Mexico in the XX century. The author carefully examines the structural peculiarities of the party, as well as the general context of political regime in Mexico. Special attention is given to the theoretical concept of organizational efficiency. The author provides is own definition of the organizational efficiency. In this case, it is suggested to views the organizational efficiency of the Institutional Revolutionary Party of Mexico as its ability to attract the supporters to join the ranks. The positions of neo-constitutionalism allow considering the formal legal norms that regulation the actions of the political actors, as well as the informal aspects of politics. The organizational approach allows viewing the peculiarities of organizational relations alongside the functions of political parties. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in highlighting the key factors of the political regime as a whole, and organizational policy of the Institutional Revolutionary Party of Mexico in particular, which affect its organizational efficiency. The author claims that the specificities of political regime had direct impact upon the mobilization policy of the dominant party of Mexico.

Keywords: political party, mobilization, political transformation, political regime, Mexico, organizational effeciency, dominant party, clientelism, political resources, corporativism

Abstract: This article is dedicated to analysis of the problems of the system of normative regulation of political parties’ activity, which are caused by ambivalence of the nature of political parties – party as an institution of civil society, and party as state-legal institution. The author substantiates the necessity of existence of the intraparty (corporate) regulators within the system of normative legal regulation of the work of political parties, which reflect the nature of political party as a civil society institution, as well as examines the questions of interrelations, interconnections, and correlation between the legal and corporate regulation of the status of political parties in the Russian Federation. The results of the research demonstrate that establishment of the democratic political environment safe for the constitutionally essential values, requires a harmonious combination of the state and party impact upon the political relations. The author’s main contribution consists in the formulation of the system of criteria for the purpose of structuring the optimal balance between the legal and corporate regulation, in accordance with which must form the proportion of legal and corporate impact upon the political-legal relations. The author suggests an innovative system of principles aimed at ensuring correspondence of the proportion of normative regulators to the developed criteria.

Keywords: Party autonomy, Self-regulation, Normative system, Regulatory principle, Principle of law, Intraparty regulation, Corporate regulation, Political system, Party law, Political parties

Abstract: This article examines relevant questions of parliamentarism, as well as makes an attempt to find a universal indicator for assessment of the level of activity of political parties in constituents of the Russian Federation. As one of the key principles of parliamentarism in modern state is the ideological and political multiplicity, then the political parties play a central role within the political system, including Russia. The work presents facts and statistical data on the Russian regions from the official sources, which reflect the status of political processes in the country. The authors for the first time use the qualitative methodologies of grouping the regions according to the amount of registered divisions of parties in constituents of the Russian Federation. The official data from the Ministry of Justice of Russia, Federal Service for State Statistics, State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and Central Election Commission are applied in the article for highlighting the leaders and outsiders among the regions based on the activity of political parties. Resolution of the tasks within the framework of this work contributes into development of the promising scientific direction of qualitative analysis of the political environment, clarification of its subject field and conceptual-categorical arsenal.

Keywords: leader region, outsider region, party activity, Russian Federation, multi-party system, regions of Russia, evolution of party system, political, party, parliamentarism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the essence of activity of the political parties, the peculiarities of which are substantiated by the duality of their legal nature. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as the specificities of set by the parties goals and task, legal regulation of party activity, ways of attraction of the necessary financial resources, and responsibility for violation of such order. Special attention is given to the study of the current party activity, which is realized on the regular basis, and not connected with holding the electoral campaign. The author’s main contribution into this research consists in the proposed definition of the notion of “current activity” of political parties. Justification and authenticity of the acquired results were achieved using such methods of scientific cognition, as formal-legal, analysis, lexical-grammatical, and interpretation. Despite its fairly broad use in the number of works alongside the practice, it yet has not received the theoretical substantiation.  

Keywords: goals of political parties, tasks of political parties, electoral funds, sponsorship of political parties, parties funding, electoral activity of poitical parties, current activity of the parties, criminal liability, administrative liability, political parties

Abstract: This article presents the results of the research of regulation practice of responsibility institution of the members of political party in the Russian Federation. The author reveals the issues of ensuring the political party’s right to self-governance on one hand, and citizens’ right to political association and passive electoral right on the other. The author also substantiates the need of government interference through the lawmaking into the regulation process of the institution of interparty responsibility of political party member. The criteria of allowability, as well as limitation of such interference are determined. During the course of this research, the author carries out a comparative analysis of the interparty documents and evaluates them from the perspective of correspondence with the requirements of the current legislation. The attention is given to ne necessity of formulation of the balanced approach towards structuring of the state and party regulation of this area of the relationship. Based on the philosophical type of legal understanding, the author develops the criteria to which such system must adhere. Using the results of the conducted research, the author formulates the proposals on introduction of changes into the current Russian legislation that regulates the work of political parties.

Keywords: Leave to appeal, Interparty discipline, Party prosecution, Expulsion from the party, Party membership, Political party, Right to unite, Responsibility institution, Membership institution, Interparty relationships

Abstract: The object of this research is the party system of the modern Russian state. The subject is the process of realization of the Federal Law “On Political Parties” and further amendments as the presumptive normative-legal base of the Russian party genesis. Special attention is given to the questions of liberalization of the procedure of establishment and registration of parties, emergence of the new party powers in the state electoral practice, as well as possible consequences of these amendments. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as suspension or elimination of parties, mechanism of administrative control over the functioning of the parties in Russia in the context of subordination to the executive authority. The author makes an accent on the most controversial moments of the law on political parties, such as easing of the registration process of the parties alongside the strong administrative control over their work, as well as inclusion into the electoral practice of the new political powers; and on the other hand, discontent of the leaders of the party factions with the aforementioned amendments. The conclusion is made that the party structuring in Russia, despite the liberalization of legislation, is limited by the supervisory role of the government, which first and foremost ensures its own interests, rather that the public interests.

Keywords: State Duma, President, State financing, Electorate, Voters, Society, Federal Law, Elections, Party genesis, Party

Abstract: The subject of this research is the role of party careers in vertical integration of state-territorial levels in binary and joint federal systems. A significant amount of the Western political parties has strong influence upon separate political careers of its members. The author also detects the meaningful differences in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the models of impact of the parties upon the political career. The article examines the main distinctions between the models of political career in joint and binary federal systems on the regional and federal territorial level. The author gives characteristics to the models of party political careers in the four federative systems: Canada, Australia, Austria, and Germany; eight fairly influential national parties that have divisions on the regional level were selected for the comparison. In the context of this research, the author reviews the following: 1) vertical connections within the framework of the federal leadership of the party; 2) vertical connections within the framework of the regional leadership of the party. The scientific novelty lies in the detection of the differences in quantity and quality of the vertical integration, which confirms that for the joint and binary federal systems there is no unified pattern of political career or a single political role of the parties in federal processes. In analysis of the vertical cumulation of the party and state institutions, the more integrated modes of career were detected among the European parties, rather than non-European partners. The party structures not only define the model of the political career through interpretation of the institutional incitements, but also create the specific organizational connections between the institutions on various political levels.

Keywords: comparative analysis, vertical communications, federal system, institutions, political parties, political careers, Australia, Austria, Germany, Canada

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the examination of the stage of activity of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) at the time of establishment of the new political regime in Russia. The author analyzes the parliamentary and mass work of the Communists, underlining the peculiarities of positioning in the regular convocation of State Duma, in which the party did not have the absolute majority. Special attention is given to the formation of the tactical coalition with pro-presidential powers, crises processes in “red belt”, and tension inside the CPRF due to disagreement among its leadership. As one of the major sources, the author uses the operational stenographs of the sessions of the lower house of Russian parliament. The author believes that the parliamentary vector is the main for the modern Communist Party. During the course of this research, this position found its substantiation. The choice of the party of its way of assumption to power through the elections, justifies its willingness to compromise, movability in ideological applied sense, as well as adherence to the trends in public opinion. During the course of this research it was revealed that the period of 1999-2003 became one of the determinative for the further way of development of the Communist Party. It ended in a major defeat at the parliamentary elections, as the result of which the organization lost its authority and influence, which led to the insurmountable negative consequences.  

Keywords: "red belt" regions, package agreement, opportunistic coalition, parliamentary activity, Duma, elections, CPRF, intraparty tensions, fiasco, Zyuganov

Abstract: This article examines the question about the role and place of the Populist Parties in the political history of Finland in the late XX – early XXI centuries.  The attention is focused on the Rural Party of Finland and the “True Finns” party, analyzing the history of their emergence, establishment, and development. The author also explores such issues as cooperation of the Populist Parties with the traditional political establishment, as well as factors that positively and negatively affected the electoral popularity of the populists. The conclusion is made that although in the Finnish political system the Populist Parties played a significant role throughout the long period of time, in the medium-term perspective Finland can become a country, in which these powers will be located on the sidelines of political life. The author’s contribution into the development of this topic is the conclusion that remaining in the executive authorities negatively reflects on the level of electoral popularity of the Populist Party.

Keywords: Veikko Vennamo, True Finns, populism, radical right parties, populist parties, political history of Finland, nationalism in Finland, Fennoman movement, Finnish Rural Party, Timo Soini

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the examination of legal regulations of sources of financing the current work of the political parties in the Russian Federation. The author thoroughly examines such aspects of the topic as ability of the parties to attract necessary funds via concluding a loan agreement and credit agreements. Insufficient attention to these questions from the legislator’s side allows the parties to use this source of forming the party budgets as a “detour” of the requirements and limitations provided for donations, which contradicts the principle of transparency and independency of the parties from the sources of financing. The conducted analysis of the current legislation, as well as data from the consolidated financial reports of the political parties of the Russian Federation in the period of 2007-2015 allowed determining a number of flaws of the legal regulation of methods used by the political parties for attracting the finances via signing loan agreements (credit). Due to this fact, the author develops and proposes ways for improving the corresponding legislation; particularly, it is suggested to make changes in separate articles of the Federal Law “On Political Parties”.

Keywords: political corruption, limits of donations, donations, credit agreement, loan agreement, political parties, parties funding, interests fo loan agreement, terms and conditions of loan agreement

Abstract: The subject of this research is the modern experience of a number of Western European countries on integration of populist parties into the national political systems. The article thoroughly examines the experience of the states, in which populist parties have comprised a part of their ruling coalitions during the XXI century (Austria, Netherlands in 2002, Norway and Finland) or cooperated with the executive power, while formally remaining outside (Denmark, Netherlands 2010-2012), as well as those where the populist parties are subjected to obstruction from the political establishment (Sweden). The author come to the conclusion that success of the integration of populist party into the political system is only possible if the interest is shown from both parties involved into the process - populists and the establishment. The author's contribution into this topic was also conclusion that presence of the populist party in the executive power negatively reflects on its electoral popularity.

Keywords: Party for Freedom, Freedom Party of Austria, anti-immigrant parties, radical right parties, populist parties, populism, Progress Party, True Finns, Sweden Democrats

Abstract: This article is devoted to the organizational specific features of the dominating party of Taiwan. The author offers to evaluate the structural peculiarities of the party organization as an important factor for the preservation of its dominating status during the regime changes. The article provides evaluation of different periods in the activities of the dominating party Kuomingtang, allowing to gain the general insight into the situation within the party at the time of its rule. The author notes that the inner rift within the dominating party led to formation of two political party, and resulted in the loss of the dominating position of Kuomingtang. The rift within Kuomingtang allowed the opposition party to strengthen its position and win the Presidential elections in 2000. As a result the author of the article notes that in addition to the organizational specific features of the dominating party other factors have to be taken into account, such as resources, flexibility of party policy, specific features of the political traditions in a state. The author considers that this study based on several factors may provide for a thorough study of dominating parties in various states.

Keywords: political parties, dominating parties, authoritarian regime, organization structure of the party, relations within the party, democratization, political competition, party leader, political regime.