Abstract: The paper characterizes the development of rural settlements on the territory of the Tarsky district, the planned settlement of the urban spaces of which under the control of the government began in the mid-1890s and continued for several decades. The subject of the study is the network of rural settlements of the Tarsky district, the object is the key indicators of the state of the network: the number of settlements, their typology and size by the number of yards and the number of inhabitants. The development of the settlement network can be traced in historical dynamics, according to several time slices (for 1893, 1903, 1912 and 1926), the choice of which is due to the peculiarities of the source base of the study. The novelty of the presented work consists in a comparative analysis of the indicators of the development of Tar villages in the late Imperial and early Soviet periods, determining the scale of the settlement network, identifying patterns and specifics of its functioning and transformation. Conclusions are drawn about the increase in the number of settlements in the district in the period from 1893 to 1926 by more than four times (from 447 to 1946 villages), changes in the typical structure of the network: the predominant in the late 1890s resettlement settlements and villages in the 1900s were replaced by farms that in the mid-1930s began to forcibly settle in large collective farms (collective farms). There has been a reduction in the number of households and the population of settlements.

Keywords: settlement of the farm, infrastructure, the size of settlements, typical structure, Tarsky district, settlement network, rural settlements, resettlement settlement, household, transformation

Abstract: The article studies the history of the development and functioning of the main road from Pskov through Gdov to Ivangorod and Narva, which was actively used in the pre-Petrine era. This route can be considered as one of the typical examples of the Pskov borderland road. Written and pictorial sources of the XVII century allow us to reconstruct individual sections of the road, assess the quality of the road surface and infrastructure, and characterize the peculiarities of travelers' everyday life. The main sources were the texts of the 1616 report of the Dutch envoy Albert Joachimi, the painting of road routes from Pskov in 1656, the "Notes on Russia" of 1674 by Eric Palmquist, the entries of the "Diary" of General von Allart for 1700. Trips from Pskov to Narva were made along the traditional (long) route and two short roads. Travelers encountered many troubles characteristic of the border roads – poor condition of the road surface, lack of inns, lack of road signs, bad weather, threat to health and property. The maximum average speed of a trip along the studied road is 61 versts per day. The typical average speed of a summer trip is 30 versts per day. Most of the goods between the cities were transported by sleigh from December to March, the road network of the Pskov border region was more adapted for winter trips.

Keywords: historical geography, the life of a traveler, journey, anthropology of the road, perception of the road, borderlands, road, Pskov, Gdov, Narva

Abstract: The object of this research is the Karakalpak bazaar, which as any oriental bazaar, was the center of public life of the city and its vicinity. The entire economic, social and cultural life of the local population developed around the bazaar. It was a place of attraction for all trade deals, latest news, and everyday communication. The Karakalpak bazaar was located in the central part of the city, which played a major role for the establishment and development of the city throughout history. Most bazaars of the Karakalpaks of that time were located along the streets, resembling the poles stretching from one wall to another and with reed roofing or covered with cloth to protect from the heat and rain. The bazaar consisted of the rows of street-stands depending on what they were selling. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first within the Russian historiography to analyze history of the Karakalpak bazaars of the XIX – early XX centuries based on examination of archival sources and field materials acquired by the author. The city bazaars played an important role in domestic trade, in addition to selling goods, also included barter of agricultural commodities for industrial products. The bazaars of the period under revview were held twice a week, on specific days. Most profitable were considered Khodjeyli, Chimbay, Kungrad, and Turtkul bazaars, which served the population of the adjacent localities.

Keywords: carpetsmen, artisans, traditions, city, trade, market, karakalpaks, products, people, goods

Abstract: The subject of this research is the sanitary and epidemiological situation in Kemerovo Region during the 1946 – 1950s. The article describes the dynamics and peculiarities of sanitary state and epidemiological situation in the initial postwar years in one of the most industrialized and urbanized regions of the Soviet Union. Analysis is conducted on the factors of the severe epidemiological situation that formed in Kuzbass after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The impact of sanitary state of cities upon population health is indicated. The research is based on the concept of demographic transition; one of its implications was the modernization of mortality. Accelerated industrialization in Kuzbass predetermined the rapid growth of urban population and stagnation of the entire social and general-purpose infrastructure, which led deterioration of sanitary situation, spread of infectious diseases, and increase of mortality rate in the region during the late 1940s. The development of housing and utility sector, and improvement of the population welfare in late 1950s contributed to stabilization of sanitary and epidemiological situation in Kuzbass. However, intensive industrial development in the region significantly worsened the ecological situation, which resulted in the increase of malignant tumors among the population. Throughout the entire period under review, the unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation led to not only excess incidence and mortality, but also the outflow of local population to other regions, as well as low adaptability of the migrants.

Keywords: ecology, housing and communal infrastructure, industrialization, death rate, morbidity, infectious diseases, epidemics, sanitary and epidemiological situation, demographic transition, Kuzbass

Abstract: The object of this research is the youth of Buryat-Mongolian ASSR as most active social group within the social structure of 1941 – 1945, which was the major source for replenishment of labor reserves. The subject of this research is the examination of core financial and social problems faced by the youth working at the defense industry plants of the republic. Special attention is given to analysis of the impact of wartime struggles and hardships upon household and food procurement. It is noted that shortage of housing, low salaries, insecure life, poor nutrition, deficit of clothing and footwear often led breach of employee discipline. The article explores the important vectors in the activity of Komsomol with regards to housing and living conditions, as well as various forms of financial and psychological incentives that promote adaptation of youth to working at the industrial plant. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of a number of previously unpublished source that were collected specifically for this research. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that working youth, who for the most part came from rural localities to the city, were put in quite difficult social and living conditions, experiencing critical problems in the process of adaptation; however, they accomplished significant labor achievements and made their contribution to the common Victory.

Keywords: PVRZ, Ulan-Ude aircraft plant, living conditions, working youth, Buryat-Mongolian ASSR, The Great Patriotic War, military daily routine, everyday life, food, кomsomol

Abstract: The subject of this research is activity of the section of history and everyday life of the State Russian Museum established in 1918. The department devised a new theme – history of everyday life and its visualization in museum expositions, which was natural development of the Russian historical science. Intended to preserve and actualize the history of everyday life of different social classes, it shared fate of multiple national museums of everyday life: exhibitions that tool place in the 1920s were cancelled; in the late 1930s, the collections were transferred to museums of different categories, such as the State Museum of Revolution, the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. However, the section of history and everyday life did not cease to exist, and in 1941 merged into the State Hermitage Museum as an independent structural department of the history of Russian culture. Leaning on the new archival sources, an attempt was made to elucidate the work of the department of history and everyday life along with its branches in conditions of difficult political situation in the country during the 1920s – 1930s. Initially, the primary task of the department consisted procurement of the funds with the items from nationalized manor houses; later in consisted in exposition of the collection; and then due to the absence of the unified state institution for regulation of questions of preservation of historical and cultural heritage, the activity was focused on preventing scattering of the collections. After the First Museum Congress in 1930, the museums were recognized as the means of political-educational propaganda, which let to countrywide stagnation of expositional and exhibition activity of the museums. The museums of history and everyday life, being the mixed type museums, were incapable of resisting new realities, and thus re-specialized into museums of history and art or liquidated completely.

Keywords: history of museums, The State Hermitage Museum, The State Russian Museum, everyday life history, alltagsgeschichte, everyday life museum, microhistory, museum studies, exhibition, heritage

Abstract: Sanitary situation in the developing Siberian and Far Eastern settlements that occurred in the course of industrial modernization of the late XX century represents one of the insufficiently research topics within Russian historiography. The goal of this work lies in examination of sanitary situation in the districts of construction of Baikal-Amur Mainline during implementation of the large-scale transport project. Detailed analysis is conducted on the problems of providing services and amenities to the developing settlements, as well as sanitary-hygienic conditions of social and industrial. Special attention is given to the assessment of impact of sanitary situation of new settlements upon population health of the territories in question. The research methodology leans on the modern concepts in the area of urban planning, social and common history. Alongside the traditional documentary analysis, the author employs the methods of oral history and historical anthropology. Empirical framework is comprised of archival documents, Soviet periodicals, personal sources, and the field research results. Unlike other research that determine natural and climatic conditions as the key factors of unfavorable sanitary situation, the author places emphasis on imperfections in construction operations. Settlements of Baikal-Amur Mainline were characterized by high-density construction, littering of territories, ubiquity of “temporary barracks” and “squatter settlement”, disruption in heat and water supply, etc. Sanitation and hygiene standards were not upheld in building and upkeep  of facilities of social and cultural designation, in worksite organization in construction, industrial and transport enterprises. This led to high incidence of cold-related and infectious diseases, as well as industrial traumatism. Due to the efforts of authorities and public organizations, some settlements achieved high results in municipal improvement and sanitary situation. In majority of cases, sanitary and hygienic living conditions in the districts of Baikal-Amur Mainline remained unsatisfactory throughout the entire period of construction of the railway.

Keywords: sanitary condition, improvement, social infrastructure, housing construction, new development areas, transport construction, Baikal-Amur Railway Mainline, incidence, medical care, labor protection

Abstract: The article's research subject is the mentality of the representatives of the privileged social strata of imperial Russia living on the southern coast of Crimea during the years of the Civil War (1917-1921). On the basis of memoirs, little-known in historiographical circulation, as well as other sources, the author attempts to reconstruct the conditions of the daily life of the representatives of this social group during the indicated period and to describe the main features of their mentality. The author proposes a model that explains the mood and behavior of these figures with the help of "The Idle Class” concept, which was introduced at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries by the American sociologist T. Weblen. The narrative of "political history" is supplemented by research in the field of "local history" and "daily history", "micronarratives" based on the historical memory of event participants, affixed in sources of personal origin and designed to reveal how people of that era experienced their daily life. This has allowed the author to supplement and clarify the scientific knowledge about historical changes and to identify whether the changes at the macro and micro levels correlate with each other. The author uses the concept of "The Idle Class" to explain the fatal carelessness shown by representatives of the privileged social group of imperial Russia on the southern coast of Crimea even when the fire of the civil war had already been raging for several years in the country and when the Bolsheviks had governed over Crimea twice, even if not for long, by conducting searches, arrests and executions of class enemies. This, in turn, demonstrates that the interpretation of the revolution and the civil war in Russia in the 1917-early 1920s should be done in the broadest sense, as not only a socio-economic conflict, but also a socio-cultural and mental one.

Keywords: history of mentality, nistorical narrative, historical memory, Southern Coast of Crimea, theory of leisure class, Сivil War, history of Russia, egohistory, red terror, imperial Russia

Abstract: The research object of this study is the military settlement created at the Nalchik Fortress in 1839 - 1851. The aim of this article is to identify the insufficiently studied aspects in the daily life of military settlements in the North Caucasus, which played a key role in the economic, social and cultural development of this region in the 19th century. The main focus is placed on such issues as the specifics of economic activity, the social and family life of the inhabitants of the settlement, and their relationship with neighboring peoples, which reveals important features of their daily life. The research is based on the analysis of original documents, published and stored in archives. Some of these documents are used for the first time in historiography. The daily life of the Nalchik military settlement is studied in comparison with military settlements in other regions, as well as the stanitsas and villages of the North Caucasus. The conducted research revealed the main aspects of daily life in the Nalchik military settlement. One of these was its militarization, which in the Caucasus was aggravated by the dangers of wartime. The second aspect is associated with the first and it is the strict regulation of all aspects of life and the complete dependence on the orders of the military command, whom all villagers obeyed. Another aspect was the close, despite the ongoing Caucasian War, ties with the peoples of the Caucasus, especially with the Kabardians.

Keywords: gardening, cattle breeding, agriculture, Center of the Caucasian line, North Caucasus, Nalchik fortress, military settlement, family, Kabardians, dwelling

Abstract: The topic of military discipline and violations of it in closed military-educational institutions of the Russian Empire is a relevant topic because without a study of it, it would be impossible to reconstruct the sociocultural world and the system of values of Russian officers and, therefore, to understand the role and place of this community in the life of the country before 1917. This scientific topic involves an examination of the set of rules and regulations, including in the context of various kinds of non-statutory relations, in the officers' circle of the 19th century. In order to examine this topic, it is also necessary to understand how, at the initial stage of service in military schools, future officers developed their perceptions of severe behavioral restrictions and how they tried to circumvent the prohibitive rules of disciplinary control. In this sense, indicative is the example of the School of Guard Podpraporshchicks and Cavalry Junkers (later transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School). This educational institution is studied at the initial stage of its existence (from the moment of its foundation up to the transformation of the institution on the model of cadet corps), including when M. Yu. Lermontov studied there. The research of this topic was conducted in accordance with the methodological approach of the history of everyday life. The scientific novelty of this article lies in the fact that for the first time in historiography, the author comprehensively analyzes issues related to the behavior of students in the named military-educational institution, as well as their influence on other aspects of the educational process and educational activities at the school. The author examines the topics that are important for understanding the cultural particularities of the environment of Russian military schools in the era of Nicholas I.

Keywords: Junker, cavalry, Sub-warrant officer, guard, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, military school, everyday life, discipline, offence, Nicholas Cavalry School

Abstract: The article is focused on one of the most important topics in studying the everyday life of an urban population: the establishment of medical services. Based on a scientific analysis, the practice of organizing public health care in the Republic of Karakalpakstan is summarized, and the author also identifies the periods of its development, the regularities and particularities of each period. In particular, the author examines the regional characteristics of the establishment of medical care in the state period, the 1960s –1980s, in the cities of Karakalpakstan. The article contains a description of the statistical dynamics of the population's health and health indicators and illustrates how they were influenced by the economic and political changes in the studied period. Furthermore, this work is based on the principles of a critical interpretation of sources, systematization and comparative analysis of data. The author's methodology is based on local sources. The use of the local approach entails a focus on the development of public health issues of a particular region, in this case, Karakalpakstan, in the specified period. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that it analyzes for the first time in Russian historiography the history of medical services in Karakalpakstan from the 1960s to the 1980s, based on an examination of archival and statistical data. On the basis of detailed statistics, the author considers the main difficulties behind the establishment of public health services in the region, as well as the prospects for its improvement in Karakalpakstan.

Keywords: healthcare development, health, morbidity, hospitals, Health care, doctors, Karakalpakstan, medical service, medicine, population

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the private subsidiary economy of the rural population in the USSR. The study's chronological framework covers the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. The author examines in detail such aspects of this topic as the official ideology and organizational and economic measures of the Soviet leadership, the economic and social consequences of the activities of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Soviet government, the results of organizational and economic measures, and the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in personal subsidiary economy. The author draws particular attention to the attitude of the Soviet leadership towards the personal subsidiary economy. For this research, the author applied the statistical method. This method can be used to trace the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in agriculture, to analyze the economic and social results of the involvement of the party and of the government, and to compare the results of organizational and economic activities. The author also applies the systematic method in this work. On its basis, it was possible to detect the primary and secondary elements of the cause-effect links. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the conclusion that the main obstacle to the development of the personal subsidiary economy of the rural population in the USSR was ideological conservatism. In this article, the author presents the conclusion that ideology limited the renewal of the economic mechanism. As in the ideology of the open construction of communism, the ideology of a developed socialist society considered personal subsidiary economy as backward, unpromising and even harmful.

Keywords: developed socialist society, ideology, USSR, CPSU, food problem, agriculture, personal subsidiary economy, village, Brezhnev, conservatism

Abstract: This article is focused on the causes and the course of the 1920s campaign on combating hooliganism, named in honor of the Leningrad "Electrosila" factory worker Alexey Semenov. His failed joke led to the tragic death of another factory worker and became the reason for an attack on various kinds of petty hooliganism, which was a traditional form of deviant leisure in factories. This topic has never been made the object of a focused historical study. Through the reconstruction of the events and the description of the particularities of the propaganda campaign launched after the tragedy, the author adds significantly to the notions of the scale and types of hooliganism that took place in the 1920s, as well as to the understanding of the causes for its spread in the working environment. The examination of this behavior was conducted on the basis of the methodology of the "new cultural history", which includes the history of leisure. Additionally, the author applied the methods of historical anthropology, including the history of everyday life, which focuses on the everyday discourses and practices. As a result of the conducted research, the conclusion of a number of researchers was confirmed, namely, that one of the goals of combating hooliganism was the politicization of this type of crime. Behind the task of combating "Semenovshchina" was also the desire to break the pre-revolutionary traditions of factory culture, of which "jokes" were part, and to stop the involvement of young workers in it. The campaign did not receive significant government support due to the presence of more serious problems in the eyes of the authorities: absenteeism, staff turnover, drunkenness, change in the policy on specials, and others. In this regard, the campaign did not achieve its goals and various kinds of hooliganism remained a common form of leisure for Soviet workers.

Keywords: New economic policy, labor discipline, working history, deviant leisure, history of everyday life, hooliganism, history of leisure, Chubarovshhina, Semenovshhina, Elektrosila

Abstract: The article is focused on the analysis of the features of the development of tourism in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The subject of this study are the prerequisites for the formation and development of touristic activities in pre-revolutionary Russia. On the basis of documentary sources, guidebooks and other pre-revolutionary publications, the authors describe the conditions and factors for the development of educational and health-medical tourism and present the main tourist areas and key monuments of tourist visits. Particular attention is paid to the popularization of touristic and recreational resources: historical and cultural attractions, medical and therapeutic centers. The research is based on the historical-genetic, historical-geographical, topic-analytical and retrospective methods, as well as the method of system-structural analysis. The novelty of the presented research lies in that the authors prove that the foundations of modern educational and health-resort tourism were laid in pre-revolutionary Russia. The authors reveal the main features of the development of tourism in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, identify the main directions of tourist activity and show the role of Russia's cultural heritage in the formation of tourist regions and centers.

Keywords: cultural heritage, educational tourism, medical-therapeutic tourism, guidebooks, photographic postcards, tourist geography, religious tourism, club tourism, tourist infrastructure, history of tourism

Abstract: This article is focused on one of the most important issues in the study of the everyday life of urban populations: the housing and municipal issue. The author analyzes the life of the urban population in general, and the provision of housing in the cities of Karakalpakstan in the period from the 1960s to the 1980s in particular. A description of the state of housing and communal services during the period under study is given. The author also identifies the main problems of this industry, as well as attempts at improving the household and housing spheres of urban residents. In addition, this work is based on the principles of a critical interpretation of sources, systematization and comparative analysis of data. The methodology of this work is constructed on local material. The use of the local approach requires a concentration of research attention on the particularities of the development of housing and communal problems of a specific region, in this case, of Karakalpakstan during the indicated period. The scientific novelty of this research lies in that for the first time in the Russian historiography an analysis of the history of housing and communal policy in Karakalpakstan during the period of the 1960s - 1980s was carried out, based on the study of archival and statistical data. On the basis of detailed statistics, the author examines the problems of the social sphere of the region and ways of their resolution by the republican authorities.

Keywords: household, housing, Karakalpakstan, Nukus, municipal problems, public services, construction, city, urban, culture

Abstract: The subject of this research is the conflicts between laity and clergy, known in historical literature under the name of "faidas", as a commonplace phenomenon in Catholic parishes during the Middle Ages. The study examines two types of conflicts in parishes: conflicts as a result of a struggle to preserve the customs of local communities and conflicts of interpersonal relations between flock and shepherd. The author analyzes the arguments of modern Medievalists regarding the concept of anti-clerical and pro-clerical sentiments of the laity in conflict situation in parishes. The study is based on documents contained in episcopal registers of the 13th-15th centuries, in ecclesiastical and lay courts. The author sets out to undo the stabilized views concerning confrontations between state and church, taken to the lower strata of Medieval society. The article's research is based on the methods of historicism and the use of the historical-genetic method and the interdisciplinary approach, which take into account the historical context not only from the point of view of the approaching Reformation but also the persistent mental attitudes generated by the corporate connections within the Medieval society. The main conclusions drawn from the conducted research is the affirmation that the relationship between priests and laymen is not only a complex but also always an unstable phenomenon. This relationship reflected both the prevailing views of society on the status of the priest, as well as the particularities tied to the specific circumstances of the parish life of local communities in which parish clergymen had integrated. The scientific novelty of this study is that the author established that the conflicts in parish life were not the normal behavior of the clergy at those parishes. Neither the nature of the confrontation of the members of the conflict, nor their quantity, nor the systemic action of both sides are not evidence of a widespread popular anti-ecclesiastical attitude on the eve of the Reformation.

Keywords: Middle Ages, Catholic parish, laity, local community, secular clergy, priest, clerics, visitation, ecclesiastical court, faida

Abstract: The article deals with the urban daily life in the capital cities of the Russian Empire within the context of the tourist activities that provincial visitors partook in Saint Petersburg and Moscow at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Based on guidebooks about the Russian capitals, tourist memoirs and the descriptions of guided tours, the author analyzes life on the streets, public transport, shops and restaurants, and church services from the point of view of their position of significance in tourist visits. Special attention is paid to the possibility of a tourist's chance meeting with the imperial family that could happen in the daily space of the capital city. Using the comparative historical method, the author compares the place of urban daily life in the idealized activities offered to the reader of guidebooks with the real practices that tourists partook in. The examined material allows to come to the conclusion that during the studied period, the familiarization with the daily activities of the inhabitants of the capital cities was an essential part of the tourist experience and the city daily life was fascinating for the tourist in all of its aspects. Living out the practices inherent to the capital's residents and taking part in the daily life of Saint Petersburg and Moscow, the tourist , so to speak, appropriated the city for himself thus becoming a resident of the capital city in his own mind.

Keywords: daily life, capital city, tourism, guidebook, city daily life, excursions, leisure, tourists, transport, shops

Abstract: The article concerns the theater practices of provincial tourists in Saint Petersburg and Moscow at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. With the development of mass tourism, the capital cities developed a range of tourist attractions, which every tourist was supposed to partake in. To these tourists it was no less important to familiarize themselves with the daily life of the city during their trip. In this regard, the city’s theater was particularly appealing to the provincial tourists, and going to different theaters became one of the most important practices during the whole of the visitor's trip to the city. Turning to the study of these practices is particularly relevant in light of the scholars’ growing interest in the history of daily life and recreation, as well as the development of historical anthropology, where studies focus directly on the participants of historical processes. The aim of this article is to analyze the capital cities' theaters in the context of tourist practices at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. Basing the methdology on Bourdieu's theory of the social world, the author concludes that the theater practices of the tourists in the capital cities were of crucial importance for the social significance of their trip. From the tourists' point of view, theaters had a double function: on the one hand, the performances on the capitals’ stages were interesting for the tourists as a bright display of artistic life, on  the other hand, the very theater buildings were appealing to the tourists as they were often an example of the latest achievements in architecture. Visiting a theater was included in the program of a tourist's trip to the capital, even if the tourist had only one day to see the city. Visiting the theatres  along with other activities during the course of tourist trips increased the cultural asset of the provincial tourists back in their hometowns and allowed them to say that they not only visited the capitals, but also partook in the big city life.    

Keywords: history of tourism, history of daily life, theatre, tourists, capital, guide, cultural practices, city, travel, excursion

Abstract: The subject of this article’s study is the sphere of public foodservice in Russia from the 17th century to 1861–1863 (before the reform of the trade system in general and of the tavern business in particular). The article systematises the legislative material of the named period. It further analyses the terminology concerning gastronomy in its public aspect and characterises the main organisational forms of public foodservice, their legal status and evolution. The author gives particular attention to the particularities of their functioning from within the legal framework of the state monopoly on food sale. In this study only one type of source is selected for analysis – legislative documents – and carries out a comparative analysis on a significant time interval. During the studied period the evolution of public foodservice depended on the development and organisation of the foodservice production and trade, especially on the conditions of repurchase. A hierarchy of tavern establishments was formed from the 1770s up to 1861 that strictly correlated to the general estate structure of society. It is impossible to carry onto the trade of edibles the concepts of private property, free commodity-monetary relations, and even less so of a competitive market.

Keywords: history of the tavern, history of restaurants, history of social strata, history of the Meshanstvo, history of Russian towns, history of business, history of everyday life, history of products, history of catering, history of hotels

Abstract: The article focuses of the history of the Medical-Sanitary Department of the Kremlin (1919–1953) – the special branch of government’s medical system that addressed the problems of: 1) medical care of the highest echelon of the Soviet government’s administration; 2) sanitary control of the Moscow Kremlin and of other important government locations and places outside Moscow visited on trips and holiday locations. The author examines the degree of research done on the given topic, which despite its multidimensional aspects is still little studied, and the possibilities of future research. The Medical- Sanitary Department of the Kremlin was studied primarily in a narrow professional aspect. The historiography on the health and medicine of the highest Soviet administration is primarily concentrated on individual figures as, for example, on V. I. Lenin, I. V. Stalin, and others. The study of the history of the Kremlin Medical-Sanitary Department should be considered in the wider historiographical problem of “medicine and power”. Today a great body of material is available, which permits the research of the diverse aspects of the history of the Soviet power’s system of medical care and vacationing. The article points to only several possible research topics, while the study of this question in general allows to uncover many new sides of the political history and daily life of the Soviet administration.

Keywords: Kremlin Medical-sanitary Department, Moscow Kremlin, the Medical Commission of the Central Committee, soviet leadership, sanatoria, vacation centers, medical treatment, sanitation, medicine, power.

Abstract: the article reviews the relations of the ruling circles of leading Western European countries and the emerging Expert and Analytical society during World War I, pointing out the role of various group representatives of the intellectual elite of Great Britain, Franc and, Germany in expert evaluation of international relations. The authors analyze social and political preconditions that determined the course of relationships between governments and the expert society with the background of “office room diplomacy” and strict military censure. The authors determined and compared the situation in different countries and determined that the time frame of World War I, considering it’s controversy, was a turning point in the foundation of expert and analytical societies in Great Britain, France and Germany, because it revealed the increasing influence of the intellectual elite on maintaining legitimacy of ruling regimes and generating collective views and values.

Keywords: history, World War I, Great Britan, Germany, France, experts, intellectual elite, propaganda.

Abstract: the article is devoted to the characteristic features of ideological and educational activities of the Komsomol in the mid-1950s. Much attention is paid to the controversial effects of the romanticizing. Authors agree with the opinion of Uhl K. on the youth of the “thaw” period as a connective link between the “heroic past” and the “bright future”. The appeal to the patriotic feelings of the youth helped to mobilize them for creative activities. Authors show that the incoherent criticism of the cult of personality of Stalin I.V. coexisted with the increasing of the cult of personality of Lenin V.I., brought up to celebrate the legendary past and to inspire people to build communism.

Keywords: history, youth, Komsomol, method of romanticizing, Stalin I.V., Lenin V.I., cult, morality, traditions, political education.

Abstract: the question of redemption of captives in Early Middle Ages is viewed in this article in connection with the forming of a new ideology of war and a new attitude to the man in the era of Christianity, as well as in connection with the formation of new practices. The redemption of captives is seen as a part of charitable activity of bishops, as well as the consolidation of political power of the barbarian kings. The article covers both ideological aspect of redemption of captives (the preaching of releasing from captivity, redemption of captives as a part of the image of the ideal bishop) and social and historical aspect (approval of the bishops regional patronage, participation of the secular power in the charitable activities of the Church). The main attention is given to the activities of Epiphanius Titsinsky and Caesarius of Arles.

Keywords: history, Early Middle Ages, history of Western Church, hagiography, the episcopate, the redemption of captives, patronage, charitable activity, Epiphanius Titsinsky, Caesarius of Arles.