Abstract: The subject of the research is the role of international non-governmental organizations in the implementation of the European policy of historical revisionism in relation to the cultural and historical heritage and memorialization of symbols of the historical past. The author examines this topic through the prism of the activities of the European Association of History Teachers EuroClio, which is the initiator of a whole area of public programs (international seminars, conferences) dedicated to rethinking the significance of memorial monuments and determining the legitimacy of their preservation in public places. In the course of the analysis, the author highlighted the most large-scale projects of EuroClio in the near abroad, emphasized the contribution of individual historians to the development of new approaches of these organizations to the assessment of 20th century memorials, as well as on the methods of historical propaganda and memory policy aimed at decommunization of the countries of the "transitional period". The study is based on the method of systemic, legal and institutional analysis in combination with the chronological principle and the principle of objectivity. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that in Russian historiography this topic is covered mainly through the prism of the activities of the Council of Europe and its resolutions, while the work of European specialized organizations remains poorly studied. Based on the results of the analysis of events held by EuroClio and studies by historians, the author formulates a conclusion confirming the significant contribution of the association to the implementation of the European policy of historical revisionism and its conciliatory position in relation to state vandalism in the destruction of memorials and burials.

Keywords: teaching controversial history, Maria Grever, Monument(al) Challenges, Barbara Christoph, historical revisionism, totalitarian regimes, glorification, victimization, EuroClio, neighboring countries

Abstract: In the Soviet Union, the history of the Civil War was one of the important parts of the historical "myth", which ceased to exist shortly before the collapse of the country. Although three decades have passed since the collapse of the USSR, there has not been a unified attitude in society towards this conflict. The article presents a study of the collective memory of the Civil War in Russia based on the narratives of political parties. Modern parties, as part of the formation of their historical policy, offered their own vision of the events of the Civil War. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of parties to the parties to the conflict and personalities, highlights the key features of the image of the past formed by them. The main sources were official documents of the parties, election programs, speeches and publications of party leaders, books, materials of official websites.  The results of the study are based on the use of general scientific methods and principles of scientific cognition, comparative analysis, and a systematic approach. The main conclusion of the study is the lack of a unified approach among modern political parties in assessing the events of the Civil War. Liberal and conservative-patriotic parties blamed the beginning of the conflict on the "Reds", the Communist Party – on the anti-Bolshevik camp, the rest expressed the opinion that all parties to the conflict were to blame. The parties also assessed the degree of foreign influence differently – communist and patriotic associations believe that the conflict has escalated into a large-scale war due to the intervention of the Entente countries. In modern political discussion, appeals to personalities are rare: parties resort to generalizations "Bolsheviks", "whites" and similar synonyms, the parties to the conflict in party narratives, as a rule, are faceless. From the personalities of the Civil War, they often turned to the figures of V. I. Lenin and A.V. Kolchak, evaluating them depending on their political preferences. The only conclusion common to all political parties was the unacceptability of a repeat of civil conflicts in Russia, in their opinion, the country should develop, avoiding such shocks.

Keywords: Edinaya Rossiya, Civil war, Spravedlivaya Rossiya, New peoples, Rodina, Yabloko, Collective memory, Historical politics, KPRF, LDPR

Abstract: After 1917, historical everyday life museums became widespread, but there were also projects of military everyday life museums, which are the subject of this article. In 1919–1927 in Petrograd (Leningrad) there was the Military museums Section of the People's Commissariat of Education. Its activities were aimed at conservation the military museum property and developing projects for the creation of a unified military museum, which involved the creation of an everyday life department. However, the proposed ideas were not timely, and the Section was dissolved. But already in 1930, the Military-historical-everyday life museum was organized in the Military department, which existed for 7 years, and then became part of the Artillery Museum. For the first time, the composition and activities of the Leningrad Military museums section are considered, whose employees were officers of the Imperial Russian Army, founders of regimental museums, military historians, archivists, writers, collectors who tried to save the memory of the First World War and contribute to the preservation of pre-revolutionary military history. The continuation of the development of these ideas falls on the 1930s due to the new generation of the military, who realized the importance of museumification of the historical and cultural heritage, and the creation of the Military-historical-everyday life museum. Based on the analysis of some exhibits introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, conclusions can be drawn about the features of the collections. Based on archival sources, the article analyzes how the history of museum work reflects sociocultural changes in the country.

Keywords: Artillery Historical Museum, Quartermaster's Museum, regimental museums, Military-historical-everyday life museum, Military museums section, historical everyday life museum, military everyday life museum, Russian Museum of Military Medicine, Pototsky, Gabaev

Abstract: The LDPR is the oldest of modern Russian political parties, a permanent successful participant in federal elections. Parties occupying extreme positions in the political spectrum are characterized by having their own ideas about the past, which they actively promote. Over the decades of active activity, the LDPR has managed to develop its own distinctive historical policy based on the views of the long-term leader of the party, V. V. Zhirinovsky. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of the Liberal Democrats to the key events of national history, identifies the features of their party policy in the field of memory, compares approaches with other political parties. The main sources were official documents of the LDPR, interviews, books and articles by party leader V. V. Zhirinovsky, publications carried out with the support of the party. Unlike other political parties, the LDPR addresses not only the historical events of the turbulent XX century, although it occupies a major place in the historical policy of the party. The main leitmotif of the national history of the LDPR considers opposition to the collective West, which for centuries after the collapse of the united Christian Church, tried to eliminate a competitor in the face of the East, and in particular Russia. The expansion of the West took place both by force and ideologically, which the party assesses as more destructive. Through the prism of this confrontation, the LDPR considers most of the key events, the most striking example of Western intervention was the 1917 revolutions inspired by him. The party considers the Russian Empire to be the ideal of the state. The formation of the LDPR's historical policy has not been fully completed, and the party has not yet formulated a single point of view on certain issues.

Keywords: Russian Empire, collapse of the USSR, Stalin, October Revolution, Collective memory, Zhirinovsky, Historical politics, symbolic politics, LDPR, origin myths

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyse the perception of the problems of the history of the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church in the politics of memory of modern North Macedonia. The author analyses the role and place of church narratives in historical politics and the development of memorial culture. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the features of the religious dimension of the politics of memory in modern Macedonian society as a secular state. The article analyses the perception of church issues in modern memorial Macedonian culture. The article also shows that the politics of memory that forms and promotes the perception of the history of the Church in the Macedonian ethnic coordinates system determine on the development of Macedonian nationalism. It is assumed that the political elites of modern North Macedonia actively use the problems of the history of the Church consolidating national identity in politics of memory. The results of the study suggest that the memorial culture of modern Macedonian society in contexts of the perception of the history of the Church is distinguished by a nationalistic character, and the perception of church history in the collective memory of Macedonia develops in contexts of memorial wars with other Balkan societies, integrating the historical heritage of Orthodoxy on the territory of Macedonia into their own historical memories.

Keywords: church history, Macedonian Orthodox Church, politics of memory, memory wars, collective memory, historical memory, historical politics, Ohrid Archdiocese, memorial culture, Macedonia

Abstract: The article is devoted to the bright memory of the permanent head of archaeological funds, chief curator of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research named after R. G. Kuzeev, Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan, archaeologist, Candidate of Historical Sciences Natalia Georgievna Rutto, who died prematurely 15 years ago in May 2007. The publication examines the main stages of N. G. Rutto's life path (1946-2007). Special attention is paid to the period of her work at the MAE, where she worked her way up from laboratory assistant to deputy director for accounting, storage and exposition of museum funds (1977-2007). Analysis of archival documents and scientific publications, written, among others, by Natalia herself, indicate that she was at the origins of the acquisition of the museum collection of the MAE, made a huge contribution to the formation of archaeological funds and to the development of the exposition and exhibition activities of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. N. G. Rutto was not only engaged in accounting and storage, but also cataloguing the museum collections of the MAE. In addition, she went on various expeditions and replenished the funds of archeology with new materials. Natalia Georgievna conducted successful research activities. Studying the Srubno-Alakul interaction in the Southern Urals in the Late Bronze Age, in 2000 she defended her PhD thesis, published several dozen scientific articles and a monograph. This publication is based on documents from the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as personal memoirs of the author.

Keywords: South Ural, exposition activities, museum work, museum exposition, archaeology, archaeological collections, museum funds, scientist, Museum, Natalya Georgievna Rutto

Abstract: Unified assessments of the past for mass political movements representing the extreme flanks of the political spectrum have become an integral part of party identity in modern society. The activity of political parties can have a significant impact on the memory of society, change collective memories of individual events and even entire historical periods. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of modern Russian communists to the key events of history, identifies the features of their party historical policy, compares approaches with other political parties and narratives of the Soviet era. The main sources were official documents of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the party "Communists of Russia", as well as speeches, interviews and publications of their leaders. The Communist parties turn mainly to the history of Russia, starting with the revolutionary events of 1917. Although Communists actively use formulations from Soviet narratives, their own attitude has been formed to a number of events and processes. The most important differences are related to the assessment of the February Revolution and its results, the perception of the policy of I. V. Stalin. Many historical events (de-Stalinization, the collapse of the USSR) of the party are explained by the presence of international conspiracies, not internal processes. The "Communists of Russia" and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation use their ideas about the past in different ways: the former actively propagandize them during election campaigns and build their election programs on them, the latter weakly use historical politics during electoral battles, making the programs as neutral as possible, but during the inter-election period they actively promote their vision of the past.

Keywords: Perestroika, political repression, The collapse of the USSR, Stalin, October Revolution, February Revolution, Collective memory, Historical politics, Communists of Russia, Communist Party

Abstract: In this article, the object of research is the ESMA memorial Museum, organized in the former underground detention center, one of many belonging to the period of the "last" dictatorship in Argentina (1975-1983). The subject of study, in turn, were the properties of ESMA that evoke a response in the historical consciousness of society. As a theoretical basis, the article uses the concept of "hot" memory, proposed by the German researcher J. Assman. To answer the question of what makes the ESMA museum a place of "hot" memory, the author turns to the context of the transformation of ESMA into a museum space, analyzes its content, as well as the status of the object of memory policy. In addition to studying the basic techniques of working with memory used in ESMA, the author also examines the current assessments given by a number of other authors regarding the official policy of memory reflected in the activities of the museum. The observed tension in the context of the clash of different memory policies and approaches to its preservation allows the author to conclude that the ESMA museum remains a place of "hot" memory. Being a space of "experience" that focuses on evoking an emotional response from visitors, ESMA not only allows Argentines to reflect on their own past, but also reminds new generations of the value of human life and inalienable human rights.

Keywords: functional memory, ESMA, memory policy, Assman, dictatorship, memory, Argentina, the museum, State terrorism, affect

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of understanding the phenomena and objects inherent in antiquity and modern times in Guido Panciroli's treatise "Two books about memorable things", published for the first time in 1599 in Amberg. Of particular interest in Panciroli's work is his approach to the search and comparison of phenomena that fell out of use due to the fall of the Roman Empire or came into use in the updated tradition already in the Middle Ages. The formulation of the problem and the logic of the reasoning of the author of the treatise fully reveal his ideas about the replenishment and loss of knowledge available to people in a historical perspective. The main merit of Panchiroli is an attempt to reconstruct the circle of forgotten and new technologies by comparing different historical periods. At the same time, the author strives for the impartiality of his judgments and does not try to reveal the superiority of one era over another. Through an appeal to the "forgotten" and "lost" ancient knowledge, Panchiroli gives it publicity, draws attention to it, which together leaves hope for the possibility of revival. The "new" inventions, which somehow became part of the European tradition, personified the increment of knowledge. Their discovery became another confirmation that reality is plastic and subject not only to oblivion, but to renewal.

Keywords: Heinrich Salmut, Emmanuel Philibert, Guido Panciroli, oblivion, ancient material culture, antiquarianism, historical school of law, Early Modern Times, comparative method, invention

Abstract: The political repressions of the Soviet era became one of the traumatic events for society, despite the past years, the assessment of their causes and consequences remains an important element of political discourse. Although the state authorities condemn them and define them as a crime, they focus on the achievements of the Soviet era. Against this background, political parties, within the framework of forming their own memory policy, have proposed different approaches to this tragic event of national history. The author of the article analyzes the attitude of parties to the causes and consequences of political repression, highlights certain features of the image they have formed and differences from the generally accepted assessment, suggestions for comment. The main sources were the programs of the most popular parties, interviews and publications of their leaders. The main conclusion of the study is the lack of a unified approach of modern parties to the problem of political repression. We can conditionally distinguish two large groups. The first group (the Communist Party, "Motherland", "Communists of Russia") is characterized by the recognition of repression as falsified or overestimated in order to discredit I.V. Stalin, whose image these parties largely mythologize. If individual violations of the rule of law are recognized, they are explained by the supreme necessity (modernization, preparation for war, the fight against conspiracy). The second group consists of parties condemning repression as an unjustified crime against the people. This group is not homogeneous: some ("Just Russia", "United Russia", to some extent LDPR) believe that this topic has been studied as a whole and it is enough to maintain the current commemorative practice; others (PARNAS, "Yabloko") expand the scope of repression for almost the entire existence of the USSR, insist on large-scale de-Stalinization and decommunization, referring to the practices of the historical policy of the countries of Eastern Europe.

Keywords: Fair Russia, Apple, United Russia, historical memory, historical politics, Political repression, Communist Party, LDPR, PARNASSUS, Homeland

Abstract: The dissolution of the Soviet Union is one of the key events in the history of Russia. The USSR ceased to exist, which prompted the beginning of the history of modern Russia. The political parties of the Russian Federation have formed the own historical memory of the event, as well as offered the original approaches towards the collapse of the USSR. The author analyzes the perspective of modern parties on the crisis of the Soviet model, their attitude towards the dissolution of the USSR, as well as assessment of the historical figures of that period. The official documents of the most popular political parties, as well as speeches and publications of their leaders served as the sources for this research. Although all political parties perceive the collapse of the Soviet Union as a tragic event that could have been avoided, there are different opinions on the causes. The three groups of factors that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union are determined: economic problems; administrative crisis due to political errors of the government; and international conspiracy. The communist organizations mostly adhere to the latter one. The historical politics of the parties is dominated by an extremely critical attitude towards the central historical figures of the Soviet era. The members of the State Emergency Committee receive limited support in the historical narratives of the Communist Party, and such is given to the President of the USSR in liberal publications. The parties drew parallels between the present time and the period of Perestroika. The conclusion is made on the need to overcome (or prevent) the gap between the government and society, keep confidence of the citizens in the government in order to avoid the recurrence of devastating events.

Keywords: Spravedlivaia Rossiia, Yabloko, Edinaia Rossiia, historical memory, historical policy, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, KPRF, LDPR, Perestroika, SCSE

Abstract: Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin remains one of the most talked about political figures of the XX century. There is yet no consensus on the state level about his activity: the elite tries to avoid the assessment of controversial and ambiguous periods of national history. Modern political parties develop the image of Stalin within the framework of development of their historical policy. The article analyzes the attitude of the parties towards the Soviet leader, determines the key peculiarities of constructing the image, and ways of using references to the “Stalinist time” in the political struggle of modern Russia. Research methodology employs the legal documents of the most popular parties, speeches and publications of their leaders. The author concludes on the absence of unified approach of modern parties towards the figure of J. V. Stalin. Among large political parties, the “United Russia” has no unequivocal opinion on Stalin, while the rest attribute themselves to apologists and critics. The first group (the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, All-Russian Political Party “Rodina”, “Communists of Russia”) is characterized with high mythologization of the image of the “leader of peoples”, creating the image of the ideal leader, statesman and defender of interest of the country, omitting or justifying all negative actions. The critics of J. V. Stalin differ in their approaches: such parties as LDPR, “Just Russia”, and partially “United Russia”) believe that the crimes of that time are sufficiently studied; while “PARNA” and “Yabloko” insist on large-scale de-Stalinization and decommunization, referring to the practices of Eastern European countries.

Keywords: Spravedlivaia Rossiia, Yabloko, Edinaia Rossiia, historical memory, historical policy, Stalin, KPRF, LDPR, PARNAS, Rodina

Abstract: Russian history of the early XX century marks a landmark event – establishment of the State Duma, which was the “representation of people” in the government system of the Russian Empire and the emergence parliamentarism in Russia. The “memory studies” methodology elucidates the dramatic history of the State Duma by describing behavioral patterns of the deputies and motivation for their actions, as well as offers a new perspective on this institution of power as the image imprinted in memory of the deputies: diary notes during sessions of the Duma, and memoirs written abroad. The historians dealing with the “memory studies” genre bring the image of “era” to the forefront: historical events in the perception of their contemporaries, participants, witnesses, as well as individual experience, rational assessments, and emotional experiences captured in the diaries, correspondence, and memoirs, which are the sources for studying historical memory. These texts trace the dependence of life path of the deputies, representatives of the Russian political elite, and their personal stories on the fate of the Russian Empire. Such “dependence” is manifested in the chain “memory-identity-trauma”, which is the focus of attention in “memory studies”.

Keywords: identity, memory studies, diaries, memoirs, deputies, State duma, people’s representation, image, trauma of memory, source studies

Abstract: This article refers to the memoirs of Countess Praskovya Sergeevna Uvarova as the source that sheds light on the peasant reform of 1861 in the Uvarovs  family estate, as well as allows assessing the degree of participation of the representatives of enlightened society in the Great Reforms of 1860s–1870s, determines the impact of these reforms upon the personal story of the author of memoirs. Understanding the events of everyday life alongside the scale of the figure of Countess P. S. Uvarova of the selected source are valuable for reconstructing the landmark events and processes in the country, one of which was the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The article employs biographical method to reconstruct the personal story of P. S. Uvarova and the historical events of that time through her emotional experiences. This opens a new perspective on the events of the past. Analysis of the source describes all the stages of the reform, from the announcement of the Manifesto of February 19, 1861 and response of the enlightened society, to the measures on land development is a single county through the prism of the direct participant of these events.

Keywords: Porechye, Mozhaisk uyezd, Great reforms, abolition of serfdom, biographical method, source studies, Praskovya Sergeevna Uvarova, memoirs, Turmer, zemstvo activity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the preventive measures aimed against extremist activity in the conditions of falsification of history in youth environment. Leaning on students’ survey results, questionnaire materials of the student youth of Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Altai Krai, the author analyzes the factors that create favorable environment for falsification of history and growth of extremist manifestations. The article demonstrates the principle of organization of measures for countering the proliferation of extremist ideologies among youth. The experience of Kemerovo State Medical University on preventing extremist activity, which can be also use in other secondary and higher educational institutions, is described. Extremist ideology that is based on erroneous interpretation of historical facts and events, i.e. intentional distortion of history, underlied any extremist activity. These two phenomena and interrelated. Therefore, prevention of extremist manifestations is impossible without understanding and countering the mechanisms of falsification of history. Knowledge of the Russian history among youth is an important tool in prevention of falsification of history, and thus, extremist activity. A significant part of preventive work should be conducted starting from middle school history classes. The formation of fundamental knowledge on the key events of the Russian history, sense of patriotism, skills of working with information among youth is the property vector of anti-extremist activity, and is impossible without systematic and extensive implementation of this direction in educational institutions, beginning in grade school and continuing through university. The author underlines the need for training pedagogical personnel and changing approaches in teaching history.

Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, historical memory, students, young people, prevention, extremist activity, falsification of Russian history, teaching history, Information Technology, Mass culture

Abstract: The subject of this research is the largest printed compilation of the lives of the saints venerated by the Russian Orthodox Church – “Lives of the Saints” by St. Dimitry of Rostov (1689-1705). Despite a widespread opinion that the only printed book on the Russian history until the middle of the XVIII century was the “Synopsis” by Innokenty Gizel, the author refers to “Lives of the Saints” as a landmark of historical writing that reflects crucial events in the Russian history from ancient times until early XVIII century. Traditionally viewed as a literary and hagiographical landmark, “Lives of the Saints” by St. Dimitri Rostov were out of the scope for the researchers of Russian historiography. This article is the first to conduct comprehensive analysis of historical records contained in the lives of Russian saints as part of the compilation “Live of the Saints”. Emphasis is places on the representation of events of the past. The research demonstrates that “Lives of the Saints” included descriptions of the milestones in Church and political history. Featuring certain aspect of scientific writings (accuracy of dates, critical analysis of sources, reference apparatus), they conveyed a special, Christian perception of Russian history as a chain of miracles of the saints and the Virgin Mary. The conclusion is made on the considerable importance of “Lives of the Saints” in proliferation of information on the Russian past among broad population, and formation of historical memory of the Russian society of the XVIII – XIX centuries.

Keywords: Time of Troubles, Alexander Nevsky, Sergius of Radonezh, Siege of Kazan, The Battle of Kulikovo, prince Vladimir, tatars, historical memory, hagiography, Russian history

Abstract: Slavery has always been condemned across the world; however in the end of the XX century, such canonical concept was rectified based on the extensive examination by American scholars of compilation of narratives of the former slaves collected in 1930s in the United States. At that time, 2,300 former slaves from 17 states were interviewed about their life in the era of slavery. Later, these interviews were placed in open access on the website of the Library of US Congress, reconstructing a contradictory picture of everyday life of African-Americans in the conditions of plantation economy: some reminiscences convey almost a nostalgic feeling of the past, while others criticizes it severely. The author in his attempt explain the historical accuracy of the results of mass interviewing of African-Americans, tries to make sense why 70 years later, the eyewitnesses of the same event have polar viewpoints. Forming the new comparative-historical approaches towards examination of collective consciousness under the influence of anthropologization of historical knowledge, the interview materials allow reconstructing the period, demonstrating the value system of the entire population group, unlike biography that structures the chain of events in chronological order. Analysis of the archive “Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938” has not been previously conducted within the Russian historiography, just briefly mentioned as one of the documentary aspects of the institution of slavery. The contained material is important for scientific comprehension of the bygone era of slavery, reflected in the collective memory of long-suffering African-American sub-ethnos. The problem of slavery in the United States, which synthesizes heritage of the past with practices of everyday life in various manifestations, seems optimal from the perspective of historiographical interest.

Keywords: interviews of former slaves, collective memory, oral history, Federal writers’ project, President Roosevelt, the great depression, slavery, the USA, inaccuracy in the questionnaire, low representativeness of inteviewing

Abstract: The article undertakes a study of the perceptions on the history of Veliky Novgorod, formed in the practical historical consciousness of the 18th century. The main research sources are the notes of travelers who visited Novgorod during this period. The author focuses attention on their impressions of visiting local monuments, as well as their reflections concerning the history of Novgorod and the role of Novgorod in Russian Medieval history. The author also identifies the sources from which travelers could have gathered information regarding Novgorod and describes the factors that influenced their perception of this urban space. The author's comparative analysis of the notes of Russian and foreign travelers suggests the existence of a number of characteristic stereotypes in the perception of the history of Novgorod in Modern times. The author comes to the conclusion that for Europeans the most famous events tied to the history of Novgorod were its joining to the Moscow State by Ivan III and its ruin by Ivan IV. The perception of Russian travelers of Novgorod antiquities was based mainly on the images from fiction and drama.

Keywords: Vadim of Novgorod, Martha the Mayoress, Antoniev Monastery, Ivan IV, Ivan III, memoirs, historical memory, Truvor, Sumarokov, Knyazhnin

Abstract: The article's research subject is the formation of historical memory through mass media culture on the example of a specific figure: the British King George VI, whose image was practically reinvented in the last 10 years and revealed to the public after decades of obscurity and one-sided approaches. The research material for this study includes more than 10 television and film sources produced in the last 40 years which portray King George VI, and which are mainly contextual or hermeneutical biographies of George himself or of historical figures close to him. The author's research method is the analysis and socio-cultural interpretation of the collection of film and television productions with the figure of George VI with the aim of identifying the dynamics and features behind the formation of a historical character's figure in popular culture and historical memory. The author comes to the conclusion that over the past ten years, Anglo-American cinema and television have re-created the image of King George VI to become a recognizable historical person, firmly tied to the most important historical events and personalities of the 20th century and possessing a whole range of remarkable qualities. George VI was re-introduced as a positive and active figure in British history in its entirety, which was previously present only on the pages of focused studies about the king, but not in popular culture. The established consensus among professional scholars concerning the figure of George VI was successfully transferred to the sphere of mass culture, and this had a significant influence on the formation of the historical memory about the late king.

Keywords: Winston Churchill, television, historical memory, cinematography, II World war, king George VI, monarchy, Great Britain, mass culture, king Edward VIII

Abstract: The article is focused on the topic of revising Soviet history at the end of the 1980s. The subject of this research is the publications on historical topics in the newspaper " Moskovskiye Novosti" during the period of the Perestoika (1985-1991). During a short period of time (1987-1991), the newspaper's pages reflected a critical revision of the key stages of history: reformation of the 1920-1930s, pre-war and post-war policy of the USSR, the October Revolution, and foreign policy on the eve of the Second World War. Separate attention is paid to the particularities of covering the issue of political repressions, the so-called "Leniniana" and the new approaches to presenting the Great Patriotic War. The methodological base of this study is comprised of the quantitative and qualitative content-analysis of the publications on historical topics on the pages of the newspaper " Moskovskiye Novosti". The use of quantitative "mathematical" methods has allowed the author to discover additional, hidden information in these sources, to group the publications by main themes and to describe their quantitative dynamics. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the fact that for the first time the publications on historical topics of the newspaper " Moskovskiye Novosti" during the period of the Perestoika have been subjected to a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative content-analysis. For the first time a series of documents was introduced into scientific circulation, coming from the private archive of Egor Yakovlev, the editor-in-chief of the newspaper " Moskovskiye Novosti" during the years of the Perestroika. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the flow of publications on historical topics with new evaluations of the Soviet past had a double effect on the mentality of the Soviet people. The construction of a new reality of the Soviet past in the mass consciousness brought to the delusion of its proper history. The publications presented the results of sociological polls conducted at the end of the Perestroika, which reflect, for example, the abrupt change in the perception of the Soviet people of such important to the nation events as the Great Patriotic War. On the other hand, the authors of historic publications actively used previously inaccessible archival materials, for the first time introducing unique documents, thus formulating a completely different perception of the  Soviet historical heritage.

Keywords: content-analysis, Moskovskiye Novosti, Egor Yakovlev, Soviet past, quantitative method, Oktyabrina, repressions, Leniniana, cultural memory, Perestroika

Abstract: The subject of this study is the legal status and political fate of the teachers at the Faculty of Law in the city of Harbin who after 1935 arrived in the Soviet Union. Following the Japanese occupation, a number of teachers was forced to switch to Soviet citizenship and to return to the USSR, while the Faculty itself ceased to exist in 1937. The faculty staff subjected to repressions can be roughly divided into 3 groups: 1. Those sentenced to capital punishment; 2. Those serving their sentences in camps; 3. Those subjected to repressions but with unknown fates. All of them were prominent scholars in the field of Chinese government, law, history and economy. The article’s research is carried out through a study of archival data, report material from the Faculty of Law, information on sentences with regard to repressed citizens, memoirs and recollections. The study’s novelty lies, above all, in presenting for the first time a complete list of victims of political repressions among the teachers at the Faculty of Law in the city of Harbin; secondly, the article publishes for the first time the biographical data of the most important scholars-Sinologists of that time: N. E. Esperov, A. A. Kamkov, M. L. Shapiro and others.

Keywords: Russian emigration, Repressions, Sentence, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, Rehabilitation, North-Eastern China, Manchukuo, Chinese Eastern Railway, Harbin, Faculty of Law

Abstract: This article examines the conflict between the poet V. K. Trediakovsky and the Russian statesman A. P. Volynsky. After physically assaulting the poet in public, Volynsky was arrested on charges of conspiracy and misconduct and was later beheaded. The tragic death of the cabinet minister was then associated in public opinion with the figure of the poet. The public’s attitude towards V. K. Trediakovsky changed only years later: from the culprit of the patriot-minister’s death he came to be seen as a victim of tyranny and violence from the high-ranking official. These circumstances determined the poet’s literary tradition. In this study the author used the historical-genetic research method, which is one of the principle methods of acquiring historical knowledge. It is primarily based on descriptive means. The main goal of this method is to explain facts and to identify their causes, development, and consequences. The main sources used were historical novels and literary works. The novelty and relevance of this research is the author’s attempt, on the basis of working with original sources, to understand how society’s attitude changed towards its history, and how society itself and its ideals changed. The article not only refers to the historiography of the conflict, but also touches upon the question of the phenomenon of historical memory.

Keywords: artistic image, literary tradition, V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Volynsky, ice palace, poet, cabinet minister, Bironism, historical novel, historical memory

Abstract: This article analyzes one of the most vivid documents of personal origin, revealing the inner world, creative search, system of rules for living, and relations in the society of a gifted Soviet youth who lived in a Government House on the Bersenevskaya waterfront. The personality of Lev Fedotov long attracted the attention of writers, journalists, and cinematographers for the undisclosed mystery of his main object of interest and activities. In this article, on the basis of linguistic and logical methods of analysis of the text, a large research project is reconstructed that was performed alone by a Moscow school boy over several years; it represents the original processing of the concepts of cosmist N. F. Fedorov from the perspective of scientific, social, and ideological priorities in the 1930s. The grand scale of concepts and remarkable analytical, prognostic capabilities of the school boy—confirmed by his brilliant futurological elaboration of the Second World War—create exclusive status for the diary in a series of analogous chronicles of a private life.

Keywords: philosophy of a common affair, biocosmic projects, prognostication of events, biological evolution, psychological regulation, informational matrix of personality, preservation of information trail, reconstruction of personality, moral transformation of humanity, attainment of immortality.

Abstract: the conference “The role of Media in promoting the memorable dates of Russian History”, held April 23rd 2012, encouraged the author (who is not a professional historian) to share thoughts on the celebration of anniversaries in the history of Russia. He wonders why and how logical this terms are used in the normative documents, and offers to restore order in our memorable historic “sector” (at least to recommend without a doubt the memorable dates for the country’s history textbooks and to be sure that the younger generation will want to remember them).

Keywords: history, national history, historical milestones, memorable dates, dates of memory, the days of military glory, holidays, professional holidays, holiday Knights of St. George, February 19th (1861).

Abstract: the article presents the historiography of the Books of Memory of victims of political repressions that were published within the territory of the former Soviet Union since the late1980s to present time. It concludes that this books make an intermediate between the genre of collections of documents and scientific research. Article analyzes the methodological problems of making a memorial book, the author’s theoretical model based on the category of “social portrait of the repressed” is proposed.

Keywords: history, the Book of Memory, rehabilitation, recovered names, historiography, methodology, historical source, prosopography, the new social history, social portrait of the repressed.

Abstract: author states that the major periods of Soviet history have always caused debate on memory questions. In this regard, the article raises the question of adjusting the periodization of social and political history of Russia in connection with the historical forms of media representation. The article attempts to go beyond the pure chronology (to the area of interpretations, carried out in the space of aesthetic and political, social needs and more or less imposed by instrumentalization of the media), to show what relations between history and memory were made on the screen.

Keywords: Soviet history, the modification of the Soviet interpretation of history, influences, memory, creation of myths, media representation of history, writing an alternative history, Soviet cinema, audiovisual history, the methods of the political usage of the past.

Abstract: The article informs us about the little-known events of the history of modern China and the history of the CCP (1950–1960)   — the «illegal» tape recording conversations, presentations and guidance of Mao Zedong and how they reacted to the author himself. The head of the Office of the CCP Central Committee, Yáng Shàángkūán (chairman of China in 1988–1993) was declared as the main culprit of organization of such recordings. His version of events is given.

Keywords: history, modern history of China, Mao Zedong, Yáng Shàángkūán, Wang Dongxing, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the disclosure of secrets of the party, plays, intra-party differences, socio-political history.