Abstract: This article presents an analysis of a number of historical sources in order to study the emergence and potential prospects of bibliometrics based on examples from the world history of libraries. The object of this investigation is bibliometrics and libraries from different countries, from Ancient Nineveh to the present. A problem-chronological approach was applied to study issues related to the emergence and future of bibliometrics. The main focus is on the principles of historical knowledge, as well as how historicism and scientific research contribute to understanding the development of bibliometrics, based on the significance of examples from the world history of libraries. At the same time, special care should be taken to take into account the accumulated volume of historical data that has been collected and published to date.  The research methodology combines both general scientific and specialized methods. In the process of analyzing and comparing historical documents, as well as their descriptions, the proposed methods of working with archives are used to address issues related to the emergence and future of bibliometrics using examples from the world history of libraries. Bibliometrics is an integral part of the activities of scientific libraries around the world, playing a key role in assessing the publication activity and scientific effectiveness of researchers and scientific organizations. Moreover, bibliometrics is not just a tool for counting publications. Modern bibliometric methods make it possible to identify trends in the development of science, identify the most promising areas of research, study the relationship between various scientific disciplines, and identify key authorities in specific fields. This is how bibliometrics becomes a powerful tool for strategic planning in science and education. The use of bibliometric analysis in the search for historical and other materials is also expanding significantly. The capabilities of modern digital libraries and specialized databases allow for complex search queries, identifying relevant documents by various parameters: author, publication date, keywords, citation, etc. This is especially important for interdisciplinary research that requires access to a large amount of heterogeneous information. At the same time, the role of scientific libraries remains key – they should not only store and provide access to information, but also actively promote the understanding and application of bibliometric methods among scientists.

Keywords: Ancient world, Ancient Nineveh, Europe, Russia, bibliometry, scientometry, libraries, library history, world history, Middle Ages

Abstract: The article presents the results of studying the materials of the XIX – early XX century on archeology, stored in the Scientific Archive of the Tver State United Museum (TSOM). The loss of a significant proportion of the old collection in the twentieth century prompts a detailed study of archival documentation. The purpose of the study was to correlate archival materials with preserved archaeological objects from the TSU collections in order to attribute them, as well as to identify the pictorial material at TSU. The object of the study is books of receipts of objects to the museum fund, inventories, acts, statements reflecting the composition and movement of funds of the pre-revolutionary Tver Museum before the 1870s and 1910s, documents of the 1940s and 1950s, as well as items currently stored in the funds of the TSOM. The subject of the study is the composition of the archaeological collection of the Tver Museum of the pre–revolutionary period. The main research method was a comparative analysis of textual descriptions, museum numbers and ciphers, with archaeological objects of the XI–XVIII centuries available in the museum's collections, and the dating of objects based on chronological scales developed in Russian archeology. The result was a detailed characterization of a series of items based on museum descriptions, as well as their comparison with preserved objects, which made it possible to add additions to the attribution of objects: to clarify their origin and dating. The attribution was made for a collection of earrings from the XVI–XVIII centuries, individual linings and pendants from the Middle Ages and early Modern times. Of particular interest are the materials of the foundation of the founder of the Tver Museum, A.K. Zhiznevsky. The fund contains a valuable set of visual sources – drawings and photographs of museum objects, made to continue the work of A. K. Zhiznevsky according to the description of the Tver Museum, but not published. Among the images of objects from the Middle Ages are a cross and details of a belt set, metal beads of the XI century, linings and a ring of the XIV–XVII centuries. The images of the objects were compared with the records of their admission to the museum. The study showed the high potential of the preserved documentation of the Tver Museum, which significantly complements the ideas about the composition of the museum collection and the history of medieval culture of the Upper Volga region.

Keywords: Tver, Middle Ages, finds, attribution, archaeology, archive, collection, museum, dating, visual sources

Abstract: The subject of the research is the issue of the formation of archival records management in Yakutia, as well as its development in the period from 1920 to 1936. At the moment, the archival fund of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) includes more than two million storage units, including management documentation with a permanent storage period and personal documents with a temporary storage period. The archives of Yakutia play an important role in the preservation and enrichment of the historical and cultural heritage of the region, contributing to the formation of a reliable information field and providing access to the documents of the archival fund of the republic. Therefore, the issue of the formation of the archival service in Yakutia as an independent body of the archival industry, with a management function, is gaining its relevance. In the work, the author used the method of scientific description, analysis of archival materials and bibliographic sources on the topic of the study. The novelty of the study is the considered process of formation of archival work in Yakutia as an independent body, in the first years of its development with the help of studying and analyzing archival materials contained in the funds of the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). As a result of the work, the author comes to the conclusion that the resolution of the Revolutionary Committee of the Yakut ASSR on archival work is becoming a key factor in the formation and development of archival work in Yakutia as an independent body in the archival industry.

Keywords: National Archive of Yakutia, Yakut ASSR, E.D. Strelov, Yakutia, archival fund, archival sources, archival work, archives, archival service, archives of Yakutia

Abstract: The research of secretive collection of manuscripts sheds light upon the historical views, cultural interests, and life circumstances of Bogolep Adamov (the second half of the XVII century – January 13, 1727). The sources contain some information on the activity of the bishop in his new eparchy, created by the Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich according to the plan of religious education of his subjects. The rest of the facts about Bogolep Adamov, from his last name and his life path in the Chudov Monastery and Alexander Nevsky Lavra in Moscow and St. Petersburg respectively, to his episcopal consecration on January 25, 1719, are known from his books and manuscripts. One of them, which in the author’s opinion is most personal, and thus especially valuable, was the subject of this research. From methodical perspective, the work indicates the norm that is advisable to observe in describing a manuscript of the XVII century. It is demonstrated how a consistent codicological analysis of the manuscript collection allows tracing the entire history of its creation, and which research methods, starting with textology, reveal its content. Having examines the reasoning of Bogolep Adamov, the author also gets familiar   with the booklore of that time. Considerable attention is given to the archeographic explorations that give an idea of the partially preserved library of the bishop, formed in the last quarter of the XVII – first quarter of the XVIII centuries. As a result of the conducted research, Bogolep appears as an educated, traditionally open-minded individual of his era, which began with the reforms of the Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich and ended with the reforms of Peter the Great, whom in the twilight of his life, the bishop recalls with warmth.

Keywords: Synodik of Kiev, Chrismologion, Concise Moscow chronicler, Chronicler by choice, Concise Chronograph, private handwritten collection, Bogolep Adamov, Veliky Ustyug diocese, Patriarch Joachim, Arseny Sukhanov

Abstract: This article is dedicated to parish libraries of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The author examines the library acquisition and functionality throughout the centuries. The subject of this research is the library of the Church of Praise of the Mother of God in Orel-Gorodok (in the XIX century – the village of Orlinskoe, currently the town of Orel, Perm Krai). Located in the administrative center of the vast Stroganov’s estates, in the XVII – early XVIII centuries the church was under the patronage of the prominent family, which is reflected in numerous book contributions. Later on, the clergy of parish and parishioners took charge of the church. Among them are the clergy dynasties of Gorbunov, Korovin, Smyshlyaev, etc., as well as peasants. The library collection was constantly changing; 12 out of 62 books were removed from during the XVII – XVIII centuries. By the end of the XIX century (based on handwriting of the note), the collection of the church library contained no fewer than 33 books: No. 33 is the highest number identified on the books that previously belonged to this church. It is worth noting that 33 (53%) were attributed to liturgical publications, 25 (40%) –  educational books, 3 (5%) – Holy Scripture, and 1 (2%) – legislative normative texts. Despite the fact that the oldest books were removed from the church library, the early printed books were preserved in its collection up to the end of the XX century.

Keywords: clergy, book contributions, Cyrillic books, old printed editions, Smyshlyaevs, Stroganovs, library, Church, existence, storage

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the issues behind the organization and technical provisions of the award institutions of various White Guard armies during the Civil War in Russia. The authors analyze the problems of administrative, production-technical and personnel nature that appeared during the development and production of award groups belonging to various White Guard formations and governments. Additionally, the approaches and possibilities of "whites" and "reds" in forming award systems are compared. The authors examine the supply channels of White Guard units and divisions of award insignia and raw materials for their production, and distinguish the specific features of the White Guard award system. The article is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematics, and the methodological basis of this research is the historical-genetic method. The multilateral analysis of the many disparate objects (awards) allowed the authors to draw general conclusions about the specific problems and particularities in the White Guard award system and to highlight the elements of continuity and novelty in this system. The novelty of this study lies in the abandonment of the traditional individual-descriptive approach to award systems and the identification of common issues and approaches in White Guard governments regarding their award systems, with the emphasis being placed on organizational and production-technical difficulties. The authors point to various means of organizing the production of awards (pre-revolutionary reserves, centralized command orders, personal initiatives of unit commanders, placing orders abroad, etc.) and sources of raw materials (melting tsarist awards, confiscations of jeweler and church goods, gold reserves, etc.). The common problems of various White Movement branches were reflected in their award system: lack of a unified system, limited raw materials and production capabilities, drop in quality. It was precisely their attempts to create an award system with a limited set of resources that made the White Guard award system a unique phenomenon.

Keywords: faleristics, Jewelry, White Movement, Russian Civil war, medals, award system, decorations, emigration, enamel, precious metals

Abstract: The subject of this article is the work of Vyatka local historians (N. M. Karinsky, V. A. Tanaevsky, P. N. Luppov) in the first post-revolutionary decade in the study of the history, ethnography and culture of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region with the aim of tracing and preserving parts of oral folk traditions, knowledge and information objectively set up to be organically lost under the conditions of the large-scale social cataclysms of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. Their work was carried out by developing plans and questionnaires to collect data directly from the public. The aim of the here-presented article is to determine the origin, composition and informational resources of documentary collections formed as a result of the work of the Vyatka Scientific Research Institute of Local History. The research was carried out on the basis of the most complete detection of primary historical and ethnographical materials in archival depositories, in contemporary and retrospective publications, with consequent textual and archaeographic analysis, source study and identification of informational opportunities. The article's author established that the work of the Institute of Local Studies in Vyatka in the study of the peoples of the region is most fully reflected in the materials of the Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the state archive of the Kirov region and the State Archives of the Russian Federation, and local history periodicals of the 1920s. The most interesting of the identified sources are the questionnaires on the daily life of the regional peasantry, the existence of customary laws in the Soviet pre-kholkhoz villages and the "ethnographic break" in the culture and traditions of rural residents at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The particular value of the identified sources lies in the uniqueness of the information they carry, as well as in the aim of the survey organizers to take into account the complex ethnic composition of the local population.

Keywords: revolution, peasantry, archeography, historical and documentary heritage, Luppov, Tanaevsky, Karinsky, local studies, Ural-Volga region, Vyatka region

Abstract: The presented article continues the author's research in the field of source study of notes in Old Cyrillic books. The subject of this study are the notes that mention a representative of the Stroganov family. The subject is the change in the social status of this family. Initially not possessing a privileged position, during the 17th - 19th centuries the Stroganovs entered the socio-economic, cultural and political elite of the country. The task set before the author was to trace these changes through notes in Old Cyrillic books. In addition, on the example of the Stroganovs, it became possible to trace the changes in attitude of the Russian elite towards publications in the old printed Cyrillic alphabet. The article is based on the materials of the database of notes (identified on the basis of the catalogs of the Old Cyrillic alphabet prepared by the archaeographers of Lomonosov Moscow State University), which the author has been conducting since 2008. For the sake of the conclusions' clarity, the author also used catalogs prepared on the basis of the funds of the State Historical Museum, the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Library, and the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. As a result, the author was able to trace the changes in the social status of the Stroganov family, which once again shows the systematic nature of the information contained in book notes and the possibility of utilizing them for the reconstruction of various subjects of social history. On the example of the Stroganovs it was possible to demonstrate that the Russian elite played an important role in the distribution of old printed publications of the 16th - 17th centuries. In the 18th century and in the 19th centuries, representatives of the nobility were not involved in the contribution of books to churches and monasteries. The article contains two annexes: a list of 80 books on the basis of which notes were found, and a genealogical list comprising 32 representatives of the family (11 generations) that lived in the 16th - 19th centuries.

Keywords: Stroganov, genealogy, database, church, contributions, book culture, old printed Cyrillic, archeography, notes in books, social history

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phonodocument as a means of social communication. The object of this publication is the particularities of storing phonodocuments in modern digital conditions, revealed on the basis of a systematization of the existing phonoarchive institutions in today's communication space. The relevance of this study is determined by the lack of modern fundamental theoretical and methodological studies focused on this topic. The aim of this article is to identify, within the framework of the development of the whole concept of phonoarchitecture, the trends in the expansion of the limits of the storage phase of technotronic communication in a phonodocumet's life cycle. The author examines the particuliarities of the organization of phonodocument storage systems in different regions of the world. The author notes the basic principles of function and interaction of the storage objects of sound recordings. Additionally, the author reveals the common and distinctive features behind the functioning of national and non-governmental phonoarchives, libraries and museums at the present stage. Particular attention is focused on the specifics of the organization of storage and the use of radiophonodocuments, describing in detail the specifics of the transformation of this subspecies. The methodological basis of this study is composed of the metatheory of social communication ("Noocommunicology"). The author used the methods of comparative analysis, scientific forecasting, terminological analysis, archival studies, interdisciplinary synthesis, and system-functional, historical-genetic and historical-typological approaches. The author discusses the systemic incorporation of the world system of audiovisual archives into the processes of phonodocument communication. The model of phonodocument communication is presented in the form of disconnected elements, organically assembled together and integrated into a balanced system. The novelty of this study lies in its justification of the proposed directions for improving the communication platform for the circulation of archival sound recordings in the new digital environment. The author's special contribution to this topic is his theoretical development of a set of measures for the functional-content segmentation of the logistical channels and the reconstruction of some elements in the phonodocuments' life cycles. The author also undertakes a significant expansion of this research field thanks to an in-depth representation of the innovative developments in the creation of thematic scenarios for the formation of private sound-recording collections and the modernization of corporate sound storage facilities founded on intercompany cooperation. Finally, the author outlines methodical recommendations for designing a budget home music library.

Keywords: phonodocument, technotronic ommunications, life cycle, archival funds, library collections, museum collections, studio storages of master tapes, corporate sound records repositories, philophonic databanks, music cloud web-services

Abstract: The study of historical topography is one of the most important fields in the study of Ancient Rus’ town history. This article is based on a complex study of diverse types of sources (chronicles, geological boring material, maps of Novgorod, the icon “the Vision of sexton Tarasiy”, and Old Testament theme) from which three topics are investigated regarding the historical topography of Ancient Novgorod – the largest town centre in Ancient Rus. The first outline examines the long-standing debates concerning the dimensions and locations of land tracts “Kholm” and “Slawno” described in chronicles. Their study has a direct relation to the question of Novgorod’s foundation. The second outline subjects to criticism the existing erroneous assumption of the church of the Archangel Michael being located on the homonymous street in the centre of the oldest Novgorod Torg. It also reconsiders the accepted in historiography translation into the modern chronological format of the chronicle dating of the fire in 6660, the description of which for the first time mentions the abovementioned church. The third outline concerns the identification of the church of Archangel Michael, which, according to the testament of chroniclers, was set on fire by lightning in 1187 (6695).

Keywords: Ancient Novgorod, historical topograhy, chronicle information, ancient landscape, Slawno, Kholm, Torg, Friday auctions, church of Archangel Michael, Biblical theme

Abstract: This article discusses the archeological expeditions to South Vyatka (Urzhumsky, Malmyzhsky and Kil’mezensky areas of Kirovskaya Oblast’) organized by Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1999–2015. Diverse ethno-confessional population of these regions aroused constant attention from representatives of various humanity disciplines: historians, archaeographers, philologists, ethnographers, religious studies scholars. Old Believers’ population is represented primarily by three branches of Bezpopovtsy Sect (Filippians, Fedoseevtsy and Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church). Archeographers of Leningrad, Yekaterinburg, Kirov and Moscow studied this sect extensively. This article covers the steps and methodology of research on traditional culture of this region. The author analyzes the practice of implementing written and oral sources into scientific research by LMSU scholars, which was highly acclaimed by their colleagues from various scientific centers in Russia. This article is dedicated to the works and papers of Moscow archeographical expedition which has already produced three edited volumes of primary sources and a dozen academic articles. Experience, gained during complex archeographical studies conducted in the last fifteen years, can be used while researching different ethno-confessional groups in other regions.

Keywords: old believers, traditional culture, peasants, field studies, expeditions, archeografy, historiography, South Vyatka, first World war, integrated approach

Abstract: The object of this study is the author’s family lineage, currently numbering more than a thousand recovered names with direct ancestry. The research subject is focused specifically on the Archugov family, which has been successfully traced through documents to the middle of the 17th century in the Kaigorodskiy and Kungursky uesdzs of Great Perm. The author examines various hypotheses pertaining to the etymology of the family name “Archugov”, traces the settlement paths of members of the Archugov family in the Ural and Siberia, and gives a short list of his own ancestors from the line of Archugovs using archival primary sources (RSAAA, SAPK). The article uses such research methods as the genealogical, hermeneutical, historical, source criticism, chronological, etymological, as well as the method on anti-linguistic reconstruction. For the first time the Perm family of “the Archugovs” is described in great detail, the origin of which is traced to the middle of the 17th century. During the course of the genealogical examination the author was able to establish that the family of the Archugovs divided itself already at the end of the 17th century, part of it remaining in the Perm governorate, while the other part moved to the Tobol governorate. In the middle of the 20th century one of the Kungursky members of the family – the author’s grandfather Ilya Vasilyevich Archugov – intermarried with the Siberian Aleksandra Ivanovna Trunova.

Keywords: Archugovs, genealogy, Kungursky uezd, RSAAA, Sukhaya river, SAPK, Perm governorate, scribe book, audit records, census book

Abstract: The object of this article’s research is the history of the symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In view of the fact that heraldry was not inherent to the culture of nomadic people, the first symbols were brought into the territory of modern Kazakhstan by the Russian Empire. The further development of heraldry in Kazakhstan, which was part of the Russian Empire and later of the USSR, occurred synchronically with the development of heraldry in these states. The Republic of Kazakhstan got its first independent symbols after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. However, unlike other countries of the former Soviet Union, these symbols were formalised, registered in a separate law, and described by a standard. Thus, the issue of the ambiguous symbol interpretations was resolved and the nation’s flag and coat of arms were made to correspond in colour, thereby allowing them to be seen as a unified artistic composition. This article demonstrates not only the strong sides in the composition of the Kazakhstan coat of arms and flag, but also examines their chief inaccuracies, which are of a dogmatic nature. This research utilised the historical approach which illuminated the geopolitical phenomena and prerequisites in creating the coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The historical and comparative method – along with the historical-genetic method – exposed the possible continuity from old territorial coats of arms to the state’s modern coat of arms. All of the above listed methods have allowed to identify the main reference points of this research. The main conclusion of the article amounts to the observation that the Kazakhstan coat of arms, despite having a number of dogmatic mistakes, nonetheless was made with scrupulousness and artistic taste. It symbolises peace, welfare, and prosperity of the people. The symbolics of the coat of arms show an integrative vector in the state’s development. The coat of arms and the flag of Kazakhstan in their structure and symbolism are similar to the symbols of the Republic of Belarus – the author notes their same continuity from the symbols of the Soviet era. The heraldry of the Republic of Kazakhstan leans toward its development within the framework of the Euroasian Union, and the Kazakhstan experience of heraldic standardisation can be used as a model for other states in this integrative association.

Keywords: symbols of Kazakhstan, territory of Kazakhstan, flag, emblem mistakes, history of Kazakhstan, coat of arms, heraldry, political system, heraldic prognostic aspects, symbol standardisation

Abstract: The theoretical work of the founder of Russian museology A. M. Razgon (1920–1989) was further expounded in modern museum science and practice in Germany. The author points attention to the fact that German museologists valued Razgon’s contribution to theoretical museology: his publications in German journals regarding the problem of his country’s museum network became the foundation for the German concept of “museum landscape”, actively used in the modern museum management system. German museology during the 21st century substantially elaborated the two main parameters in the definition of a museum, proposed by Razgon in the Russo-German textbook published in 1989, namely that a museum is an institute of social information and an institute of documentation of the processes and phenomena of nature and society. In the country’s museum landscape new groups of museums appeared in the form of centres of documentation that allow to illuminate as objectively as possible (in comparison to traditional museums) the complicated and painful history of Germany in the 20th century. Razgon’s thesis concerning the spread of information through museum objects is being developed by the theorists of the working group “Documentation” of the German Union of Museums. The aim of the German and Russian museologists is to unite their efforts in the preparation of a modern museology dictionary as a continuation of A. M. Razgon’s work in the field of terminology.

Keywords: museum studies, informational centre, museum documentation, museum science, museum landscape, centre of documentation, Avraam Moiseevich Razgon, museology, museological terminology, Russo-German contacts

Abstract: The article examines the main phases in the history of the regional study movement in the Mari Autonomous Oblast during the pre-war period. The author discusses the contribution of the local regional study organizations (1926–1937) to the study of the history, ethnography, and culture of this region’s peoples, including through the development of questionnaire programs and survey sheets for the collection of primary data directly from the population or with its help. The author also describes the contents and the information potential of the main document bodies, compiled as a result of a regional study of this area in archives, and through periodicals and historical-regional publications of the 1920– 1930s. The research was conducted on the basis of the fullest possible elicitation of the historical sources, in this case of the original historical-ethnographical material stored in archives (federal, regional, departmental, scientific) and contained in contemporaneous and later publications. The author also conducted a textual and archaeographical analysis of the source contents, a source criticism and a determination of their informational elaboration. The contribution of the multi-sided efforts of the Mari regional studies societies and their affiliations are evident in the primary source collections of the Mari El Republic State Archives and of the local pre-war periodicals, especially in the monographs describing rural settlements and in the surveys on peasant daily life of the given region on the eve and during the years of mass collectivization, which are unique sources for the history of the said region in the 1920–1930s.

Keywords: history, regional studies, Mari Autonomous Oblast, historical-documentary heritage, archives, documents, archaeography, source criticism, informational elaboration, documentary publications.

Abstract: The article is related to the acquired artillery epigraphy of XVI-XIX centuries. For the first time, the term “cannon graffiti” is being used in research. The author substantiates the use of this term in relevance to illegitimate writings on artillery barrels. Graffiti on cannons is viewed as an unofficial form of communication of the Army’s artillery community in the environment of conflict. The author attempted to classify cannon graffiti by type by analyzing several dozens of surviving samples in the museums of Eurasia, Northern and Central America. The author provides concrete examples by group and nature of the specimens and voices suppositions concerning the authors of the graffiti and points out the low informativeness of those writings as historical sources. The author criticizes certain approaches to cannon graffiti research (thematic, motivational). Significant attention is drawn to the functional traits of the graffiti (“magical”, integrative, special functions). The author draws conclusions about the prospective value for this sort of epigraphic material for the purpose of historical study using the anthropocentric approach.

Keywords: history, epigraphy, graffiti, informative, typologization, anthropocentrism, communication, manifestations, museums.

Abstract: the article deals with the main milestones of the development of Russian historical geography, explaining its emergence and subsequent growth into a separate branch of science and academic discipline. The prolonged period of time required for determining historical geography’s own field of research is explained by the interdisciplinary nature of this field and particular qualities of the object of research. The broadening studies of historical geography have inevitably lead to this discipline being taught in Russian higher education institutions in late XIX-early XX-th century, thus signifying the establishment of a new academic discipline. Relatively young, historical geography has been taught in Russia for slightly more than 100 years. The article reviews available academic literature on historical geography from early XIX-th century to contemporary times.

Keywords: history, historical geography, auxiliary and specialized history disciplines, spatial history, natural and geographical factors, interdisciplinary, Moscow University, Archeology Institute, Archeological congress, historical science society.

Abstract: the article presents a research on historical sociology of the Soviet award rights: author analyses the content and value of the concept of the “state award of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War”, provides a content analysis of the statutes and regulations of the award medals established during this period, in order to identify their social and ethical meaning. The author links the quality of the orders needed in the statutes and regulations about the medals of the USSR on “social and ethical virtues” with the temporary change of Soviet power toward the resurrection of historical traditions of military glory of Russia, which was reflected on the medals, awards and national patriotic symbols, established in 1941–1945.

Keywords: history, the state awards of the USSR, the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, orders, medals, honorary titles, content analysis, the symbol, social and ethical meaning, social significance.

Abstract: the article describes the historical factors and features of naming the streets and towns in honor of the heroes and events of the War of 1812 throughout Russia. The article establishes that the first such place name appeared in the southern Urals, where Cossacks Nagaibaks returning from a victorious European campaign established their military colonies . Waves of renaming city streets across Russia were timed to the 100th and 150th anniversaries of the war. The article identifies regions with the most widespread urban street toponyms related to the war in 1812: Moscow region, Moscow city, Kaliningrad region, Smolensk region, Kaluga region. The particular attention is given to the Moscow toponymy and historical implications of sharing names associated with the war. The author gives a list and defines a kind of “rating” of the characters and events of the war referencing in the Russian toponymy, shows their spread throughout Russia. The article reveals regional patterns of spreading the urban place names included in tables, charts and maps.

Keywords: history, toponymy, a list of cities, street toponyms, War of 1812, the historical and cultural landscape, historical causality, regional distribution, historical and geographical patterns, rating names and events.

Abstract: one of the most important areas of the modern human sciences is the study of problems of national identity, a key element of which is to recreate a picture of the historical past of the nation, the history of its national symbols in particular. The author attempts to trace the origins of the symbols of the Russian state since the tenth century. The question about the comparison with other European countries, primarily with countries «Byzantine region» is discussed.

Keywords: history, emblem and seal, heraldry, national symbols, national identity, power, insignia, coronation, sovereignty, ideology.