Abstract: The article deals with the problem of adverb placement in English sentences. The paper aims at studying the main tendencies and patterns which influence the choice of the syntactic position of adverbs in English. Special attention is paid to the correlation between the semantic and syntactic features of adverbs. The article also describes possible syntactic positions of adverbs belonging to different semantic classes and the factors which determine the change of the place of the adverb in the sentence. The paper also considers the peculiarities of functioning of adverbs in the sentence based on the analysis of the adverb "fairly". The material for study includes contexts of use of the adverb "fairly" taken from the British National Corpus (BNC). The research uses the following methods: descriptive and statistical methods, methods of contextual analysis and syntactic analysis. The relevance of the subject of the research is due to the fact that in modern English adverbs are characterized by a high level of variability in syntactic placement, and even adverbs belonging to the same semantic class may have different syntactic properties. The analysis showed that "fairly" can be used as an intensifying adverb, an emphasizer, an adverb of manner, an evaluation adverb; in a number of cases it can also acquire additional modal meanings or serve as a speech act-related adverb. Each meaning of the adverb is characterised by its specific variants of syntactic positioning: before the word it modifies, in medial position, in end position and as a parenthetic word detached from the rest of the sentence. The results of the research show the necessity to study the syntactic properties of adverbs in more detail and to clarify their existing dictionary definitions.

Keywords: end position, medial position, initial position, parenthesis, speech act-related adverb, evaluation adverb, adverb of manner, intensifying adverb, semantic class, adverb

Abstract: The object of the article is the disjunctive conjunction “though... although...”, and the subject is the property “though... although...” in the system of syntactic units: phrases, simple and complex sentences. In addition, the textual features of this union are considered. Particular attention is paid to the qualification of the coordinating series with the conjunction “though... although...” in terms of its relevance/non-relatedness to the phrase. In a simple sentence, the place of a series with the conjunction “though... although...” in the system of minor parts of the sentence, as part of participial phrases, as well as when expressing additional predicate is explored. When turning to a complex sentence, the reasons for the limited functioning of “though... although...” in a given syntactic unit are clarified. In relation to the text, the textual possibilities of “though... although...” are considered as a secondary textual anchor. The research is based on the methodology of the Far Eastern syntactic school. It consists in a multidimensional description of a particular function word at the morphological-syntactic, actual syntactic and communicative-pragmatic levels. As a result, connections between the function word and both the near and far syntactic environment are established. The data obtained are used for its extended lexicographic portraiture. The main conclusions of the study are the following. A coordinating sequence with the conjunction “though... although” is not a phrase, and the word form with which it is connected by subordinating relations should be qualified as a general member of its syntactic structure. A row with the conjunction “though... although...” can occupy the positions of various members of a sentence, function as part of participial phrases, and also participate in the organization of additional predicativity. The connection of the coordinating series-subject with the common member-predicate can be coordinated or uncoordinated. The speaker's solution to the problem is to "agree on meaning." The facts of complex sentences with the conjunction “though... although” have not been recorded. In the case of parcellation, a series with the conjunction “though... although...” becomes the organizing center of a communicative-pragmatic situation, presented in the form of a complex syntactic whole. The author’s special contribution to the study of the topic is the establishment of a correlation between the syntactic properties of the construction with the conjunction “though... although...” and its categorical features. The novelty of the study lies in the inclusion of the conjunction “though... although...” into the system of a current modern trend - an integral description of linguistic units.

Keywords: separation bond, composition, syntax row, syntactic relations, syntactic connection, constructive properties, construction, conjunction, syntax, semantics

Abstract: The subject of this research is the function of infinitive forms (participle and adverbial participle) in polypredicative constructions in the Kumyk language. Special attention is given to concept of “polypredicative construction”. Predicative unit is an alternative to a simple sentence as part of the unit of higher level. Kumyk language indicates a strict sequence of parts: the dependent predicative unit is in preposition to the main predicative unit. It is noted that the center of polypredicative construction is the connectivity indicator – analytical (a functional word) or synthetic (a morpheme as part of a dependent verb form). Therefore, since the dependent verb form in the Kumyk language takes end position as part of dependent predicative unit, the synthetic connectivity indicator is placed between the main predicative unit and the dependent predicative unit. The novelty of this consists in compiling a list of infinitive forms (adverbial participial and participial) used in polypredicative constructions in dependent predicative unit in the Kumyk language. Polypredicative sentence marks eight adverbial participial forms and four participial forms. All types of participles, excluding present participle are used as an independent verb form – in simple sentence and in the main part of polypredicative construction.

Keywords: dependent clause, clause, poly-predicative construction, kymyk participle, kymyk adverbial participle, infinite form, kymyk language, turkic languages, finite clause, infinite clause

Abstract: The matter under research is functioning of the text connector 'however' used with conjunctions in different contexts (mostly literary and publicistic texts). The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that linguistic studies should also cover language units that perform the connecting functions in a text. The importance of the research is caused by the need to continue to analyze texts and what makes texts cohesive and integral as well as the use of the means of text cohesion and integrity. One of these units if the word 'however'. In the course of the research the author has used introspective-inductive, descriptive and comparative methods that have allowed the author to discover regular patterns of functioning of the word 'however' in different texts and then to summarize and systematize the results. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature the author discovers peculiraities of the combination of 'however' with conjunections 'but, and, although' (mostly in literary and publicistic texts). When analyzing contexts, the author also makes an attempt to interpret the communication intent of a speaker in each particular cause and the influence of the word 'however' on this intent. 

Keywords: syntax construct, however, concretizer, text connector, means of connection, conjunction, auxiliary word, text cohesion, text linguistics, semantics

Abstract: The subject of the study is phraseological syntactic construction, having structure-forming elements "is not up to"  as permanent ones. Given phrase scheme as a third essential component includes a noun in the genitive, the specifics of the functioning of which in the Political discourse is the high frequency of the use of proper names, namely the names of countries, capitals, and names of political and state leaders. The phraseological construction serves to express the meaning of the subject's detachment from the object and is complemented by modal shades of uselessness and impossibility. The great pragmatic potential of the construction is manifested in the fact that it can be used in colloquial speech, in literary texts, and journalism. The functioning of the structure in newspaper texts is manifested in the semantics of the subject distributor of the structure, as well as in the semantics of the variable nominal component. The study used the methods of contextual and communicative analysis (the use of syntactic structure in the journalistic text), component analysis (description of the lexical content of the variable components of the structure). The novelty of the work is due to the identification of the specifics of the functioning of colloquial phraseological structure in newspaper articles (based on the texts of the National Corpus of the Russian language and electronic publications of the Russian-language Internet). The main functions of the studied phraseological sentences with "is not up to" is the function of pledge; attracting the reader's attention to issues that are ignored but are topical; expressing the author's opinion, forecasting events.

Keywords: functions, semantics, phraseological constructions, syntax, Political discourse, journalism, components of stucture, Russian language, modal meanings, collateral

Abstract: The object of the research is the combinations of the Russian conjunction 'A' ('But') with specifiers typified as conjunction unities. The subject of the research is the semantic and syntactic specificity of constructions that are created on the basis of such combinations. The author of the article focuses on the semantics of relations that arise in constructions with the aforesaid unity. The author also refers to a complex theoretical issue of addition, analyzes the semantic structure of the unity as well as the relation of a lexical content of constructions to the semantics of relations formed by the use of the unity under research. The researcher uses a traditional method of description that is implemented as part of contextual analysis followed by classification of linguistic facts. In addition, the author applies a method of corpus linguistics, in particular, request-based search. As a result of the research, the author discovers that combinations of the A conjunction with aforesaid specifiers when viewed as a conjunctive unity may create different types of syntactic constructions: row, monosubject construction, and compound sentence. Moreover, the unity also has the textual function. In different contexts, the conjunctive unity creates the relation of identity and generalisation. The antonymy in constructions creates the generality relation the conjunctive unity is a marker of. 

Keywords: conjunctive unity, specifier, coordination, conjunctive construction, conjunction, syntax, semantics, comparison relations, addition, identity

Abstract: The object of this research is simple sentences that describe the state of frost in literary texts of Russian writers of the XXth century. The subject of the research is the structural scheme of such sentences in writing. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that the problems of structural and semantic schemes of simple sentences viewed from the point of view of the situation approach is an understued topic in Russian grammar and so is the question about classification and systematization of stative sentences in the russian language. The other cause is the fact that there is no systematic description of the fragment of the national world picture that records human concept of different states of nature. Specific features of the factual language material have made the author to apply the descriptive analytical method, method of contextual analysis and distributive method in her research. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author analyzes simple sentences that mean the state of frost from the point of view of the assymetry of their semantic cognitive nature and formal syntactical schemes. The research results have allowed to define six structural schemes that make the basis of simple sentences that mean the state of frost, to differentiate the aforesaid schemes depending on their component structure (two- and three-component sentences) and their specificity or non-specificity for the description of the state of nature (specialized or non-specialized). They have also allowed to systematize lexical and formal grammatical expressiveness of obligatory component schemes and to describe peculiarities of their speech realisation. The results of the research can be used during teaching contemporary Russian literary language, cognitive linguistics, teaching Russian as a second language. 

Keywords: grammatical modification, speech modifications, predicative, subjective, component structure, structural scheme of the sentence, typical proposition, meaning, structural-semantic modification, positional scheme of utterance

Abstract: The aim of this research was to review the main types and world-building models used to form geographical names on the territory of the Gergebilsky District of Dagestan Toponymic constructions are formed using different ways such as descriptive names, possessive names, event-related names, transfer of the initial name to a number of adjoining objects. Toponyms are presented through verbal, adjective, post-positional names, toponynic conversions and ellipse toponyms. Only toponymic conversions and ellipse toponyms may consist of one word. Verbal construction toponyms are usually structured as complete sentences. In the course of her research the author of the article has used methods of analysis and generalisation of theoretical and practical data. According to the author, toponymic names are formed as a result of a desire to define an object and later differentiate it from other objects. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that orientation names are always composite, these can be word-combinations or complete sentences. Thus, the author of the article touches upon very imoprtant issues for the Avar toponomy. Microtoponymic names form composite complexes with a core word and these analytical forms are accompanied with the transfer of their grammatical meaning into lexical. 

Keywords: analytical toponyms, method of formation, toponymic constructions, microtoponymy, Avar toponymy, toponymy, Avar language, classes of toponymy, number of components, word-building of place names

Abstract: The subject of the research is the sentences constructed according to the phraseological scheme that has the component 'what kind of...'. This phraseological construction has an expressive meaning, serves to express both positive and negative estimation and is charaсterized by a great pragmatic potential. The construction can be used not only in informal conversation and literary texts but also in publicistic writing. According to the authors, the way this construction is used in newspaper texts depends on whether this is a question-like or exclamation-like construction as well as on the lexical content of a variable component. In their research the authors have used the methods of context and communication analysis (cases of using this syntax construction in publicistic writing) and component analysis (description of the lexical content of variable components in the construction). The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors define particularities of using this conversational phraseological construction in newspaper texts (based on the analysis of the texts of the National Corpus of the Russian Language). The main functions of phraseological sentences with 'what kind of...' is to introduce the topic, focus on journalistic investigation, present the main problems of the article, attract the readers' attention, and express the author's or the reader's opinion. The authors of the article also underline that the construciton mostly presents the negative estimation in publicistic writing. 

Keywords: function, rhetorical question, positive estimation, negative estimation, phraseological constructions, syntax, journalism, interview, marked vocabulary, idiom