Abstract: The relevance of studying the left political spectrum in post-Soviet Russia is determined by its role in shaping the ideological field of the country, where there is a demand for social justice, but conservative-statist trends dominate. The post-Soviet period has been marked by a deep transformation of leftist ideas, their adaptation to new challenges, and the search for identity in the conditions of an ideological vacuum. The subject of the research is the left political spectrum of Russia, while the focus is on its specific features formed under the influence of the Soviet legacy, hybridization of ideologies, and the institutional constraints of the political system. The article analyzes key transformations of leftist movements since 1991, with special attention given to their adaptation to the political system, ideological syncretism, and mechanisms of marginalization of radical groups. These processes are viewed as part of intra-political conflicts, where the left spectrum balances between opposition and integration into the system. The study is based on a synthesis of comparative-historical analysis of the programs of political parties and organizations, an institutional approach to the study of the legal framework, and discourse analysis of media publications revealing ideological eclecticism. The methods allowed for the identification of the relationship between ideological transformations of the left spectrum and changes in the political system and socio-economic context. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the systematization of the specifics of the post-Soviet left spectrum through the prism of three key contradictions: between the Soviet legacy and capitalist reality, statism and emancipation, and global trends and regional specificity. It has been established that the left spectrum in Russia is not a successor to the Soviet model or a result of global leftist trends, but represents a hybrid phenomenon, where the ability of leftist organizations to adapt to the dominant political context becomes a matter of survival. The author’s contribution lies in demonstrating how ideologies transform under the pressures of historical, institutional, and cultural constraints, creating unique forms that cannot be reduced to universal schemas. The conclusions of the article may be used to forecast the development of leftist ideologies in the context of increasing state control and social polarization.

Keywords: anarchism, communism, socialism, social democracy, political ideology, political radicalism, political identity, Left-wing political spectrum, political parties, anti-fascism

Abstract: The authors consider significant changes in the political landscape associated with the impact of digitalization. The aim of the work was to study the changes in the characteristic features of political protests due to the introduction of new digital technologies in them. National scenarios of digitalization of political protest are considered through comparative analysis. Case study and comparative analysis were used as research methods. The techniques of the scenario method were applied. The object of the study were five cases reflecting the nature of the digitalization of political protest: protests against the extradition bill in Hong Kong (2019-2020), protests of those who disagree with the results of the presidential elections in Belarus (2020-2021), protests in France against the bill "On Global Security" (2020-2021), protests of those who disagree with the results of the elections in the United States (2020-2021), as well as protests in support of A. Navalny in Russia (2021). The result of the study was the identification of common and special characteristics of the national models under consideration. First of all, the variety of technologies used allows activists to form an alternative information agenda and involve broad masses of people in the protest. Secondly, the harsh reaction of the authorities to protest activity damages any attempts at dialogue between the state and civil society. Thirdly, the network nature of the organization of modern protests determines the trend towards decentralized protest management. Fourth, large media corporations in modern conditions acquire the status of independent political actors. Fifth, the request for anonymity in order to minimize restrictions on the use of digital tools in the future may also become a new serious challenge for public authorities.

Keywords: digitalization, political protest, digital tools, digital technologies, social network, messengers, internet blocking, collective action, smartphones, digital protests

Abstract: The subject of the study is the multitude of ways to solve African political conflicts through traditional ethical norms and legal procedures. The basics of the traditional systems of ethics are analyzed, in particular, the ethical-normative system of the Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa - the “Ubuntu”, which includes such concepts as humanity, community, solidarity. Special attention is paid to studying the precedents of the use of traditionally African ethical systems for resolving domestic political conflicts in the post-crisis period using the example of Rwanda and the Republic of South Africa that have experienced a crisis at the same time: In Rwanda, after the 1994 genocide, in the Republic of South Africa, after the fall of the apartheid regime in 1994. The use of the comparative historical method and the method of historical reconstruction allowed to identify the key factors of overcoming the conflict after the genocide in Rwanda, nearly impossible to solve through European law, and ways to resolve the crisis in South Africa under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, who established a dialogue with all the races and peoples inhabiting the country. The author concludes that there are precedents that demonstrate the potential of African ethical and regulatory approaches to solving complex conflict situations. In the context of multi-ethnic, multi-religious, interracial interaction, Africa is making attempts at national reconciliation in the context of local conflicts. The seldom-studied approach of using traditional ethics and forms of communication in the process of overcoming conflicts and creating the necessary conditions for a peaceful life is considered. The core principle of the examined approaches lies in addressing the traditional values and social institutions of their people, in the ability to forgive and reconcile as the only way out of stalemate situations. The article uses ideas developed in conjunction with A.N.Moseiko, an African studies researcher.    

Keywords: African ethics, politics, Rwanda, South Africa, apartheid, genocide, conflict, Africa, transit justice, Ubuntu

Abstract: Using the method of historical reconstruction, the authors show the latent causes of the armed conflict between the Muslim north and Christian south in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in 2010-2011. A comprehensive analysis of a wide range of sources (media materials, judicial and journalistic investigations, evidence of well-known politicians and diplomats) can justify the view that describing this conflict as "ethnic" does not have sufficient grounds. Researchers propose to consider the situation in Côte d'Ivoire as a socio-economic conflict between the conditional-indigenous population of the country, rooted migrants and migrants decades as the conflict between citizens and non-citizens about the ownership of the means of production, in particular, and about civil rights, which should ensure equal access to economic resources and the resources of power. The methodological basis of this study includes the systemic, structural-functional, comparative-political approaches, the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation. The accent of the article is made on clarifying the role of France in the outbreak of civil war in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire in the context of the policy of "françafrique." The conclusion that the Fifth Republic has inspired and has long supported the Ivorian opposition in order to maintain economic and political preferences of Paris in this strategically important region.

Keywords: armedconflict, native peoples, Chrstians, Muslims, Alassane Ouattara, Laurent Gbagbo Kudu, France, security, risks

Abstract: This article reveals the prospects for utilizing the stabilizing potential of interest groups in overcoming global conflict and instability. The author concludes that the economic actors and civil society institutions can play a significant role in resolving the conflict between Russia and the West, as well as in protecting national interests of our country on the world stage.The methodological basis of the study includes a systemic, structural-functional, comparative-historical, comparative political, geopolitical, cultural and civilizational approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling and observation. The current stage of the development of international relations is characterized polysubject actors that are directly or indirectly involved in the formation of a global political order. The rapid growth of influence of the large corporations, indoctrination and politicization of social structures, the formation of a global information space resulted in the loss of power monopoly by the state in international relations. Interest groups (companies, financial organizations, NGOs, media, etc.), on the other hand, acquired the status of independent actors of the global political process.

Keywords: diplomacy, conflicts, destabilization, interest groups, lobbying, international confrontation, state, interests, values, security