Abstract: In the Middle East and the Eurasian (post-Soviet) space, the US tactical interests lie within the framework of a single long-term strategy, which continuity is outside of fluctuations in the foreign policy environment. The study is aimed at examining the role of Turkey in the emerging architecture of world economy and geopolitics through the prism of US interests. The subject of the study is a set of key conceptual guidelines and officially accepted views on Turkish issues, reflected in the strategic planning documents of the United States. The relevance of the paper is determined by the need for a comprehensive analysis of the process of geopolitical transformations in the post-Soviet space, in which the role of Turkey acquires special significance. The source base includes legislative sources (regulatory and legislative acts) as well as the corpus of office documentation (documents of a normative, reporting and informational nature). US foreign policy practice as well as the intensification of US-Turkish interaction over the last years, including the development of new mechanisms and areas of cooperation, demonstrate the importance of maintaining allied relations with Turkey aiming to minimize risks and costs directly for the United States. Taking into consideration the growth of Turkish political subjectivity, foreign policy influence and its military potential, one should expect greater US involvement in the Turkish case in order to strengthen the allied US-Turkish partnership. Otherwise, US achievements in recent decades, including but not limited to the managing of East-West corridor, may be lost. In this context, US-Turkish disagreements on a number of issues are not an invincible obstacle for the US, and the United States is ready to build a new US-Turkish track based on Turkish foreign policy autonomy which does not contradict American long-term strategic interests.

Keywords: post-Soviet space, Eurasian space, Middle East, US-Turkish relations, National security strategy, strategic planning documents, Russia, NATO, USA, Turkey

Abstract: This article offers a comprehensive study of the policy of deterrence toward China and Russia in the military sphere under the Biden Administration. The US military policy toward China and Russia under the Biden Administration consists in increase regular pressure on Beijing and Moscow. The motivation for this policy is expressed in the following way: authoritarian China and Russia are posing a direct challenge not only to the values, interests, security and well-being of the United States, but also to the free, open, prosperous, and secure world order. According to the Biden administration's opinion only integrated deterrence through military and non-military methods and direct competition with China and Russia can maintain the US leadership in world politics. The methodological basis of the study includes analysis of the doctrinal documents which that regulate foreign and military policy of the US, the method of logical analysis and decision analysis. Despite the difference in ideological preferences and foreign policy attitudes between the Democrats and the Republicans, the foundations of the US military strategy toward China and Russia under Trump have passed into the strategic documents of the Biden administration. The main threats to the US and its allies are once again China and Russia. The US emphasizes that China and Russia are powerful nuclear powers which the US faces simultaneously for the first time in its history. China is rapidly developing its military potential and preparing for a military confrontation with the United States, which makes this country the most dangerous threat to the entire world in the very near future. Russia, which has a smaller range of capabilities compared to China, poses an acute military threat here and right now through special military operation, cyber-attacks, activities in gray zones and the deployment of the latest hypersonic missile systems.

Keywords: military development, allies of the US, Armed Forces of the US, Russian national interests, the Indo-Pacific, acute threat, the China threat, integrated deterrence, the Biden administration, the US military policy

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the coronacrisis have clearly exposed the strong dependence of modern companies on data governance, the stability of information networks and digitalisation and significantly strengthened the Europeans' belief in the need to achieve strategic autonomy in the development of their own digital solutions. The article aims to define the place of the European Union in the international information and communication space in the context of global data governance policy. The methodology is based on the principles of the multi-paradigm method used for extrapolating some provisions of Robert Gilpin’s hegemonic stability theory on the modern technological competition among the countries on the international arena through a regional approach. The article considers the term “information sovereignty” based on the principles of international law within a constantly changing international environment. The research addresses such documents as “A New Industrial Strategy for Europe”, “A European Strategy for Data”, and the decision of the European Court of Justice concerning the transatlantic Privacy Shield agreement. As an example of the European digital policy, it examines the ambitious GAIA-X project designed to create an open digital ecosystem and common requirements for a European data infrastructure. The article formulates the recommendations in order to ensure effective governance in the digital sector and proposes a multi-stakeholder model, which would help achieve information sovereignty based on European values and ideals.

Keywords: digital transformation, digitalization, global governance, digital geopolitics, information security, European Union, data sovereignty, digital sovereignty, information sovereignty, personal data

Abstract: The goal of the research is to study the fight against poverty in China in the context of Xi Jinping’s concept of Community of Common Destiny for Mankind after his coming to power in 2013. The tasks of the research are: 1) to demonstrate the process of fight against poverty in China within a doctrinal approach with the “fine control is the basis” theory, a new model of fighting against poverty with the Chinese specificity, and other political and economic tools; 2) to consider the institutional approach to the fight against poverty in China and at a global scale; 3) to study the Community of Common Destiny for Mankind concept as a global “drive” of the fight against poverty in the form of interaction with international institutions. The research subject is the political, economic, and social tools of the fight against poverty in China in 2013 - 2020. There is ample debate about eradication of poverty in China, Russia and other countries of the regional dimension, both in Russian and foreign scientific communities, aimed at studying its origins, approaches to its measurement, its socio-economic consequences, the process of the fight against poverty in the context of COVID-19 isolation period, etc. In this context, the author's special contribution to the research of this issue is the consideration of the problem of poverty in China and in the world within the concept “Community of Common Destiny for Mankind”. It hasn’t been studied sufficiently enough in Russia yet. The author arrives at the conclusion that the idea of the Community of Common Destiny for Mankind ensures an effective and positive result of solving the problem of the fight against poverty in various regions of China and in the world.  

Keywords: Xiaokang society, governmental measures, targeted alleviation, precise governance, China's policy, common development, poverty alleviation, poverty, Xi Jinping, China

Abstract: At the present time, in research and academic circles both in Russia and abroad the attempts to systematize the human security concept are being made. The purpose of this article is the systematization of the main approaches to the human security concept. The research subject is the human security concept. The research covers the main Russian as well as foreign approaches. The research is based on general scientific methods: historical analysis, the critical and the systems methods. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the systematization of the main approaches to the human security concept. Besides, the author formulates his own approach to this concept based on the existing ones. The author concludes that there are plenty of approaches to the human security concept. Thus, it is necessary to systematize them and define the borders of the human security concept. Until now, the common definition of human security hasn’t been formulated in the research practice, which leads to the broad interpretation of the concept and hampers the practical activity. We need a system view on global development that would include a human, a state and international organizations. It is necessary to enshrine the definition of “human security” in international legislation, clearly defining all main threats and challenges affecting human security, and to establish the approach common for all national standards through which the human security concept will be implemented.   

Keywords: conception, categories, fields, levels, referent, threat, approaches, human security, defenition, state

Abstract: The human safety concept has become an integral part of international relations against the background of the security agenda extension. The research goal of this article is the definition of the main stages of human safety concept formation. The research subject is the human safety concept. The article contains the review of the evolution of the human safety concept and the definitions of human safety. The author considers the implementation of the human safety concept in official documents of national and international level. The research is based on general scientific methods: historical and comparative analysis, the systems approach and the critical method, as well as formal analysis of legal and statutory documents. The modern human safety discourse outlines the following problems: the definitions of a safety referent, the personal safety theory, the basic stages of the concept formation, the experience of countries and international organizations (Canada, Japan, Thailand, etc.). A universally recognized definition of personal safety hasn’t been formulated yet, despite the fact that the UNO promoted the development of a universal understanding of human safety. That led to its loose interpretation and begot the problem of legitimacy of external interference and hampered practical activity in this field. The author concludes that the human safety concept should be comprehensively analyzed, particularly with regard to its development, the structure of human safety, differentiation of human safety from and interaction with other types of safety. The author also finds out that the problem of defining the limits of the human safety concept still exists due to the absence of a unified interpretation. The formation of the concept itself is ongoing. The scientific novelty of the research consists in a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the human safety concept in international relations which reflects the main stages of formation of this concept and its directions, and in an attempt to define human safety.   

Keywords: definition, human rights, security, evolution, Canada, Japan, UN, human security, conception, aspects

Abstract: The article considers the key strategic directions and prospects of Russia’s energy policy in India. The research object is the set of bilateral cooperation of Russia and India in the area of electrical energy industry as a basis of stable foreign economic relations. The research subject is the achieved results and the prospects of development of joint Russia-India projects in the energy field. The authors systematize the key strategic directions of bilateral energy dialogue. The research is based on the dialectical method of scientific cognition involving the consideration of economic relations in their interconnection and development. The authors use the complex approach involving the holistic consideration of economic relations, and comparative analysis. The authors systematize the key directions of development of energy dialogue between Russia and India; special attention is given to joint projects in the area of nuclear energetics and the projects in the area of oil and gas production. The authors conclude that India region is one of the most promising among all the possible directions of Russia’s energy diplomacy.  

Keywords: foreign investments, energy strategy of Russia, nuclear energy, oil and gas production, energy policy, Russian-Indian relations, energy dialogue, prospects of energy cooperation, foreign economic activity, energy security

Abstract: Author studies the hybrid warfare in the Arctic and peculiarities of war taking into account transformation of paradigm of modern conflicts as a result of transition to nonlinear model of war on the basis of indirect nonsymmetrical actions. Actuality of study is based on the growing role of Arctic region for economy and national security of Russia in conditions of sharpening of a concurrent struggle for the place at arctic field with the participation both arctic and nonarctic nations. The author makes one of the first tentative to study the use in the practice of concurrent struggle in Arctic strategy of hybrid warfare, based on the combination of military efforts with diplomatic, political, economic, information and cyberwarfare methods to fight against the adversary. The author stresses the importance to understand in time the consequences of nonlinear character to organize of counteractions knowing the peculiarities of war, specially based on the transformation of classical understanding of “friction of war” on the arctic theatre. Author demonstrates the directions of study of principles of hybrid warfare in Arctic, strategy and tactic of actions, forecasting and strategic planning of actions to support the national interests of Russia. Author warnings against the danger of Anglo-Saxon strategy оf Indirect Approach based on hybrid technologies with are used by the West against the interests of Russia in Arctic. He grounds the importance of the development in Russia a new strategical approach, based on wide use of adaptive technologies and development a new lows, taking in considerations the peculiarities of Arctic theatre in conditions of use a new model of conflict. Author proposes the measures to protect the national interests and national security of Russia in conditions of profound transformation threats and challenges of a modern time.

Keywords: cyberwarfare, information warfare, catalyst, hybrid warfare, indirect approach, strategy, conflict, Arctic, national security, friction

Abstract: The subject of the research is a new military course of NATO, the USA, its allies and partners. In the article the author analyzes the dynamics of relations between the USA, NATO and Russia in the period of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014-2016. The crisis has led to a serious deterioration of relationship between Moscow and Brussels, London and Washington since the end of "the cold war" and the revision of international security. Ukraine and Crimea have become a new dividing line between the West and Russia which began to apply different approaches and methods to resolve the crisis. The foreign policy of the West with respect to Russia has become a matter of comprehensive pressure on Russia through diplomatic and economic sanctions, and then unprecedented military strengthening of the military contingent after the "cold war". The authors applied a systematic approach involving a wide range of Social Sciences and the Humanities as a methodological basis of the study in addition to general scientific methods and techniques. The scientific novelty of the study is in consideration of the USA-NATO relations with Russia in the context of the Ukrainian crisis: the relations were at a high level of strategic partnership and then in a few years were actually terminated. The main conclusion of the study is that after more than 25 years of efforts to build a strategic partnership between the United States, NATO and Russia, there began a new phase of geopolitical confrontation of Washington and Brussels with Moscow, which leads to the settlementof the Ukrainian issue and other problems of the modern world, for example, in Syria, but also to general escalation of the military situation.

Keywords: escalation of the military situation, sanctions, foreign policy of the West, geopolitical confrontation, Russia, NATO, USA, strategic concept, strategic partnership, allies

Abstract: The European Union, acting as a «normative power Europe», has been actively calling for the women’s rights protection both in its internal and foreign policy. If the EU domestic experience in this area has been extensive, in its foreign policy the EU is a much more reluctant and uneven actor. This is especially true for the women’s rights’ protection in armed conflicts, an area closely linked to security. This article looks at the ways the EU addresses «Women, Peace and Security» Agenda, which emerged in the early 2000s in the UN Security Council. By comparing different legal documents, main spheres of the EU policy-maing in this area are outlined. It is concluded that so far the progress in this area has been uneven, and this agenda is not yet seen as an integral part of EU Member-States policy-making.

Keywords: Security Council, defense, security, foreign policy, women's rights, peace-keeping, European Union, United Nations, international cooperation, international law