Abstract: In an era of a changing world order, the Cuban vector of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) international activity is of particular academic interest. The subject of the research is current relations between the EAEU and the Republic of Cuba. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing attention to the Cuban vector in the EAEU foreign policy; the need for analyzing business opportunities, current trends and influencing factors. The research is based on the analysis of regulatory and legislative acts, official statistics; publicistic sources are also engaged.
The study reveals significant imbalances in Eurasian-Cuban trade due to the overbalance of exports from the EAEU; the leading role of Russia and Belarus in the context of relations between the EAEU and Cuba is noted. The author analyzes current trends and traces prospects for interaction.
The author uses a combination of general scientific theoretical and special methods; institutional and historical methods, as well as content analysis of official documents and statistics.
Analyzing Eurasian-Cuban relations, the author emphasizes the growing role of geopolitical factors and value orientation over purely economic interests. It is noted that despite the potential of the relations is still great and it has not been realized yet, economic feasibility and a favorable policy framework encourage to increase cooperation in a short term. The political potential of the relations is being successfully converted into economic projects and challenges implementation.
In concluding the author says that the multilateral format of interaction between the countries in the context of a global geopolitical crisis is an additional tool for hedging risks and one of the steps towards the state’s sustainable development.

Keywords: Eurasian Economic Commission, Eurasian-Cuban relations, Kirghizia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Russia, Cuba, Eurasian Economic Union, trade and economic relations

References:
Prospects for the Union’s international activities in 2024 were discussed at the EEC. [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/perspektivy-mezhdunarodnoy-deyatelnosti-soyuza-v-2024-godu-obsudili-v-eek/
Cuba y la Unión Económica Euroasiática, una alianza estratégica. [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from https://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/es/articulo/cuba-y-la-union-economica-euroasiatica-una-alianza-estrategica
Interview with the Latin American agency Prensa Latina and the Russian agency ITAR-TASS. [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from http://www.kremlin.ru/catalog/countries/AR/events/46190   
Deputy Prime Minister Chernyshenko working trip to Cuba. [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from https://ria.ru/20230518/kuba-1872532656.html
Chmyreva V.A. (2023). EAEU – Cuba: Institutionalization of Interaction and the Potential of Modern Cooperation. Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics, 2, 181-190.
Foreign t

Abstract: The era of digital revolution and introduction of artificial intelligence in political, economic, military and social spheres have created conditions for emergence of a new form of informational and communicative interaction in society, the so called metaverse.
The theory of parallel virtual worlds, described by science fiction writers in the 20th century, has been put into practice by major technological giants in the 21st century.
From 2019 to 2022, global technology corporations have begun to develop industry-specific metaverses aimed at further digitalising economic, political, military and social spheres of life.
Military rivalries and the rapid arms race, which have spawned new global conflicts, have contributed to emergence of the military metaverses and new types of weapons rooting from the use of artificial intelligence and advanced VR-technologies.
This article presents an analysis of military metaverses, new types of weapons made with the use of artificial intelligence technologies.

Keywords: network society, intelligence, digitalization, artificial intelligence, cognitive warfare, metaverse, India, US, virtualization, China

References:
Pashentsev, E.N. (2019). Malicious use of artificial intelligence: new threats to international information and psychological security and ways to neutralize them. State Administration electronic Bulletin, 76, 279-300. doi:10.24411/2070-1381-2019-10013
Bajwa, S. (2022, March). Metaverse: Next Social Disruption and Security Challenge. ISSUE BRIEF, pp. 1-9.
Baughman, J. (2022, May 2). Enter the Battleverse: China’s Metaverse War. China Aerospace Studies Institute. Military Cyber Affairs, Vol. 5, Iss. 1, Article 2. Retrieved from https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/3052203/enter-the-battleverse-chinas-metaverse-war/
Bazin, A. (2022, April). The Metaverse: A New Domain of Warfare? Small Wars Journal. Retrieved from https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/metaverse-new-domain-warfare
Cheung, Man-Chung. (2021, Mar 24). In China, virtual influencers are taking on media roles traditionally held by humans. Insider intelligence. Retrieved from

Abstract: This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the 21st-century military intervention in Iraq, with a specific focus on the supposed «call for democracy», a premise that has been a subject of intense debate and skepticism. By examining the «Fake Call for Democracy» hypothesis, the author investigates whether the pursuit of democratic governance was the genuine goal of the invasion or a facade for other strategic interests. The analysis encompasses the historical context preceding the invasion, the chronology of key events during the conflict, and the immediate and enduring consequences of the attack on Iraq's political, social, and economic structures. It provides a nuanced understanding of the motivations behind international interventions, particularly when couched in the rhetoric of democracy promotion or human rights.
The military intervention in Iraq stands as one of the most significant and contentious episodes of the early 21st century. From a lens of historical reflection, the «call for democracy» that justified the invasion is shrouded in controversy, debate, and criticism. The aftermath of the invasion has resulted in a precarious, deeply flawed democracy, defined by sectarian violence, economic instability, and political corruption, rather than the envisioned stable and prosperous democratic nation.

Keywords: military intervention, political corruption, economic instability, post-invasion consequences, geopolitical strategies, human rights, democracy promotion, international interventions, fake democracy, intervention in Iraq

References:
The National Security Strategy. September 2002. URL: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/ 
Quadrennial Defense Review Report. September 2001. URL: https://www.comw.org/qdr/qdr2001.pdf  
Aburish S.K. (1999).Saddam Hussein: The Politics of Revenge. Bloombury Publishing, 416p.
Chomsky N, (2004).Hegemony or Survival: America's Quert for Global Dominance. Metropolition Books, 320p.
Crawford N.C. (2013).Accountability for Killing: Moral Responsibility for Collateral Damage in America's Post-9/11 War. Oxford University Press, 486p. 
Diamond L. (2005).Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Dffort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. Times Books, 411p.
Dodge T. (2012).Ieaq: From War to New Authotitarianism. Routledge, 220p.
Dudayty A.K. (2016).War in Iraq 2003 and the Position of Leading EU Member States. Via in tempore: History. Political Science, 1(122), 56-60p.
Dyson, S.B. (2009). "Stuff Happens": Donald Rumsfeld and the Iraq War.

Abstract: With the deepening and growing cooperation between Russia and China, studies pertaining to relevant international cooperations between the two states, including those on defense and security cooperation, have drawn the attention of many researchers. However, the differences in schools of research on safety and cooperation have made the boundaries on said matter more complex and diverse. Russian and Chinese researchers have further displayed different understanding and perception on the definition of national safety cooperation. Hence, the paper aims to carry out in depth analysis and discussion on the definition of defense and security cooperation based on Russian and Chinese literature.

Keywords: security, cooperation, realism, liberalism, interests, threat, international relations theory, Russia, China, constructivism

References:
Bartosh A. A. (2019). Fundamentals of international security. Organizations for ensuring international security: a textbook for universities. Moscow, Russia:Yurayt Publishing House. 320 P.
Ivonina, O. I. (2015). Theory of international relations: a textbook for universities. Moscow, Russia:Yurayt Publishing House. 188 P.
Kardashova I. B. (2020). Fundamentals of the theory of national security: a textbook for universities. Moscow, Russia:Yurayt Publishing House. 332 P.
Lanko, D. A. (2013). Problem of cooperation in the third "great dispute" in theory of international relationships.Bulletin Sankt-Peterburgskogo University. Series 6. Philosophy, political science, sociology, psychology, law, international relations, 2, 92-97.
Muntyan M.A. (2006). Fundamentals of the theory of international relations. Tutorial. Moscow, Russia:MABiU. 164 P.
Ozhegov S. I. (1960). Dictionary of the Russian language. 4th edition, corrected. and additional. Moscow, Russia:State Publishing House of Foreign and Nati

Abstract: The subject of the study is a set of current ideas, concepts and strategies of representatives of American expert community on Turkish issues. The relevance of the work is determined by the need for a comprehensive analysis of the process of geopolitical transformations in the region taking into account the rising role of Turkey. The research is based on publicistic sources, which include analytical studies, articles, reports and expert assessments of specialists from the leading centers and institutions. The paper shows that the study of the potential of Turkish influence is intended to find a manageable balance of power in the region where Turkey will not oppose to American interests. It is noted that in the post-Soviet space Turkey has already become an indispensable player, proactive and ready to fill the vacuum of political will and power swiftly. The author points out that the expert community emphasizes differing degree of geopolitical influence of Turkey and Russia in the post-Soviet space, which determines the readiness of Turkish leadership to rely on NATO support as a counterbalance to the historical influence of Kremlin in the region. The author concludes that US still considers Turkey as a strategically valuable partner, and in certain scenarios the Republic has a chance to get carte blanche for a sovereign foreign policy and secure a place of a new key player; in this case, the USA can find a new manageable equilibrium in which Turkey's unfriendly actions will not undermine American strategic interests.

Keywords: post-Soviet space, Russian-Turkish relations, foreign policy analysis, expert community, foreign policy, international relations, Russia, NATO, USA, Turkey

References:
Avatkov V. A. Turkish «Hub» Ideology // Eastern Almanac: collection of scientific articles. Issue. V – M.: The Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation: Kvant Media, 2021. Pp. 8-13.
Chmyreva V.A. Turkey: in the Focus of American Analytics (Applied Research of Contemporary US Historiography), Мoscow, 2020.
Cordesman, Anthony H. The Greater Middle East: From the “Arab Spring” to the “Axis of Failed States” // https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200824_MENA_Axis_Failed_States.pdf
NATO 2022 Strategic Concept // https://www.nato.int/strategic-concept/
Mankoff, Jeffrey. Regional Competition and the Future of Russia-Turkey Relations // https://www.csis.org/analysis/regional-competition-and-future-russia-turkey-relations
Flanagan, Stephen J., Larrabee, Stephen F., Binnendijk, Anika., Costello, Katherine., Efron, Shira., Hoobler, James., Kirchner, Magdalena., Martini, Jeffrey., Nader, Alireza., Wilson, Peter A. Turkey's National

Abstract: In recent years, China's scientific and technological power has risen rapidly, threatening the United States' supremacy in this field. In order to contain the continuous development of China's scientific and technological strength, the US government has adopted a series of policies and measures since the Trump administration. At present, the technological confrontation between China and the United States is becoming increasingly fierce. In order to better understand this technological confrontation, this paper will use methods of analysis, information synthesis, comparison, induction, and deduction to analyze the causes of Sino-US science and technology confrontation, list the specific measures taken by the United States, study the comparative advantages of the United States and China in this confrontation, and finally analyze the global impacts of the Sino-US technological confrontation. With the rise and development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, scientific and technological competition is gradually becoming the front and core of Sino-US strategic game, which is different from the traditional geostrategic competition in content and form. This is the first time that the strategic competition of major powers mainly focuses on the field of non-physical geography for mankind. Neither China nor the United States has sufficient experience, and there is also a lack of historical experience to learn from. This paper argues that the Sino-US technological confrontation will not only affect the relationship between China and the United States, but also have negative impacts on the world. Therefore, China and the United States should look for areas of science and technology that can cooperate actively, promote the common prosperity and development of global science and technology, and let science and technology play a new and more constructive role in global politics.

Keywords: comprehensive national strength, international configuration, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, technical decoupling, strategic game, Sino-US relations, technological confrontation, scientific and technological strength, 5G technology, artificial intelligence

References:
Mearsheimer, J. J. The inevitable rivalry: America, China, and the tragedy of great-power politics // Foreign Affairs, 2021.-С. 32-48.
Huang Z. L., Han Z. Y. Analysis of U.S. Science and Technology Competitive Strategy towards China in the Context of the Sino-US Strategic Game // Seeking Truth.-2022.-№2.-С. 169-179.
Wu X. B. US Competitive Policy toward China and transformation of China-US Relations // China International Studies.-2020.-№3.-С. 7-20.
Giacomello G., Moro F. N., Valigi M. Technology and International Relations: The New Frontier in Global Power. –M.: Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021
Xu G. H. Retrospect on Chinese Science and Technology Development and Recommendations // Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences.-2019.-№10.-С. 1096-1103.DOI: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2019.10.003
Liu W. The Mystery of Advanced Technology Restrictions in Sino-US Trade Friction // Northeast Asia Forum.-2019.-№2.-С. 83-96.DOI: 10.13654/j.cnki.naf.2019.02.006
США – КНР: холодная война на

Abstract: In February 2022 there were massive demonstrations in Nepal against the $500 million "free" aid agreement between the country and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). The protests subsided, and the Nepalese parliament overwhelmingly approved the agreement. In July 2022, civil unrest broke out in Sri Lanka. A member of parliament shot himself, the prime minister's ancestral home was burned down, the defense ministry was forced to issue a "shoot-to-kill" order against protesters, and the president promised not to sign the MCC. In this article, the author explores the MCC as an instrument of American influence in developing countries, using Sri Lanka and Nepal as examples. Particular attention is given to specific mechanisms of economic pressure on developing countries to achieve political results. This article introduces the MCC organization and, by describing events in Nepal and Sri Lanka, reveals the role that the MCC plays in the process of American intervention in the Third World. The study analyzes statistics that illustrate the economic impact of the U.S. on developing countries. The author draws conclusions about the impact of U.S. activities through the MCC on the regional environment. There are many ways in which the United States intervenes in regional affairs. The MCC is only one of them, but it is particularly significant. Through it, the U.S. establishes privileged conditions for itself in negotiations with developing countries to achieve results that could not be obtained without economic pressure.

Keywords: developing countries, debt trap, foreign aid, economy, Sri Lanks, Nepal, USA, MCC, IPR, APR

References:
Nowels L. The Millennium Challenge Account: Congressional Consideration of a New Foreign Aid Initiative, 2003.
Thomas Bork, 丁伯成 [Ding B C]“布什主义”与中国 [The Bush Doctrine and China] // 新视野 [Expanding Horizons]. 2004. No. 01. P. 78-80.
王欢[Wang H] 美国非营利组织从事对外援助的有利条件[Favorable Conditions for American Nonprofits Engaged in Foreign Aid] // 国外社会科学 [Social Sciences Abroad]. 2019. No. 5. P. 48-58.
Report on the Criteria and Methodology for Determining the Eligibility of Candidate Countries for Millennium Challenge Account Assistance in Fiscal Year 2013, 2012. URL: https://assets.mcc.gov/content/uploads/2017/05/report-2012001113401-fy13-candidate-country.pdf (accessed: 03/11/2022)
戴永红 [Dai Y H] 姬广礼

Abstract: The regional concept - "Indo-Pacific region" has become a popular topic for research in modern international politics with the active promotion of four countries (USA, Japan, India and Australia). The Indo-Pacific strategy championed by the US Trump administration is the most significant among them and has strengthened the use of the emerging regional term "Indo-Pacific region". After the trade war, relations between China and the United States deteriorated, and Sino-American relations have become one of the most important relations in the field of international relations in this century, and the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States, developed under Trump, remains one of the concrete manifestations of the Sino-American great power game. This article explains the evolution of the concept of the "Indo-Pacific region", and the formation and development of the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States, as well as explains the fundamental goals of the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States and the structural conflict in the geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific region through generalizing the views and opinions of Chinese academia about the U.S. strategy in the Indo-Pacific region.     The strategy and policy of the United States in the Indo-Pacific region pursues the main goal of maintaining US hegemony, and this is also closely related to the rise of the PRC. Massive military commitments and a large number of US armed forces in the Indo-Pacific region and the growth of the military power of the PRC will become the most central contradiction in the geopolitical structural conflict between the PRC and the USA in this region. The US military policy in this region will cause discontent of the PRC and even regional conflicts, but at the same time it should be noted that due to the firm strategic determination of the PRC, the PRC's own economic development and the limitations of internal factors of the USA, the US Indo-Pacific strategy will not hinder the peaceful growth of the PRC in this region.

Keywords: China, USA, Sino-American relations, Indo -Pacific Strategy, Indo-Pacific region, Trump, Japan, India, Australia, Biden

References:
Abe Sindzo. Chetyrekhstoronniy demokraticheskiy standart bezopasnosti v Azii. Rezhim dostupa: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe/chinese?barrier=accessreg (Na kit. yaz.) (data obrashcheniya: 20.04.2021).
Van Dintsze: Rasshifrovka svobodnoy i otkrytoy Indo-Tikhookeanskoy strategii Abe. Dostup: http://wemedia.ifeng.com/45539544/wemedia.shtml (Na kit.yaz.) (data obrashcheniya:20.04.2021).
Van Pen. Khedzhirovanie i Klin-endogennaya logika Indo-Tikhookeanskoy strategii SShA: tochka zreniya neoklassicheskogo realizma // Sovremennyy Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskiy region.2018 god. № 3. S. 4–52. (Na kit.yaz.)
Vey Tszun'yu. Strategicheskaya perestroyka SShA v Indo-Tikhookeanskom regione i ee geostrategicheskoe vliyanie // Mirovaya ekonomika i politika. 2013. №10. S. 141. (Na kit.yaz.)
Li Li. Politika LOOK EAST Indii i Indo-Tikhookeanskaya diplomatiya // Sovremennye mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2018. № 1. S.13. (Na kit.yaz.)
Men Tsinlun. Perspektiva Indo-Tikhookeanskoy strategii s tochki zreniya

Abstract: The purpose of the research is the consideration of the problem of synthesis of racialism and geopolitics in the late 19th - the early 20th century and the substantiation of such a new concept in geopolitics as geopolitical racialism which hasn’t been used before neither in Russian nor in foreign science. To solve this task, the author applies the fundamental geopolitical dualism methods to the analysis of supremacist and imperialist mindset typical for scientific and sociopolitical life in Britain and the U.S. of the considered period, which became a core for the formation of Anglo-Saxon exceptionality, and formed the basis for the foreign policy of these states. The author arrives at the conclusion that until recently, Anglo-Saxonism was considered as a result of the Western elites’ fascination with the ideas of social Darwinism rather than as a geopolitical form of racism, since its analysis was mostly based on the peculiarities of “blood and descendance” of Anglo-Saxon peoples rather than on their “thalassocratic nature” or the influence of natural and climatic factors on their development. The differentiating feature of continental geopolitics was, vice versa, not only distancing from social Darwinism, but also the repudiation of the possibility of ultimate victory in the struggle between the West and the East. Theoretical and practical importance of the research consists in the fact that based on the analysis of the works of the Western authors of the late 19th - the early 20th centuries, both already known and left out in the cold, the author substantiates the definition and characteristics of geopolitical racism in its Anglo-Saxon variant, upholding the supremacy of maritime powers (thalassocracies) over land powers (tellurocracies) predefined by geographical factors, which in many aspects predetermined the development of the Western geopolitical mindset in contemporary history.

Keywords: geopolitical racism, continental geopolitics, Sea geopolitics, «sea power», social Darwinism, Anglo-Saxonism, Anglo-Saxon racism, geopolitical dualism, Anglo-Saxon race, imperialism

References:
Addison Dzh. Esse iz zhurnala «Zritel'» // Angliya v pamflete: angliyskaya publitsisticheskaya proza nach. XVIII v. / sost., avt. predisl. poslesl. i komment. I. O. Shaytanov.-M: Progress, 1987. – 525 s.
Aem A. Anglosaksonskaya rasa: Gosudarstva narodov anglosaks. rasy v nastoyashchem i budushchem. Ch. 1-2.-Moskva: t-vo tip. A.I. Mamontova, 1906. – 380 s.
Vandam (Edrikhin) A. E. Geopolitika i geostrategiya / sost., vstup. st. i komment. I. Obraztsova.-M.: Kuchkovo pole, 2002.-272 s.
Volgina L. Anglosaksonskiy rasizm na primere irlandskoy istorii [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: // https://oko-planet.su/history/historynew/page,4,183795-anglosaksonskiy-rasizm-na-primere-irlandskoy-istorii.html (data obrashcheniya: 25.02.2021).
Gurin I.G., Tartygina O.O. Imperskaya ideya v predstavlenii elity Velikobritanii XIX-nachala XX vv. // Vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Gumanitarnyy vypusk. – Samara, 2007,-№5. – S. 89-95.
Danilevskiy N. Ya. Rossiya i Evropa / sost., poslesl., komment. S. A. Vaygacheva.-M.: Kniga, 1991.-573 s.<

Abstract: The research subject is integration processes. The aim of the research is to reveal the essence of integration processes within the federalist and neo-functionalist theories. According to the works by K.Wheare and W. Riker, the factors promoting successful integration are the feeling of military vulnerability, craving for economic benefits, similarity of political institutions, geographic neighborhood, and craving for independence from other countries. Neo-functionalists - E. Haas, P. Schmitter - defined three groups of conditions which, in their opinion, determine the success of integration processes. Integration associations and processes within these theories have the following features: federalists consider integration association as a “federal bargain” in which the stronger state offers protection and wealth to the weaker ones in exchange for their resources. The specificity of integration processes according to the neo-functionalist theory consists in the spill-over of integration from one economic sphere to another, which spills over into the third one, etc. The article also outlines the weak points of each of the theories: federalists don’t disclose the very process of integration concentrating more on its final result, while neo-functionalists, despite the fact that they’d build a model which presumably covers a sufficient number of variables to get an unbiased idea of the successfulness of an integration association, didn’t take into account external factors which are also crucial for the development of integration processes.

Keywords: regional integration, integration features, integration associations, integration processes, theories of integration, federalism, neofunctionalism, integration, conditions of integration, factors of integration

References:
Schmitter P. Ernst B. Haas and the legacy of neofunctionalism, Journal of European Public Policy 2005, p. 258.
Haas, Ernst B. The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social, and economic forces 1950-1957. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004. p.12
Haas, Ernst B., and Philippe C. Schmitter. “Economics and Differential Patterns of Political Integration: Projections about Unity in Latin America.” International Organization, vol. 18, no. 4, 1964, p. 711. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: www.jstor.org/stable/2705528 (Data obrashcheniya: 11.04.2020)
Rayker U. Federalizm: teoriya, proiskhozhdenie, prednaznachenie [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171508/http:/b.nlobooks.ru/magazines/neprikosnovennyy_zapas/118_nz_2_2018/article/19682/ (Data obrashcheniya: 26.03.2020)
Wheare K.C. “Federal government” Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1980. p.38-39
Wheare K.C. “Federal government” Westport, Conn.; Greenwood Press, 1980. p.37
The Schuman Declaration – 9 May

Abstract: The authors consider the issues of modern political and legal institutions functioning. The research subject is the processes of renewal and formation of political and legal institutions in their connection with social context (sociosphere). Special attention is given to three political and legal institutions of modern globalizing society - political parties, mass media and social organizations, associations and movements. The authors describe the stages of societies’ evolution and note the basic set of criteria and parameters which allow classifying countries according to the stage of their development. The authors consider the transformations happening to the above mentioned institutions in Western Europe and the U.S., i.e. the global core countries. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the revelation of contextual linkage when defining the effectiveness of functioning and vectors of transformation of political and legal institutions and their practices. The authors prove that the considered institutions are being transformed in accordance with the transformations in the authorities which more often use humanist ideas and permission methods instead of direct coercion. The authors note a complex impact of globalization and digitalization on the institutions of parties, mass media and social associations. The need for their analysis is determined by the rapid growth of their role in public life. 
 

Keywords: political parties, context, sociosphere, political and legal institute, law, politics, media, civil society, social movement, intellectual

References:
Annin A.G. Vliyanie institutov grazhdanskogo obshchestva na pravovuyu sistemu sovremennoy Rossii // Vestnik ekspertnogo soveta. – 2019. – № 1 (16). – S. 75-80.
Antonov A. A. «PEGIDA» kak dvizhenie grazhdan protiv islamizatsii // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. – 2016. – № 11-1 (73). – S. 19-23.
Vershinin A. A. Stanovlenie grazhdanskogo obshchestva na Zapade: istoriya i osmyslenie // Kontury global'nykh transformatsiy: politika, ekonomika, pravo. – 2014. – № 7 (2). – S. 51-60.
Gvishiani D.M. Mosty v budushchee. – M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. – 372 s.
Efremova E.A. Intensifikatsiya grazhdansko-politicheskoy aktivnosti vnutri ES v period migratsionnogo krizisa 2015-2016 gg. // Vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya. – 2017. – T. 2. – № 7 (31). – S. 62-67.
Karaganov S. Novaya «Kholodnaya voyna»?// Rossiya i musul'manskiy mir. – 2008. – № 12. – S. 16-25.
Keshikova N.V. Evolyutsiya poryadka formirovaniya gosudarstvennykh organov // Izvestiya Irkutskoy gosudars

Abstract: The research purpose of this article is to attempt to differentiate the concepts and theoretical backgrounds of economic sanctions and trade wars as popular instruments of economic coercion. In the authors’ opinion, such differentiation is critically important for the conceptualization of economic sanctions as a foreign policy instrument kindling the interest of both specialists in international relations and the global and regional international politics practitioners. From a practical perspective, the interest in analyzing this issue is determined by the fact that over the past century, economic sanctions have become one of the key instruments of achieving a state’s foreign policy goals. They are mostly used by developed countries with extensive economic and technological capabilities (e.g. U.S.), which are striving for abatements of their less powerful partners regarding foreign and domestic policy issues. Yet another argument in favour of studying economic sanctions, trade wars and other instruments of economic coercion in the context of the theory of international relations is the possibility to shed more light on the nature of power as the most significant concept of modern political science. A detailed analysis of theoretical discussions about the phenomenon of trade and economic wars compared with economic sanctions allows the authors to outline a set of fundamental differences between these phenomena in the context of modern economic diplomacy. 
 

Keywords: Theory of International Relations, Political Science, International Political Economy, economic diplomacy, sanction wars, economic wars, trade wars, economic sanctions, international conflicts, international security

References:
Hirschman A. O. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. [expanded ed.] Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980.
Johnson H. Optimum Tariffs and Retaliation. // The Review of Economic Studies. 1953. Vol. 21, no. 2. Pp. 142–153.
Pape R. A. Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work // International Security. 1997. Vol. 2. №22. Rr. 90–136.
Sergunin A. A. Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior. Theory and Practice. Shtuttgart: ibidem-Verlag, 2015.
Galtung J. On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples From the Case of Rhodesia // World Politics. 1967. Vol. 3. №19. Pp. 378–416.
Eland I. Economic sanctions as tools of foreign policy // Economic Sanctions: Panacea or Peacebuilding in a Post-Cold War World? / ed. by David Cortright and George Lopez. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
Economic Sanctions: Panacea or Peacebuilding in a Post-Cold War World? / ed. by David Cortright and George Lopez. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.
Doxey M. P. International sa

Abstract: The author delves into the three most important Neo-Realist theories forming the basics of the modern understanding of the key patterns of international politics: R. Gilpin’s concept of the global international system, K. Waltz’s concept of the international structure, and H. Bull’s concept of international order. The author focuses on the problems of sustainability of the international order, predictability of states’ behaviour, and compliance of their policy with generally accepted standards and values, which influences international security and determines the urgency of a comprehensive study of this problem. The author uses the method of comparative analysis to detect the key peculiarities of the Neo-Realist interpretation of the notions “system”, “structure” and “order” in the international politics, and critically assesses the adequacy of their explanatory potential in modern geopolitical conditions. The main conclusion of the article is that the Neo-Realist worldview is gradually losing its topicality which can be seen in the fact that system changes are becoming more independent of the dynamics of material wealth distribution structure. Consequently, “anarchy” and the principles of a sovereign state are losing their influence turning into merely descriptive notions stating the absence of a superior sovereign power in the international politics and the formal equality of rights of nation-states. 
 

Keywords: anarchy, neorealism, international structure, international system, international order, polarity, system change, R. Gilpin, K. Waltz, H. Bull

References:
Sistema, struktura i protsess razvitiya sovremennykh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy / Pod red. V. Gantmana. M.: Nauka, 1984. 422 s.
Bull H. The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. 1995. 335 p.
Gilpin R. War and Change in World Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 272 p.
Ikenberry J., Mastanduno M., Wohlforth W. Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequences // World Politics. 2009. № 1. R. 1-27.
Posen B. European Union Security and Defense Policy: Response to Unipolarity // Security Studies. 2006. № 2. P. 149-186.
Walt S. Alliances in a Unipolar World // World Politics. 2009. № 1. R. 86-120.
Waltz K. Theory of International Politics. Longrove, Illinois: Waveland Press. 2010. 251 p.
Pen'kovtsev R.V., Khedayati Shakhidani M. «Myagkiy balans» i asimmetrichnyy regional'nyy balans v mezhdunarodnoy politike // Politika i Obshchestvo. 2014. № 10. C. 1219 - 1234. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2014.10.13256.
Batalov E. «Novyy mirovoy poryad

Abstract: The author of the article notes that international processes have global potential, which hasn’t been completely revealed yet, and characteristics which determine their global orientation. Global features, potential and orientation of international processes manifest themselves through principles and general patterns involving all their participants and all the spheres of these social relations. Some international processes won’t gain global status at all, and the author defines the main criteria of their globallity. First of all, it is the qualitative-contensive criterion of globality as a spreading potential unity of particular social patterns, tendencies and principles. Besides, the author considers the spatial-geographical and the temporal criteria of globality, and the criterion connected with the problem of global safety. The author uses the global and the system approaches together with the integrative-interdisciplinary, historical and evolutionary approaches, the methods of scientific forecasting and futurology. Further inclusion of international relations into the process of solving global problems requires the improvement of supranational mechanisms of administration right up to the upcoming establishment of the global level of administration and the formation of global law and global values. The author makes a hypothesis that the phenomenon of statehood will keep the leading role not only in the transition to sustainable development, but also in other directions of the evolution of international processes. The author anticipates the development of international processes for the foreseeable future: the analysis of possible evolution of state as a key subject of international relations implies further development of these relations in terms of spreading sustainable development of humanity on the planet and beyond. 
 

Keywords: world politics, nternational relations, cultural genesis, criteria of globality, state, global problems, globalization, global law, globalization processes, sustainable development

References:
Ursul A.D., Ursul T.A., Dugarova M. New Goals of Sustainable Future // Philosophy and Cosmology. Vol. 18. 2017. R.37-50
Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations, 2015. 45 p. // URL: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015
Bogaturov A.D. Ponyatiya i metodologiya analiza // Covremennaya mirovaya politika: Prikladnoy analiz. Pod. red. Bogaturova A.D. Moskva,Aspekt-Press, 2010. 592 s.
Global Risks Report, 2019. 14th Edition. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2019. 114 p. // URL: https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019
Baburin S.N., Ursul A.D. Politika ustoychivogo razvitiya i gosudarstvenno-pravovoy protsess. Moskva, Magistr, INFRA-M, 2010. 557 s.
Ursul A.D. Globalizatsiya prava i global'noe pravo: kontseptual'no-metodologicheskie problemy // Pravo i politika. 2012. № 8. S..1284-1297.
Baranovskiy V.G., Ivanova N.I., otv. red. Global'noe upravlenie: vozmozhnosti i riski. Moskva, IMEMO RAN, 2015. 314 s.
Ursul A.D. Information nature of

Abstract: Based on the review of elaborations within the theory of integration and new regionalism, the author considers the importance of formation of a complex system approach to studying the processes of regional integration and trans-regionalism. The author judges from the essential likelihood of processes of regional and trans-regional integration and the potential of forming a synthetic approach to studying their structure, internal and external environment under the conditions they operate in, and the effects and potential of their development in the context of further transformation of the modern political system. The article describes the attempt to critically analyze the key elaborations within the theory of integration and new regionalism aimed for the purpose of developing a complex approach. The key author’s contribution in the study of the topic is the comparison of the main theoretical elaborations and the formulation of the author’s definition of regional integration and trans-regionalism and the complex system approach to studying integrational processes - the author’s research programme of this topic which could be used for further studies of integration.
 

Keywords: network approach, interregionalism, regionalism, transregionaliam, international region, integration theory, regional integration, new regionalism, regionalization, globalization

References:
Baykov A.A. Sravnitel'naya integratsiya. Praktika i modeli integratsii v zarubezhnoy Evrope i Tikhookeanskoy Azii / A.A. Baykov; otv. red. A.D. Bogaturov. – M.: Aspekt Press, 2012. 256 s.
Baykov A.A. Formy integratsiotsionnykh vzaimodeystviy v Vostochnoy Azii: opyt proverki Evropeyskim Soyuzom // Sravnitel'naya politika. 2010. № 1. S. 166-187.
Busygina I.M. Asimmetrichnaya integratsiya v Evrosoyuze // Mezhdunarodnye protsessy. 2007. Tom 5, № 3. S. 18-28.
Voskresenskiy A.D. Kitay i Rossiya v Evrazii. Istoricheskaya dinamika politicheskikh vzaimovliyaniy. – M.: Muravey, 2004. S. 355-392.
Degtyarev A.A. Osnovy politicheskoy teorii: Uchebnoe posobie. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1998. 239 s.
Degtyarev A.A. Prinyatie politicheskikh resheniy: ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov; Nats. fond podgotovki kadrov; Mosk. shkola sots. i ekon. nauk. – M. : Kn. dom "Universitet", 2004. 414 s.
Evropa pered vyzovami nachala XXI veka: kollektivnaya monografiya / kollektiv avtorov; pod obshch. red. M.E. Rodionovoy. ‒ M.: KNORUS, 2017. 272 s.
Evropeyskaya integratsiya

Abstract: The research subject is the geopolitical space as a system of links between geopolitical subjects. The research object is their political interrelations and the character of intersubject links. The author solves the problem of quantitative assessment of complex humanitarian and geographical categories and the ways of their mathematical expression, such as geopolitical position and its particula parameters for extracting a scientifically grounded geopolitical knowledge. Special attention is given to the geopolitics of Siberia as one of the most troubled regions crucial for Russia’s national security. The author uses the “discord and collaboration”, formulated by Arnold Wolfers in the period of the cold war, actualizing it to assess the modern intersubject links. The author composes the model of geopolitical position of the region which is the relation of the geopolitical force of the surrounding subjects to the subject under consideration, where the each subject’s coefficient is geographical influence on the subject and the character of political relations according to “friend-foe” scale. The author composes the methodology of typological assessment of political relation and estimates the character of intersubject links for Siberia as a model region and its surrounding subjects. The developed theoretical constructions help to come closer to the quantitative assessment of geopolitical position as a type of geographical position.
 

Keywords: quantitative methods, theory of international relations, theory of geopolitics, theoretical geography, political philosophy, geoeconomics, geopolitical position, political geography, geopolitics of Siberia, geopolitical space

References:
Richardson, L.F., Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. (Quincy Wright and C. C. Lienau, eds.) – Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press, 1960. – 373 p.
Hill F., Gaddy C. The Siberian Curse: How Communists Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold-Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. – 304 p.
Fartyshev A.N. Geopoliticheskoe i geoekonomicheskoe polozhenie Sibiri: modelirovanie i otsenka // Vestnik SPbGU. Nauki o Zemle. – 2017. – T. 62. – Vyp. 3. – S. 300–310.
Fartyshev A.N. Geopoliticheskie i geoekonomicheskie kontseptsii razvitiya i pozitsionirovaniya Cibiri: aktual'nye napravleniya, otsenka vygodnosti i realizuemosti ikh // Mnogovektornost' v razvitii regionov Rossii: resursy, strategii i novye trendy Institut geografii RAN; Otv. red. V.N. Streletskiy. – 2017. – S. 291-301.
Fartyshev A.N. Udalennost' demograficheskikh i ekonomicheskikh tsentrov ot sosedey kak kriteriy ikh geopoliticheskogo polozheniya (na primere Rossii i Sibiri) // Internet-zhurnal «NAUKOVEDENIE» – T. 8-№5 – 2016. – Tochka dostupa: http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/80E

Abstract: The present article explores the theoretical basis of modern regional studies and comparative integration. The article covers the formation of existing integration theories and their peculiar features; fixes the historical dominant of Western European experience in the process of integration theories creation. The author marks out the fundamental differences between the context of Western European integration and regional processes in most other regions of the world; gives a brief description of the liberal intergovernmental approach, its origins, history, and circumstances of its development, and the reasons for its wide applicability. As an example, the article appeals to the experience of regional initiatives of Latin America, their specificity and fundamental principles of functioning, their difference from Western European practice and compliance of Latin American experience with the hypotheses of the liberal intergovernmental approach, explicableness of modern phenomena of Latin American regionalism on its basis. The author draws a conclusion as for applicability of the Liberal Intergovernmental Approach in modern studies of regional organizations as a basic theoretical approach, makes assumptions about its perspective further adaptation, highlights relevance of this direction as well as the theoretical work necessary to understand and systematize the experience of practical research and regional specifics.

Keywords: integration, liberal intergovernmental approach, integration theory, new regionalism, regionalism, comparative integration, Latin America, historical dominant, Latin American experience, regional specificity

References:
Moravchik A. Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmental Approach // Economic and Political Integration in Europe, Internal Dynamics and Global Contexts / S. Bulmer and A. Scott (editors). Oxford, 1994.
Marinovic M. El Ról presencial de defensa ante los desafios de desarrollo // Seguridad Estratégica Regional. Buenos Aires, 1995. N7.
Chubar'yan A. Evropeyskaya ideya v istorii: Problemy voyny i mira. M.: «Nauka», 1987
Balassa B. The Theory of Economic Integration. Boston, MA: Irwin, 1961
Katzenstein P. Area Studies, Regional Studies and International Relations // The Journal of East Asian Studies. #2(1)
Tsentral'noamerikanskiy konflikt: ot protivoborstva k uregulirovaniyu. M., 1992
Stroganov A.I. Latinskaya Amerika: stranitsy istorii KhKh veka – M.: Knizhnyy dom «LIBROKOM», 2017
Strezhneva M.V. Nadnatsional'nost' kak evrotrend. // Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2003. №1
Strezhneva M.V. Institutsional'noe razvitie ES // Vostok – Zapad: Regional'nye podsistemy i regio

Abstract: The research object is the peculiarities of directions of the cultural and psychological methodology of international political studies. The author notes that the Russian political science hasn’t given appropriate attention to these directions until recently. The author describes the specialists’ approaches and considers the following directions of the cultural and psychological methodology of international political studies: the person-centered approach, the study of the influence of public opinion, the study of impact of personal and corporate interests, irrational manifestations and other psychological factors, an “operational code”; the “historical experience of generations” concept; the mental approach. The research methodology is based on the system approach. The author uses the historical-genetic, socio-psychological and comparative methods. The author proves that the cultural and psychological methodology of international political studies is aimed at the penetration into the “human dimension” of the world politics and international relations, into the mental sphere of a society, a group and a person in order to detect the determinants and prerequisites of particular decisions and actions in the mentioned sphere and to make more realistic forecasts. 

Keywords: mentality, psychology, culture, methodology, studies, foreign policy, international relations, person, political leader, public opinion

References:
Bykov O. N. Natsional'nye interesy i vneshnyaya politika. M.: IMEMO RAN, 2010. 284 s.
Gachev G. Mental'nosti narodov mira. M.: Algoritm, Eksmo, 2008. 544 s.
Kissindzher G. Diplomatiya; Per. s angl. M.: Ladomir, 1997. 848 s.
Kokoshin A. A. O sistemnom i mental'nom podkhodakh k miropoliticheskim issledovaniyam: Kratkiy ocherk . Izd. 2-e, ispr. i dop. M.: LENAND, 2008. 88 s.
Lebedeva M. M. Mirovaya politika: Uchebnik dlya vuzov. M.: Aspekt Press, 2007. 365 s.
Mirovaya politika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya: Ucheb. posobie / Pod red. S. A. Lantsova, V. A. Achkasova. SPb: Piter, 2007. 448 s.
Osnovy obshchey teorii mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy / Pod red. A. S. Manykina. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 2009. 592 s
Pashkovskiy P. I. Vneshnepoliticheskiy mekhanizm: problemnye teoreticheskie aspekty issledovaniya // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: Sotsiologiya. Politologiya. 2016. T. 16. Vyp. 4. S. 452-456.
Pashkovskiy P. I. Mental'nyy podkhod v issledovanii mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy // Vestnik razvitiya nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015.

Abstract: In the English-speaking segment of the global academic environment, the concept of the «Chinese School» is known also as the English School. Despite its young age and initially claimed position to follow the Western methodology and big theories, adherence to which has been daily confirmed by Chinese scholars in their articles, monographs and doctoral dissertations, the "Chinese School" from the very beginning of its existence proclaimed the main principle (not yet paradigm) - it will be based on Chinese culture and Chinese history, which should be included in the global international research on a par with Western culture and history.The article deals with the evolution of Chinese thought as a part of the international global context, which has passed its own "big" debates and entered into controversy with influential Western scholars for their right to methodological consciousness. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, the author gives a general picture of the current state of international research in China, analyzes the complex process of development of the various "approaches", which now make up the concept, but not a single "Chinese school". The article concludes that Chinese scholars are becoming an integral part of the global academic environment, while reproducing the dominance of Western theories of international relations, and even its "innovations" are considered in the context of Western research paradigms.

Keywords: Chinese culture, Chinese history, methodological identity, three debates, Qinghua approuch, theory of relationship, Chinese school, traditional political ideas, Qin Yaqing, Yan Xuetong

References:
Qin Yaqing (2010). International Society as a Process: Institutions, Identities, and China's Peaceful Rise // The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3.
Buzan Barry (2010). China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise’ Possible? // The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3.
Yang Yuan (2012). Zhongguo guoji guanxi lilun yanjiu (2008-2011) (Chinese Studies of International Relations. 2008-2011) // Guoji zhengzhi kexue (International Political Science), Vol. 2.
Wang Yizhou (2009). ‘China: Between Copying and Constructing’, in Arlene B. Tickner and Ole Waever, eds. International Relations Scholarship Around the World. New York: Routledge. 342 p.
Pang Zhongying (2003). Kaifang shide zizhu fazhan: dui Yingguo guoji guanxi lilun de yixiang guancha – sikao Zhongguo guoji guanxi lilun de fangxiang (Independent development of the open type: Review of theories of England’s international relations-thoughts about the ways of China's IR Theories) // Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi (World

Abstract: The Soft power theory is popular among scholars and politicians, however, the nature of this phenomenon can complicate its evaluation, especially in the research, based on quantitative methods. At present, we are facing a trend of rising violence in the world, and soft power indexes, created by consulting agencies, are not enough. They are important indeed, partially because these reports remind us of the alternatives to coercion. But their authors often put emphasis on the states possessing significant political power resources. Probably, it leads to the misperception that countries, which din't have significant hard power resources, are unable to accumulate enough soft power to implement it as a foreign policy tool.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that this assumption is not always correct. We use the linear regression model to show that Asian and African countries can use soft power in the United Nations even if their hard power is small. The research contains the information on the resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations and 124 countries-submitters and co-submitters of resolution drafts in 2001-2015. As we fully admit that soft power indexes are difficult to create and apply, this paper also covers soft power limits and critique.

Keywords: quantitative methods, political power, empirical analysis, soft power critique, African countries, Asian countries, General Assembly resolutions, United Nations, soft power index, resolutions submitters

References:
Vladimirova A., Kuskova V. Quantifying Political Power: Applied Network Research Approach. Paper presented at the XXXVI Sunbelt Social Networks Conference of the International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA), Newport Beach, 2016.
USA Regains Position as Top Nation Brand from Germany [online] // GfK. 2015. Available: http://www.gfk.com/en-in/insights/press-release/usa-regains-position-as-top-nation-brand-from-germany-1/ [Accessed 2016-04-07].
Blechman B.M. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. // Political Science Quarterly (Academy of Political Science). 2004. Vol. 119. No. 4. P. 680-681.
Buhmann A., Ingenhoff D. Advancing the country image construct from a public relations perspective: From model to measurement. // Journal of Communication Management. 2015. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 62-80.
Compendium of Tourism Statistics [online] // The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2016. Available: http://statistics.unwto.org/content/compendium-tourism-statistics [Accessed 2016-05-28].<

Abstract: Nowadays an essential gap between formal democratic institutions and cultural, historical, and value traditions historically peculiar to certain countries/societies can be observed. The phenomenon of democracies conforming to the formal, procedural attributes, but giving rise to doubt in their democratic essence, produced new concepts describing the existing changes which are generally called “democracies with adjectives”. At present this discourse covers more than 60 countries, and the most extensive discussion takes place around the countries of Latin America. The author uses the system, structural-functional and comparative-political approaches, the methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, observation, modeling, and expert assessments. The article explains the concept of “democracies with adjectives”, describes the problem field of this concept, and the main phases of its establishment, outlines the problem spheres influenced by the democracy discourse, shows the countries involved in this discourse and the strategies of the authors of the concept. 

Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, "democracies with adjectives", political regime , regional allocation, democratization, Latin America, interests, values, security

References:
V angloyazychnoy literature – ‘Democracy with adjectives’.
FreedomHouse.org
Tsit. po: Latinskaya Amerika: ispytaniya demokratii. Voprosy politicheskoy modernizatsii. V 2-kh chastyakh. Chast' 1. – M.: ILA RAN, 2009. 264 s. S. 19.
Podrobnee o termine: Khantington S. Tret'ya volna. Demokratizatsiya v kontse XX veka. M. : ROSSPEN, 2003, 368 s.
Materialy konferentsii GU-VShE «Instituty publichnoy politiki: transplantatsiya ili vyrashchivanie», 13 maya 2005. Elektronnyy resurs. http://gpir.narod.ru/ve/661903.htm. dostup svobodnyy. data poseshcheniya: 05.06.2010.
Puhle, H. Democratic Consolidation and “Defective Democracies" // Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Working Paper 47/2005. pp. 1-20.
Croissanta A. From transition to defective democracy: mapping Asian democratization.
Musaev B. Novyy avtoritarizm. 1991-1992.
Zudin A. Politicheskiy monotsentrizm v Rossii: ot rezhima-k sisteme?-Doklad na Mezhdunarodnom simpoziume "Puti Rossii", 2004.
Kholodskovskiy K. K voprosu o politicheskoy sisteme sovremennoy Rossii. Polis. 20

Abstract: This article is devoted to the studies of the role of reason in the modern political processes, global politics and foreign policies of the nation-states. The article attempts to clarify the basic terms regarding the term "reason", showing how the factor of reason is comprehended by the parties to the political relations and political process. It is established that reason is a complicated structure, and it may manifest itself at individual, collective, and distributed levels in political and social activities of a person.  The appearance of the network structures in the modern society forms new network type of reason, which influences the reasonability criteria and evaluation of reasonability of certain political strategies and courses. As a result it becomes clear that speaking of reasonable policy, we often mean different bases and criteria for being reasonable. Moreover, different cultures have their own ideas of reason and being reasonable in political activities based upon their own traditions and values. At the same time the noosphere teaching of V.I. Vernadskiy allows to synthesize various approaches to reason and its role in politics within a single paradigm, which is brought together by the modern ideology of noovitism.

Keywords: international relations, foreign politics, noovitism, culture, Vernadskiy, noosphere, reason, conscience, multipolar world, civilization

References:
O. G. Karpovich Mirotvorcheskie operatsii SShA i Evropeyskogo Soyuza i rol' tekhnologiy upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi konfliktami v podderzhanii mira // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-1.-C. 108-118.
A. V. Manoylo CShA i Taliban: strategicheskoe partnerstvo // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2012.-3.-C. 82-85.
A. D. Shutov Belovezhskie soglasheniya i geopoliticheskie pozitsii Rossii // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2012.-3.-C. 17-22.
V. V. Vanslov Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy progress i kul'tura // Kul'tura i iskusstvo.-2012.-6.-C. 27-33.
O. G. Karpovich Krizis mirotvorchestva i modeli upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi konfliktami Rossii, SShA i Evropeyskogo Soyuza // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2012.-2.-C. 118-123.
A.Yu. Bel'yaninov Bezopasnost' Rossii na Evraziyskom prostranstve // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2013.-2.-C. 318-324. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2013.02.10.
A. V. Manoylo Iran i SShA: slozhnaya igra s mnogovariantnym rezul'tatom // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene.-2012.-2.-C. 88-95.
A. A. Kosoruko

Abstract: The Russian state was historically formed as a poly-ethnical state throughout the centuries. That is why the problem of forming a united civil self-conscience has always been topical. The nation formation process is a complicated and contradictory matter, since in touches upon national identity of citizens due to which the state has to choose the principle for the nation formation. Among the basic principles one may single out the following: nation formation based on multi-cultural policy, based upon civil nation, or based upon a dominating ethnic group within the state, which is capable of uniting other ethnic groups around itself. Most of European and American states face the problem of nation formation, and this problem is also relevant for Russia,, since in two decades after the breakup of the Soviet Union it still is unable to form an efficient nation formation policy. Due to this fact the issue of formation of a general Russian identity becomes a topical goal for state and society.  The author chooses Russia and the USA for the study, and she makes a comparison.  The choice of these two states due to them being largest territorial states and having ethnical variety.  Also, both Russia and the USA face problems related to the inflow of migrants, and nation building crisis. 
 

Keywords: nation, nation-building, structuralism, primordialism, multiculturalism, unity, ideology, the USA, Russia, instrumentalism

References:
Tam zhe., str. 287–288.
Stalin I.V. Marksizm i natsional'nyy vopros, Soch., t. 2, M., 1954. s. 296
Tam zhe, str. 139.
Kautskiy K. Krizis v Avstrii, V sb.: «Ocherednye problemy mezhdunarodnogo sotsializma», SPb., 1906, str. 285
O.Baeur. «Natsional'nyy vopros v sotsial-demokratii», izd. «Serp», 1909 g., str. 2.
Tam zhe. (13)
State and Nation In: Ephraim Nimni (ed.), National Cultural Autonomy and Its Contemporary Critics, London: Routledge, 2005, str. 25
Berger P., Lukman T. Sotsial'noe konstruirovanie real'nosti: Traktat po sotsiologii znaniya. M., 1995. S. 86.
Tishkov V.A. “Natsiya-eto metafora”., "Druzhba narodov", 2000, №7.
K.Doych. Natsionalizm i ego al'ternativy, 1969 (raspolozhen Shlomo Zendom, “Kto i kak izobrel evreyskiy narod,st.11). [Elektronnyy resurs] //Valeriy Tishkov [Sayt] URL http://www.scribd.com/doc/38252783/The-Invention-of-the-Jewish-People-by-Shlomo-Sand
G.Grotsiy "O prave voyny i mira". Reprint s izd. 1956 g. – M.: Ladomir, 1994. – 868 s. s.420
Tishkov V.A. Tishkov V.A. “Rossiys