Abstract: The author studied in detail the aspects of cooperation between Russia and Brazil in the field of green energy. In this context, Russia and Brazil, as countries with vast territories and rich natural resources, have a special potential for developing the green energy sector both within the framework of each country's energy policy separately and in bilateral cooperation. Both countries are expanding the possibilities of using various types of renewable energy sources, and therefore cooperation between these two states can become an important factor in promoting this direction in global realities. The countries are actively strengthening cooperation within the framework of the BRICS, because one of the relevant topics on the agenda of the association is precisely cooperation in the field of green energy and the economy. The partnership between the two countries not only contributes to achieving carbon neutrality, but also creates favorable conditions for further economic growth. The main research method is system analysis, which reveals the components of the countries' cooperation policies in the field of green energy, and the green energy of Russia and Brazil are considered separately. A geo-economic approach was also used to identify the dependencies of the development of low-carbon markets in Russia and Brazil on the common agenda of such an association as the BRICS. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an extensive analysis of cooperation between the Russian Federation and Brazil in the field of green initiatives, including the creation of low-carbon markets, the use of renewable energy sources, as well as the promotion of climate and carbon-neutral initiatives of the two countries through the BRICS. The article examines this aspect of cooperation between the two countries, since when analyzing energy cooperation between Russia and Brazil, researchers more often focus on carbon energy resources. The two countries are strengthening cooperation in the field of green innovation, creating joint projects in the field of nuclear and hydrogen energy and contributing to the sustainable development of the two countries. The countries are actively strengthening cooperation within the framework of the BRICS, because one of the relevant topics on the agenda of the association is precisely cooperation in the field of green energy and the economy. The partnership between the two countries not only contributes to achieving carbon neutrality, but also creates favorable conditions for further economic growth.

Keywords: Wind power, Hydrogen energy, Nuclear energy, Energetics, BRICS, Renewable Energy, Brazil, Russia, Solar energy, Green energy

Abstract: This article analyzes the contribution of China's foreign policy to global governance, with particular attention being paid to the impact of China-US relations on global governance. The subject of the study is the influence of China's foreign policy on global governance in various fields in 2013–2024. The object of the study is the foreign policy of the PRC. The relevance of this topic also lies in the fact that the second decade of the 21st century was marked by a new surge in the importance of the "Chinese factor" in world politics. One of its roots is the policy of relative independence of the PRC from the centers of world power, which makes the study of the conceptual foundations of the Chinese and East Asian vector of foreign policy key to the study of relations on global governance. In the course of solving the tasks set in the light of achieving the previously mentioned goals, modern methods of cognition, comparative legal, logical and other research methods were used. China has demonstrated its important role in global governance through the Belt and Road Initiative, climate governance and international security cooperation, and has put forward a number of new concepts, such as the "Community of the Common Destiny of Mankind" and "Joint discussion, joint construction and joint use" to promote the development of the global governance system in a more equitable and reasonable direction. At the same time, the competition and cooperation between China and the United States in the field of global governance has had a profound impact on the world order. The United States is exacerbating the uncertainty of global governance with its unilateral policies, while China advocates multilateral cooperation and building an international order with the United Nations at the center. Despite the numerous problems in U.S.-China relations, the two countries still have extensive potential for cooperation in addressing global challenges such as climate change and global economic stability.

Keywords: PRC Diplomatic Strategy, New International Relations, New concepts of global governance, A community of united destiny for humanity, Transformation of foreign policy, Chinese diplomacy, Conflict and cooperation, International relations, Global governance, Foreign policy game

Abstract: The authors consider the application of the ideas of consociational democracy proposed by Arendt Leiphart as a tool for resolving interethnic conflicts using the example of the Republic of North Macedonia. The process of national State building in the republic has not yet been completed. The protracted process of joining the European Union is complicated by the ethnic confrontation between the two largest communities of the republic – Macedonian Albanians and ethnic Macedonians. The establishment of a system for regulating ethnopolitical problems in the republic began with the signing in 2001 of the Ohrid Framework Agreement between representatives of the State and the Albanian minority. The agreement was based on the ideas of consociational democracy, which provides for a strict proportional distribution of the participation of representatives of opposing communities in public administration. The article analyzes the experience of designing proportional representation in public administration of all public groups in the Republic of North Macedonia.  In addition to general scientific methods and the method of comparative analysis, the authors used methods of document analysis and observation during the research. Despite attempts to introduce proportional representation of ethnic groups in government structures, such measures did not lead to a reduction in tension, but, on the contrary, increased ethnic differences. The article also analyzes the implementation mechanisms of the Ohrid Framework Agreement, including the introduction of the Balancer software product for planning ethnic representation in government and the public sector in general. Critically assessing the results of the application of consociational practices, the authors note that such approaches, although they contribute to the temporary settlement of conflicts, often strengthen ethnic identity and do not solve underlying problems. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the ethnopolitical measures in the Republic of North Macedonia, including proportional representation, not only did not reduce ethnic tensions, but on the contrary, aggravated the confrontation of ethnic communities within the country.

Keywords: civil service, government bodies, ethnic confrontation, Macedonians, Macedonia, consociational democracy, nation-state building, ethnopolitics, Balancer, Albanian ethnic minority

Abstract: This article examines the importance and role of digital technologies in conducting information operations (IO) by the United States of America in the post-Soviet space. The research includes an analysis of the theoretical foundations of information operations, their place and importance in modern geopolitics, as well as their impact on international relations. Special attention is paid to the methods of information operations, including disinformation, targeted cyber attacks, manipulation of public opinion through social networks, media resources and artificial intelligence technologies. The strategies of the United States in the post-Soviet space are considered in detail, in which information operations act as one of the key tools for achieving geopolitical goals. The article also provides a detailed analysis of the tactics and mechanisms of influence used within the framework of AI, including informational and psychological effects on target audiences, the introduction of narratives aimed at forming a certain public opinion, as well as technological aspects of conducting cyber operations. Content analysis has been applied to identify ways of manipulating Western public consciousness while creating an "enemy image" of Russia. The information technologies used for information operations are classified into groups. The article presents an analysis of the attitude of post-Soviet countries to the implementation of the United States IO. The article is based on modern research, official US documents, and official statements by representatives of the Russian Federation and Belarus. After the collapse of the USSR, the United States assumed the role of hegemon, and claimed the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other states. Washington has shown interest in persuading the former Soviet republics to its side. Fearing a direct confrontation with Russia and China, which share a sphere of influence in the post-Soviet space, the United States began to use less visible methods such as information operations. Information operations based on the use of advanced information technologies developed in the United States have made it possible to have a significant impact on the post-Soviet space. Due to the fact that the Central Asian region is mainly within the sphere of influence of China, the United States has directed more efforts towards Ukraine and Georgia. By intelligently influencing the public's consciousness, manipulating information, and supporting opponents, they managed to spoil the relations of these countries with Russia and lead to a state of armed conflict.

Keywords: information wars, artificial intelligence, Cybersecurity, hybrid warfare, USA, social media, cyber operation, disinformation, digital technologies, information operations

Abstract: The article examines in detail the changing role of the media in the context of digital transformation and highlights the growing influence of social media as a central element of political communication. The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly changed the media landscape, blurring the boundaries between traditional media and new forms of mass communication. This shift has created new opportunities for democratizing communication and increasing citizen participation in political and public life. Due to the fact that today social networks have become the main tool for the rapid dissemination of information, this has significantly accelerated the exchange of opinions and accelerated reactions to political events, as well as increased dependence on digital platforms that manage the flow of information through various algorithms and recommendations. In addition to general scientific methods and comparative analysis, the research used the method of content analysis, namely the analysis of messages and content distributed through traditional media and social networks, to identify changes in political communication and information manipulation. Digitalization of communications has led to significant changes in the ways of obtaining and distributing information, which requires a revision of existing norms and standards that have been developed for traditional media. The study highlights the dual nature of this transformation. Even though it promotes greater transparency, public engagement, and democratization, it also generates problems such as disinformation, polarization, online propaganda, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI). This duality highlights the complexity of managing modern information flows and highlights the importance of finding a balance between the benefits of digitalization and potential threats. On the one hand, digital technologies provide powerful tools for citizens to participate in political life, facilitating access to information and enabling rapid response to events. On the other hand, they create a favorable environment for manipulation, spreading false data and increasing polarizing trends.

Keywords: Internet, algorithms, manipulative potential, digitalization, media space, social media, disinformation, mass media, political communication, polarization

Abstract: Currently, Russia is the country with the highest carbon emissions per capita, and China is the world's largest carbon emitter. Both countries are facing the dual pressures of economic development and carbon reduction, and must achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, which is the common goal of both countries. The 28th UN Climate Change Conference in 2023 conducted the first global analysis of the progress made by countries around the world in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. In this context, the comparative analysis method is used to understand and summarize the carbon-neutral policies and actions of Russia and China, as well as to point out the problems and challenges faced by the two countries. The author analyzed policy documents on carbon neutrality from Russian and Chinese government departments, as well as research reports and data from international organizations, industry reports from world-renowned consulting firms and literature. This article is aimed at summarizing the state of development of carbon neutrality policy in Russia and China, analyzing common and various problems that arise, and making recommendations for the successful achievement of carbon neutrality goals. The author presented the progress and results of the implementation of the carbon neutrality strategy in these countries, as well as provided guidelines for further promotion of carbon neutrality in the future. Russia and China face such challenges as high cost and economic sanctions; that hinder the achievement of carbon neutrality. Therefore, both countries need to strengthen legislation related to carbon neutrality, increase the level of development of green technologies, promote innovative financial policies and strengthen international cooperation.

Keywords: China, sustainable development, clean energy, energy transition, ecological environment, carbon peak, environmental politics, carbon neutrality, Russia, green economy