Abstract: The subject of the study is the architecture of banking institutions in Northeastern China (Manchuria) in the first half of the 20th century. The object of the study is the analysis of the compositional and stylistic features of the architecture of banking facilities. The author examines in detail such aspects as the compositional and stylistic features of the architecture of such institutions in the context of the periodization of the development of the banking architecture of the region. Special attention is paid to the analysis of explicit typological trends. The boundaries of the study are determined by the period of active development of the banking architecture of the region, which began after the construction of the CER (1897) and ended with the end of Manchukuo (1945). Geographical boundaries are defined by the historical borders of Manchuria, which today include the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin (Jilin) and Liaoning. At the same time, the analysis of objects was carried out using the example of the largest cities – Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, where historical buildings have been preserved to a greater extent. Classical empirical research methods, such as observation and examination, were used to obtain factual material. Theoretical methods such as comparison, analysis and synthesis, as well as an inductive approach, allowed us to identify patterns of development of the architecture in question. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the main compositional and stylistic features of the architecture of banking facilities in the region were identified and classified, as well as their genesis was analyzed. The study revealed that the main influence on the development of the architecture of banking institutions was exerted by the Japanese colonial architecture of the region. Two main directions are highlighted: the first is the use of motifs and techniques of the Tatsuno style at an early stage of development; the second is the use of the Yoshitoki Nishimura approach in the 1920s. It is revealed that it was the latter style that became prevalent during the Manchukuo period. The main conclusions of the study are to identify the main features of banking architecture: the use of colonnade elements in the form of an order system, three-quarter semi-columns or pilasters that supported a massive cornice and flanked by the plane of the facade, forming a kind of U-shaped frame.

Keywords: Northeast China, Manchuria, Typology, Composition, Stylistics, Banks, Cultural heritage, Architecture, Manchukuo, China

Abstract: This study focuses on Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), which is one of the elements of the World Heritage protection system and aimed at maintaining the Outstanding Universal Value. Due to the absence in the domestic scientific literature of works devoted to a generalizing understanding of the goals and objectives of Impact Assessment in the system of cultural heritage protection, the author focuses on revealing the content side of the concept of Impact Assessment, examines the process and reasons for the introduction of HIA as an independent tool for planning, managing changes and achieving public consent, identifies and analyzes the key principles for its implementation. Based on a consistent analysis of the provisions of international and domestic normative and methodological documents, as well as the practice of the Heritage Impact Assessment, conclusions are drawn about the aspects of the interpretation of the content, problems and prospects for using this tool for managing World Heritage in Russia. Attention is paid to the relevance and importance of Impact Assessments for the conservation of the Outstanding Universal Value of urban World Heritage sites and properties located in the urban environment. As a result of the study, the author formulated recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of the HIA and its full integration into the national heritage protection system.

Keywords: public consent, planning, managing change, urban heritage, heritage management tools, value-based approach, World Heritage List, proactive approach, Outstanding Universal Value, Heritage Impact Assessment

Abstract: The development of the historical center of St. Petersburg has special parameters and characteristics that form the uniqueness of the city as a whole and its individual fragments. At the moment, due to the emerging urban planning errors and violations, there is a need to clarify the strategy of urban planning regulation of the historical center in order to preserve the uniqueness, integrity and quality of its architectural and urban environment. In this regard, the task of moving to a detailed and comprehensive study of the parameters of fragments of the urban environment becomes urgent. The purpose of this study is to study the existing architectural and urban planning characteristics of the residential development of St. Petersburg. The object of research is the historical block within the boundaries of Moskovsky Prospekt, Klinsky Prospekt, Bronnitskaya Street, Zagorodny Prospekt. The subject of the study is morphological and structural-compositional features of the building. On the basis of the conducted historical, archival and bibliographic surveys and a full-scale survey, the enlarged stages of the formation of the block were identified and the main patterns of the construction of the front front were determined. The morphotype of the block is a perimeter building of the historical center of St. Petersburg of the XIX century with the inclusion of objects of the mid–XX century, with irregular surveying and an incomplete system of courtyard buildings. The nature of surveying and urban fabric, which developed mainly in the second half of the XIX – mid XX century, was influenced by the planning structure laid down in the XVIII century and the location of the block in the structure of the city. The compositional organization of the front along Moskovsky Prospekt is subject to uniform principles, which made it possible to form a high-quality urban environment. The front facades have fragmentary losses of decorative elements and structural violations at the ground floor level, which can be eliminated provided that the historical rules of formation and decorative and plastic design of buildings are observed.

Keywords: urban environment parameters, stages of building formation, block development, historical buildings, the historical center of St. Petersburg, architectural and urban planning environment, architecture of St. Petersburg, morphology of the building, facade architecture parameters, composition of facades

Abstract: The subject of this article is the analysis of methodological aspects of the study of images of architectural heritage in the cultural space of the city. The object of the study is the architectural environment of the city as part of the architectural heritage. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the influence of heritage on the positive image of the territory, the essence of the image and figurative characteristics of the city, factors of perception of urban space, directions of development of the architectural environment of the city, analysis of the figurative characteristics of the city, the state of architectural heritage. Special attention is paid to the methodology of analyzing images of cultural heritage, classification of figurative characteristics, substantiation of a new approach to the analysis of the architectural environment of the city. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the substantiation of a new methodological construct in the study of the subject field of the influence of figurative characteristics of the architectural environment of the city on the preservation of its cultural heritage. The novelty of the research is the new application of the figurative-symbolic approach to the study of cultural heritage in the images of architecture. The main conclusions of the study are: the need for the formation of an architectural environment, as well as significant activities to actualize and popularize cultural heritage, the active inclusion of images of architectural heritage in the semiotic field of the cultural space of the city, increasing awareness of the value of the architectural environment on the part of citizens.

Keywords: resource points of development, architectural heritage, functions of cultural space, visual markers, methodological construct, place image, figurative characteristics, representation of images of the city, factors of perception of the city, images of the city

Abstract: The subject of the study is the methods of complex research that precede repair and restoration work in the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow and in the necropolis of the XVIII century Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg. Historical – archival and bibliographic studies, field studies, studies on volume parameters and special engineering and technological studies are considered as integral stages of an integrated approach. The author also examines in detail the historical aspect of the formation of objects and the current physical condition of monuments. The purpose of the work is the historical and architectural formation and preservation of necropolis complexes in the process of complex repair and restoration work. For the first time, the article provides a comprehensive overview of scientific types of research on memorial sculpture objects, architectural and artistic tombstones based on project documentation. The conclusion is formulated that comprehensive scientific research should be strictly mandatory in full, and not selective. This approach will allow not only to preserve the objects of memorial sculpture, but also to restore them in historical form using the most authentic materials and technologies. It is also emphasized that historical necropolises are full-fledged objects of historical research, the study of which is important not only in itself, but also as part of the history of art and the history of urban planning. The necessity of further study of the stated topic with a more in-depth study of the introduction of mandatory permanent monitoring of the state of preservation of monuments of necropolises to prevent further intensive destruction of unique monuments of memorial art was noted.

Keywords: field studies, comprehensive research, monument, burial, anthropogenic pollution, necropolis, conservation, restoration, bibliographic research, engineering research

Abstract: The object of this study is the silhouette structure of the historical core of St. Petersburg, formed by the mid-1950s. The subject of the study is methods of protecting the silhouette of buildings in the system of protection of urban heritage. The study was conducted in order to develop an integrated approach to the protection of the silhouette of historical buildings, ensuring the preservation, maintenance and continuous development of the value features and parameters of the silhouette. Based on the analysis of the tools for the protection of cultural heritage, the most promising tool for the protection of a silhouette organization has been identified – the status of "historical settlement", the subject of protection of which is, among other things, the silhouette and composition of the building. According to the results of the study, an algorithm is proposed for identifying the most significant silhouette compositions of buildings recommended for inclusion in the subject of protection "composition and silhouette of buildings" of a historical settlement, and a silhouette protection mechanism has been developed, including the definition of the boundaries of the silhouette preservation zones and the introduction of restrictions on urban development within the boundaries of these zones, aimed at the preservation and continuous development of the silhouette of historical buildings cities. In order to identify isolated silhouette compositions of particular importance for the preservation of the historical environment, evaluation criteria correlated with the methods of assessing the historical urban landscape are proposed. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the systematization of approaches to the protection of the silhouette in the normative legal documents on the protection of urban heritage, the development of a system of criteria assessment and graph-analytical method, providing identification of the most significant silhouette compositions, their value features and parameters. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the results of the study to supplement the regulatory framework for the protection of architectural and urban heritage. The system of criteria for assessing the silhouette of historical buildings can be used to identify valuable silhouette compositions and characteristics of the silhouette of buildings that are subject to preservation as a subject of protection of territorial heritage sites (historical settlement, landmark) in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: urban planning heritage, silhouette composition, impact factors, historical urban landscape, graph-analytical method of evaluation, silhouette value criteria, silhouette structure, subject of protection, historical settlement, vertical dominant

Abstract: The object of this research is the estates of the highest nobility formed in the XVIII – early XX centuries in remote counties of the St. Petersburg governorate (Luzhsky, Gdovsky, Yamburgsky, Novoladozhsky) and partly in the border territories of Vyborg and Novgorod governorates. The subject of this research is the compositional and planning peculiarities typical to estates of the highest nobility, substantiated by the initial variants of landscape-geographical placement. The article is aimed at determination of the patterns of formation of compositional and planning structures of estates of the highest nobility, depending on the conditions of their initial landscape-geographical location. Such dependence reveals the characteristic features of the unique type of estates that belonged to the higher echelons society. Estates of the highest nobility in the remote counties of the governorate have not been previously studied as a separate typological unit, neither the correlation of their compositional and planning solution with the initial landscape situation. The author describes the estates that typologically belong to the remote estates of the highest nobility and located on the banks of large and small rivers, lakes, alongshore the Gulf of Finland, as well as on terrain without natural water bodies. Analysis is conducted on the initial landscape situations of placement, compositional and planning components of the complexes, as well as common patterns. On the example of particular estates(Nadbelje, Khrevitsy, Rapti, Valgovitsy), the author reveals the compositional and planning structure along with general principles of their formation in each typological group.

Keywords: landscape, typology, principles of formation, composition and planning structures, manor complexes of higher noble, Saint Petersburg province, Nadbelie, Khrevicy, Rapty, Valgovicy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the historical processes of establishment and development of the system of state protection of historical and cultural heritage in the largest Siberian region – Krasnoyarsk Krai. The author explores the period of institutional development of the system in form of designated institutions since its establishment in the mid-1980s to the present. The object of this research is the system of administrative arrangement and control of the heritage protection authority in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Detailed analysis is conducted on the content of official documents, resolutions and executive orders of the government of Krasnoyarsk Krai, which served as the basic sources on the history of the organization of state protection of historical sites in the region. The author determines the peculiarities of functioning of the system of state protection of cultural heritage sites in Krasnoyarsk Krai, depending on its place in the time-varying administrative hierarchy of regional government. The research is based on the analysis of administrative transformations in the sphere of state protection of heritage through outlining gradual historical stages in the development of control (subordination) system of the cultural and historical l heritage protection authorities in Krasnoyarsk Krai The obtained conclusions lie in the peculiarities of current functioning of the system of state protection of heritage in Krasnoyarsk Krai. This article is first to trace the history of development of the system of state protection of historical and cultural heritage from the perspective of its hierarchical status in administrative governance of the region. It is indicated that the division of the state protection of monuments into an independent structure with separate authority increases the role and significance of the branch of state protection of cultural heritage sites in the region.

Keywords: history of monument protection, state protection of monuments, protection of Siberian heritage, cultural heritage protection authorities, state protection of cultural heritage objects, cultural monuments, cultural heritage, cultural heritage site, protection of monuments, organization of monument protection

Abstract: The article describes the peculiarities of Crimean culture of the Soviet period through analyzing the key images and symbolic dominants of the cultural space of Soviet society and cultural landscape of the peninsula. The object of this research is the cultural landscape of Crimea as a system of unique cultural codes of symbolic nature; while the subject is the symbolic dominants of Crimean cultural space, most vivid markers of cultural space and meaningful structures of semiosphere of the Crimean cities. Methodological framework is based on the systematic approach that allows studying urban landscape as a set of interrelate elements, such as architecture, monuments, parks, toponymy, nature as a component of cultural landscape, information and communication specificities of interaction between the center and periphery. Analysis is conducted on the nature of the symbolic dominants of Crimean cultural landscape of the Soviet period based on the semiotic models of R. Barth, Y. Lotman, U. Eco, as well as research of the contemporary authors. It is established that symbolic space of the  Crimean cities reflects the “new cultural construction”, in which priority is given to infrastructural transformations; attempt of the cultural dialogue between the city and rural areas, the center and periphery; changes in the social and ethnic structures; image of the Soviet city is now based on the technics, technology, and man. The author identifies the symbolic dominants that resemble the specifics of the Soviet culture formed in the cities of the peninsula, which defined the novelty of this research. The acquired results reveal the current state of the Soviet text on the culture of Crimean cities as a part of cultural memory of the Crimeans, and can be valuable for determining the specificity and mechanisms of the use of urban space by modern urban community. The images of the “Soviet city” and “Soviet Crimea” depicted in the article can be implemented in the strategies for the development and advancement of territories

Keywords: cultural landscape, symbolic dominants, symbolic space, cultural space, culture text, urban culture, city, Soviet culture, Crimea, Simferopol

Abstract: In view of the possible solutions to the question of preservation of cultural heritage, the experts in various fields face a problem of appropriateness of the selected solution or approach towards specific object, which method should be used in a particular case, what difficulties may impede the implementation of plan for preservation of cultural monument. Taking into account the importance to meet the requirements on preservation of cultural heritage sites and avoid the change of appearance, spatial planning, design solutions and structure of the object, the question of preservation becomes more complicated and relevant. This article provides example of one of the first projects for preservation of the monuments of ancient civilization, conducted by UNESCO, which allowed acquiring an invaluable experience of reconstructing the world significant sites located outside of Europe. A detailed analysis is carried out on restoration of the world heritage site, which due to the construction of Aswan High Dam on the Nile River, was on the edge of being lost. Thus, considering various proposals pertinent to preservation of the Great Temple at Abu Simbel, provided by organizations and individual experts from different countries, as well as the challenges faced in implementation of the approved plan, it is possible to find new solutions for other UNESCO sites that need to be preserved and restored due to various factors influencing their integrity and conservation

Keywords: integrity, dismantling, restoration, heritage of world significance, preservation of cultural heritage, international community, UNESCO, preservation, relocation, The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples

Abstract: The subject of this research is the architectural and style peculiarities of the mansion of G. I. Kroll. The object is the Harbin architectural landmarks built in the early XX century in the New City area. Presently the are in a critical condition. Their physical state testifies to the upcoming demolition of the unique objects of Russian Harbin. The author examines the historical aspect of construction and functionality of the objects, architectural specificities, and current physical state of the architectural landmarks. Special attention is paid to the architectural-planning peculiarities of the constructs: pattern, decorative elements, style. The main conclusion of the conducted research consists in the need for urgent restoration works of the structural elements and façade reconstruction of the landmarks. Layout of the two objects, interiors of all indoor spaces, and surrounding environment are subject to repair. These works would take place in the context of the new functionality of the objects – “Russian Harbin” hotel. Such approach would allow to not only preserve the objects of Russian architecture, but also reproduce the distinct environment of Harbin of the early XX century. The scientific novelty lies in conducting an on-site inspection of the constructs to find damages in structural elements, do measurements, develop reconstruction projects based on the results of determined architectural and style peculiarities of the landmarks.

Keywords: decor, reconstruction, composition, architectural image, mansion, building, architecture, style, ensemble, town

Abstract: Visual image of modern Perm resembles the images of bear. Most recognized in urban environment is image of a bear in sacrificial pose (“bear-pray”). This image reflects a phenomenal “core” of Perm archaic cultures of pre-Christian time. Myths and legends about Bjarmia and Parma are currently depicted in the artistic-stylized form in the objects of Perm’s urban environment. The image of “bear-pray” is captured on the facades of public buildings, street lightening, small architectural forms. Painters, architects and designers explain their reference to this image as imposing “Perm character” to their works. At the same time, in festival movement such image of bear is overshadowed by other bear-themed compositions: polygonal “rainbow” bear of the “Great Perm” tourist brand, polygonal bear of the mega festival “Perm Period. Modern Age” in white and red colors. It is demonstrated that Perm animalistic style with its stylized images that retained semantic and symbolic features, can be viewed as the foundation for realization of the strategy of city’s geocultural branding for Perm and other cities of Ural Region. It is suggested to use art potential of animalistic style, useful for visualization of aesthetics of urban environment, through reference to the practices of arranging street space of Perm.

Keywords: polygonal bear, branding, creative action, image resources, cultural landscape, bear the symbolism, urban environment, Perm animal style, creative city, comfortable environment

Abstract: The subject of this research is the international practices of utilization of social capital of local communities for the purpose of development of tourism attractiveness of the territories. The object of this research is the social capital of local communities. The author explores such aspects of the topic as the development of tourism on the basis of local community, stimulation of social activism and communication between the locals, their ability to self-organization on the local level within the framework of international projects. Special attention is given to the risks and negative consequences for the local communities caused by tourism. The conclusions is made that the role of the representatives of local communities is considered as one of the key elements within the international practice of tourism development. This relates to the formation of tolerant and friendly tourism space for maintaining a “geographical myth”, which cannot be created without involvement of the local residents. Such process must be manageable for the authorities that ensure protection of local population from the sociocultural threats caused by tourists. International experience can be adapted in the Russian realities to some extent, however this process requires outworking of the corresponding mechanism of three-way interaction of the local government, business and local residents. The scientific novelty lies int the attempts of critical revaluation of the role of social capital of local communities at the time of transformation of tourism industry due to unfavorable epidemic situation.

Keywords: objects of tourist display, local population, population, social management, social construction, social capital, tourist attractiveness, municipality, city, solidarity

Abstract: The object of this research is the Palaces of Culture in Leningrad built in the 1920’s – 1930’s. Among all object the author highlights the separate newly built extant Palaces of Culture in the style of constructivism, which are the monuments of cultural heritage. The subject of this research is the questions of state protection of the indicated objects and their maintenance. The article examines the existing conservation zones and territories of the cultural heritage sites; current state of the Palaces of Culture; problems of maintenance; and questions of modern functional profile of the buildings. The author studied the literary sources, analyzed iconographic materials and existing regulatory documents in the area of preservation of architectural heritage, conducted visual observation. The goal of this research lies in determining the current state of the Palaces of Culture in Leningrad of the early XX century alongside the key issues pertinent to state protection of the objects. The results may be valuable for comprising preservation orders for architectural heritage of the XX century, as well as development of restoration and reconstruction projects of the monuments of constructivism. The author concludes on the flawed system of state preservation of the cultural heritage of the XX century, and makes recommendation with regards to its solution.

Keywords: architectural heritage, Leningrad, constructivism, subject of protection, reconstruction, architectural monument, Palace of Culture, restoration, avant-garde, conservation issues

Abstract: The subject of this research is the manifestation of national policy in Siberian architecture. The objects is the urban architecture of the Republic of Khakassia (on the example of the city of Abakan). Chronological boundaries of the research include the moment of establishing the Soviet regime until 1950’s. Based on studying the national policy conducted by Soviet government in the regions, the author sets the goal to determine the architectural objects with manifestation of national specificity, which are important as the objects of cultural heritage. The article meticulously reviews such aspects of the topic as the policy of indigenization in all spheres of cultural life of the Soviet society, development of national self-expression in architecture in compliance with the national policy conducted by the government. The author applies the historiographical analysis and field studies of urban development of one of the national autonomies of Russia; historical-evolutionary and comparative-typological method for analyzing the national policy pursued in USSR; interaction between national distinctness and architecture in the context of the history of architecture of the country; as well as methods of discovering the historical-cultural value of the objects. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the methods and means of reflecting national specificity of architectural objects of the national territories of USSR. It is established that the policy of indigenization was expressed in creating the objects with national specificity, using the methods of stylization and morphogenesis. The residential building in Abakan with national features is considered the most attractive and unique architectural object in the territory of Khakassia. The results of this work can be used in studying architecture of the national territories.

Keywords: heritage, historical and cultural heritage, synthesis of arts, the architecture of the USSR, national architecture, architecture, lesser town, small people, national identity, indigenization

Abstract: This article examines the question regarding the preservation of the object of cultural heritage “Lower Dacha” in Saint Petersburg (town of Petergof, Alexandria Park). In the course of architectural and archeological explorations, have been discovered the remnants of the underground engineer communications of sewerage through ceramic pipes. Such discovery confirms the assumption that the construction of buildings at the lower terrace of the park in the riverine conditions of shallow water and spring flowage was possible in terms of solving a number of engineering and ecological tasks. The article applies the system-structural method of studying the archival funds that contain geographical materials of engineering and executive documentation, photo images, explanatory notes, as well as bills for construction supplies and executed services. The result of the research lies in determination of the role of engineering infrastructure in establishment and development of the architectural complex “Lower Dacha” – as the basic document to justification of its historical and cultural values and need for its preservation. Despite the fact that it was not the primary residence of the Emperor Nicholas II, but rather the favorite country retreat of the family, signifying the birth of three daughters of the Emperor and the crown prince Alexey, it symbolizes multiple remarkable memories and events in the history of Russia.

Keywords: underground clay water pipe, architect Tomishko, Lower Dacha, object of cultural heritage, Alexandria Park, Peterhof, riverine territory, archives, channel, harbour

Abstract:   Cultural-educational tourism represents an important sphere of sociocultural communication and cultural self-determination of people, realized through acquaintances during the tourist excursions with the historical and cultural heritage of different cities. From the economic perspective, cultural-educational tourism becomes the factor that substantiates the dynamics and scale of the socioeconomic development of the territories. The goal of this work consists on evaluation of the level of content of the various social groups with the tourism services received in terms of cultural-educational trips through the Russian cities. The leading methods of this study is the questionnaire-based survey that allowed revealing the preferences of the respondents from various social groups on basic components that form the level of content of the Russian citizens with tourist trips through the Russian cities. In the course of this research, the authors established the dependence between the level of accomplished trips through the Russian cities and the level of satisfaction of the Russian citizens with the quality of tourism services of the domestic segment of tourism industry. The article presents the analysis of issued faced by the tourists during travelling, among which are the insufficient level of infrastructure development in Russian cities, discontent with the variety of entertainment programs, lack of services offered in a tour package. At the same time, the authors note that more Russians value the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian cities, give high evaluation to organization of public festivities and possibility to adhere to national folk traditions, as well as enjoy the quality of folk crafts.  

Keywords: tourism infrastructure, tourism services, tourist attractiveness of the territory, cultural tourism, cultural-educational excursions , historical and cultural heritage, domestic tourism, city, territorial development, cultural values

Abstract: The subject of this study is the historical reconstruction with the international theory and practice. The object of this study is the global experience, examples and methods of historical reconstruction of the most famous objects of antique architecture of I-III millennium BC. The role of historical reconstruction in solving issues of archeology and preservation of monuments is being examined. Particular attention is paid to the following aspects: analysis of the key legislative documents of the Russian Federation regulating the protection of  the objects of cultural heritage; terminological apparatus regulating the protection activity associated with the objects of cultural heritage; analysis of the examples of global experience of historical reconstruction of the objects of ancient architecture; main problems and directions of this type of preservation activity. Methodology of the research lies in analyzing the factographic sources, natural examination, and analysis of a number of examples and method of historical reconstruction of ancient architecture known on world practice. The main results of the research are related to the expansion of terminological apparatus and detailed theoretical comprehension of the new approach towards preserving the ancient architectural monuments in the Russian practice. The article reviews the Russian experience of implementation of the methods of historical reconstruction aimed at the ancient architectural objects in Southern Ural.

Keywords: conservation, Preservation, Museification, cultural heritage, antiquity, Ancient architecture, Historical reconstruction, Southern Ural, Ancient Europe, Russian practice

Abstract: Architectural heritage of the prominent Russian engineer and architect still arouses disputes and arguments. Particularly the polemics persists of how his heritage should be preserved. But until the polemicists argue, the genius creations of the engineer and architect continue to destroy. The goal of this article consists in author’s attempt to assess the role of V. G. Shukhov’s constructs in establishment of the image of industrial city, as well realize which losses for the urban architectural-engineering environment will emerge in case if some of the Shukhov’s creations will disappear. Another author’s goal to demonstrate the scale of the Russian engineer and designer. The subject of the research is limited by the study of restoration works that take place in one of the projected by Shukhov constructs – the famous Shabolovka radio tower. The scientific novelty is defined by the topic of the research. The author discusses the questions of restoration that remain to be the subject of acute debates, which involves the specialists alongside the representatives of civil society. The problem at hand consists in application of the innovation technologies with preservation of the avant-garde tradition in urban development.

Keywords: architectural conservation, restoration, engineering aesthetics, Shabolovka radio tower, hyperboloid of rotation, hi-tech architecture, sociological survey, Russian avant-garde, Shukhov, architectural heritage

Abstract: The object of this study is the semiotic character of architectural space that allows characterizing the city as a complex multi-level system with typical texts and codes, belonging to different language culture. The subject of this research is the architectural image of the city of Feodosiya with houses of worship and museums, historic monuments and fountains, public buildings and mansions of the urban elite – the architectural objects that are dominant in the urban space. The authors explore the city as symbolic integral institution, which is in constant search of its own relevant image. Special attention is given to the meaning of signs and symbols that manifest as the media in architectural space. The problem of creating an integrative holistic image of the city, understanding of structure and principles of formation of its architectural space is revealed through the semiotic method. The article is first to analyze the architecture of Feodosiya in the context of the uniqueness of the cultural landscape of Crimea, which carries a certain information framed into the semiotic system. Examination of the urban space of the Crimean cities becomes relevant in contemporary cultural studies, because the formation of semiotic cultural space was influenced by the lifestyle of multiple nations. The application of semiotic method of analysis is justified and requires further study.

Keywords: architectural appearance, cultural landscape, text, symbol, sign, semiotics, city, space, Feodosiya, Crimea

Abstract: This article reviews the evolution of aspects of the beautification strategy of the evening environment of Saratov as the example of development of the provincial approach towards establishment of the artificial lighting in the historical center of the city, which plays the leading role in intellectual, commercial, and social aspects of the city life. The improvement of city’s historical center that holds the major functions of the city, is necessary for its efficient functionality. Projecting of the artificial lighting system in the historical downtown as the aspect of beautification strategy, requires meticulous examination of the historically established illumination system. Fixation of the geographical and chronological results of the research on the map of Saratov determines the established lighting frame, footings and connections between them, level of intensity of the lighting, as well as serves as the foundation for formulation of the comprehensively substantiated concept of establishment of the favorable evening lighting environment in the historical downtown of the city.

Keywords: artificial lighting, illumination, lighting, beautification, night environment, outdoor lighting, historical downtown , lighting environment, urban environment, urban center

Abstract: The object of this research is the complex of documents that set and formulate the principles of urban coloristics. The goal of the article consists in expansion of the established boundaries of traditional analysis of the documentation of urban coloristics, as well as present the history of development of the documents, which defined the color norms in the cities of the Russian Empire. The author thoroughly examines the associated with color terminology of the Imperial decrees, the content of the colors and their optical properties. Special attention is given to the analysis of sociocultural situation in the other European cities of this period. The author carried out the content analysis of the chronological index to the full compilation of laws of the Russian Empire, which allowed determining the complex of Imperial decrees regulating the urban coloristics. The applied during the course of this research traditional analysis of the documents lied in compilation of the dictionary of color terms and clarification of the chromatic features of the used pigments. The author’s main contribution consists in determination and systematization of the decrees that set and formulate the principles of urban coloristics in the Russian Empire. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of the color dictionary of the documents containing the color naming, as well as characteristics of the color combinations and their chromatic properties.

Keywords: legislative regulations, color design, Russian empire, decree, urban color, color, city, dye, paint, sociocultural situation

Abstract: The subject of this article are the games of young Russians during the Great Revolution. By the materials obtained in Central Russia's cities, the author elaborates on the content of "revolutionary" games of the young Soviet Russia's youth. The role of Communist Youth Union (Komsomol) in the popularization of these games is outlined by the author. The greatest interest, from the author's point of view, lies in the game called "Lenin", which turned out to be an anticipation for the political processes in XXth century Russia (like the emergence of new "Lenins" on subsequent tides of campaigns against brand-new "enemies of the People"). The main sources of information are the materials of State Archive of Social and Political History of Tambov Region, and handbooks for kid's games published in 1920s. Komsomol is studied as a social and cultural phenomenon. As shown in this article, Komsomol, in many ways, continued the play practices of early XXth century. Moreover, Komsomol members responsible for organizing upbringing, have modified the games and attempted to enhance them with logic, make them more exciting and relevant. From the author's point of view, even political reflexes developed from during childhood games may be used for the good of the society.

Keywords: children, Komsomol, the youth, a game, The Great Russian Revolution, pioneers, leisure, Lenin, public Enemies, opposition

Abstract: This article devotes attention to the relevant issue of loss of identity by Russian citizens, and Krasnoyarsk region citizens, in particular. The unique Siberian character, the local environment and the Siberian way of life is perceived in a different way in modern times. The influence of foreign cultural influence of Western countries alter the perceptions of tradition, norms and values among the society. Like never before, the regional culture of Krasnoyarsk region needs cultural models which are capable of demonstrating Siberian identity, of awakening people's self-consciousness as Siberians, of invoking the feeling of pride for their smaller Motherland. Such models may come i the form of art that translates deep ideas and meanings through its presence and senses. The methodology of this study includes theoretical concepts of the modern theory of visual arts, as well as the theory of art criticism. The author provides an example that proves this hypotheses - a visual art of graphic, and xylography as its subtype. Of the graphic pieces that help form Siberian identity, the author chose the works of the Artisans of the German Pashtov Siberian Xylography school. The goal of the analysis is to discover the mental characteristics of Siberia, Krasnoyarsk, and Siberians who may be considered the audience of the art. As a result, the author discovered that in the works of the Artisans of the German Pashtov Siberian Xylography school the images of Siberia in its various manifestations (the city, nature, people, relations, etc.) truly demonstrate ideas that contribute towards the formation of Siberian identity.  

Keywords: urban studies, city, image, visual thinking, symbol, woodcutting, identity, Siberia, methodology, art

Abstract: The subject of this research are early 1960-s Pioneer organizations. By the materials from Tambov region cities (Michurinsk, Morshansk, Kirsanov, Kotovsk, Rasskazovo and Tanbov), the author studied the implementation of May 1963's decree by the Central Committee of Leninist Youth "On the tasks of Summer Leisure Time Committee’s goals". The author also attempted to take the special conditions of Russia's smaller cities into account. The bulk of research materials is constituted by the State Archive's freshly released materials on the social and political history of the Tambov region. The theory of governmentialization of Komsomol lies at the base of the study on the Pioneer and Komsomol organizations. It implies that Komsomol is viewed as a "Ministry of the Youth" - a link between the state and the younger generation. The work of Komsomol and Pioneer organizations is also viewed from the standpoint of humanitarian and government positions. For the first time in the post-Soviet period, this article examines the experience of using weekends and holidays, as well as summer vacations for education and upbringing of city-dwelling schoolchildren, in the end of the "Khrushchov thaw". The author provides examples of various forms and methods of organizing active pastime for children, the implementation of which is still relevant in smaller cities of Russia.  

Keywords: leisure, day off, ministry of the youth, high school, Komsomol, pioneer, history, summer, education, creativity

Abstract: This article examines reading as one of the traditional leisure activities of urban dwellers. The reading culture as a distinct kind of communication has already been studied by social and cultural scientists of XX-eth century like N.A. Rubankin, I.A. Butenko, P.B. Biryukov, B.A. Uspenskiy. Reading is presented as a necessary attribute for urban cultural life. Attention is focused on youth reading, especially technical collegehigher education institution student reading. This defined the object and subject of the research for this work. The authors employ public opinion surveys, based on MGSU control groups. The authors also employed the systemic analysis methods that enabled the authors to link the state of modern information culture with reading traditions. The novelty of this research is defined by the fact that the authors have successfully conducted a synthesis of cultural and social science approaches to studying reading as a phenomenon, as well as information culture as a whole. Cultural science's non-numerical conclusions were taken into account, as well as social science's numerical data in youth control groups. Another novelty is the attempt to compare traditional forms of reading head to head with IT-spread-based information exchange forms.

Keywords: Information culture, reading, urban subcultures, youth, tradition, crisis, books, N.A. Rubankin, bibliopsychology, reading circles

Abstract: The subject of this study is the urban space of modern Krasnoyarsk, as well as the visualization processes of Krasnoyarsk and its dwellers in the monument of architecture, Parakseva Pyatnitsa Chapel. The Chapel is serves as a symbol of Krasnoyarsk, its apeparance condensing various synmolic complexes, linked to the unique identity of Krasnoyarsk and its inhabitants. The article examines the signs, images and symbols that preserve and transmit this unique urban identity. The Chapel's image possesses its particular dynamic of image and symbol. It is possible to identify the main elements of this image, and compare them to pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet eras of Krasnoyarsk history. The chief method of this research is the semiotic- and symbolism analysis, as well as philosophical and art analysis of the Parakseva Pyatnitsa Chapel as a paragon representative of Krasnoyarsk's urban environment. The scientific novelty of this work is based on the modelling of national identity dynamics of Krasnoyarsk dwellers, based on semiotics and symbolism analysis, as well as history and arts study of the representing monument. For the first time, the Parakseva Pyatnitsa Chapen is analyzed in the context of modern regional and urban identity. The indication of historic dynamics in the interpretation of the Chapel's image, as well as the analysis of this image from the citizen self-identification point of view, is also a novelty.

Keywords: city, Krasnoyarsk, image, visualization, urban studies, Parakseva Pyatnitsa Chapel, cultural studies, representative, symbol, sign

Abstract: This paper analyzes several separate aspects of the work of the outstanding Russian engineer and architect, Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov, and evaluates his projects of innovation. As the brightest examples of this, the author chose the main railroad project of the scholar - the débarcadère section of the Kiev railway terminal and the famous radio tower in Shabolovka. Shukhov was a virtuoso who managed to combine functional technological qualities (ease of use, technical simplicity) and aesthetics, the most important of which is the commensurability of the building and the surrounding landscape. The article focuses attention on the similarities in the approach to architecture between Schukhov and modern biotech, which suggests that the Russian architect employed the analogy method. The second part of the article explores the methodology of V.G. Shukhov's work. The biomorphic analogies, created by Shukhov's patents, are on-demand by world architecture's celebrities. Aesthetic tastes that developed with the contribution of the works by the Russian genius, continue to dominate modern engineering practices to this day.Methodological aspects of Shukhov's creativity are a good reason to return to the topic of "Shukhov and the social and cultural dynamic of the XX century", to address the issue of the synthesis of cultures - the technological and science culture, and the humanitarian culture that persisted in this period of time.

Keywords: urban studies, engineer, architect, débarcadère of the Kiev terminal, high-tech, V.G. Shukhov, socially oriented planning, ergonomics, Social responsibility, constructivism

Abstract: The paper examines the emergence and history of construction of the Moscow state's south border fortifications. It shows the organization of guard and garrison duty, the steps taken to ensure border security against outside attacks, the significance of the abbatis to the government. During the Moscow state's existence, the security of southern borders against Tatar attacks was one of the main concerns. The defense of the border-of-the-field of the country was multi-layered. Villages, guardsmen and centurias constituted the first line of defense. Securing the perimeter was one of the main principles of constructing frontline defense fortifications, the "Lines". To fully understand the significance of abbatis lines for Russia, we should take a closer look at its neighbour, the Rzhechzpospolita, which also came under attack by Tatar raids. To save their wealth, the Polish preferred to meet the enemy under the cover of fortress cities, eagerly sacrificing the population of the Dnepr region, whose only defense were the Cossacks who shared their beliefs. In contrast with the indifference of the Szlachta republic to the suffering of Rusyn population, Moscow was not willing to sacrifice its people to the Crimean predators, and was forced to spend vast resources to construct a massive fortification line (the term doesn't do it justice). It should be recognized that the manpower and resources was not wasted. In the XVII century, the "Wild Fields", became the Russian most fertile region that fed the entire country.

Keywords: History, Domestic military history, Country defense, Guard squads and villages, Abbatis lines, Fortress cities, Abbatis duty, Defense fortification system, Abbatis construction, Fortress garrison