Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of joint development of specially protected natural areas and adjacent small settlements of the Leningrad region. The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to find tools and solutions for urban planning regulation of such settlements for joint balanced coexistence and development with specially protected natural areas. The object of the study is small settlements located in the immediate vicinity of specially protected natural areas of the Leningrad region and under their direct influence. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the legal regulation of such settlements and their mutual location relative to specially protected natural areas. The study examines the main stages of the development of the network of specially protected natural areas of the Leningrad region, identifies seven types of mutual arrangement of specially protected natural areas and settlements of the Leningrad region: included, excluded, surrounding, overlapping, partially superimposed, adjacent (with a common border), separate. The features of the legal regulation of settlements adjacent to protected areas are analyzed and a number of problems of their joint development are formulated. The types of mutual location of settlements whose urban planning problems are not solved by the existing legislation are identified; possible tools are proposed that contribute to the consolidation of aesthetic and urban-environmental principles for the development of such neighboring territories.

Keywords: stability, co-development, OOPT, urban conflict, anthropogenic landscape, Leningrad region, small settlements, natural landscape, specially protected areas, reserve

Abstract: The object of this research is the territories of Kazan, the structure of which suggests the possibility of use of the concept of mixed application on the various spatial levels. The author examines the rules of land utilization and city development in Russia with examples of the areas with mixed functional application of territories. The subject of the research includes the study of the methods of formation of areas with mixed functional application of territories. Special attention is given to the development of such areas for the purpose of their implementation into the rules of land utilization and city development of Kazan. The concept of mixed application of territories is new to the Russian urban construction. Currently, the work is being conducted on realization of the new general plan for the reconstruction of Kazan, substantiation of the territorial zoning and urban planning regulations. The new classificatory of territorial zones is being developed. Scientific novelty consists in implementation of the concept of mixed application of territories in designing the urban territories, namely in development of areas with mixed functional application of territories. The two zones along with the lists of the permitted types of application are being prepared.

Keywords: urban plannin regulations, land utilization, compact city, sustainable development, urban environment, multifunctional area, mixed application, functional areas, new urbanism, city

Abstract: The subject of this research is the urban water reservoirs within the framework of development of the modern anthropogenic civilization. Since the ancient times, water was not only a scarce resource, but also a notion of mythological and philosophical knowledge. Water environment played a major role in establishment of the first nations, as well as in development of economic relations by means of trade. Today, due to the demographic outbreak and environmental problems, in a number of regions we can observe a deficit of fresh water that eventually can cause the “water wars” in the future. Currently, the majority of humanity resides in cities in the conditions of artificial environment, and this is why the role of green environment and urban water reservoirs has increased. The relevance of the problem is substantiated by the continuing development of “polluting” productions within cities’ suburbs, urbanism, and change of needs of city residents.

Keywords: Biosphere compatibility, Urban environment, Environment, City parks, Hydrosphere, Resources, Control, Drainage, Environmental protection, Risks