Abstract: The population decline in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the AZ RF) currently remains an urgent problem for the strategic development of these territories. Modern studies of the determination of migration do not reflect the complexity of the decision to migrate, made in the broad socio-economic context of young people’s ideas about the Arctic cities, which are the main places of permanent residence and education. In this connection, the purpose of the study was to clarify the public opinion of young people about the reasons for outgoing migration of young people to the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and to identify ideas about the Arctic city, under the influence of which either readiness to migrate or to settle in the territory is formed. The subject of the study is the public opinion of students about the reasons for migration and their ideas about Arctic cities, explaining the migration outflow. The research method used was focus groups with students studying in higher and secondary vocational education programs in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Segezha, followed by content analysis of focus group transcripts. The results obtained reflect the characteristics of Arctic cities identified by respondents that encourage migration and deter it. Among the characteristics that stimulate migration, such characteristics of cities as “industrial”, “dependent” and “unattractive” are noted. Migration is deterred by such advantages of Arctic cities as “economically significant”, “safe”, “smaller” and “habitual”. It was noted that focus group participants are in the stage of self-determination and therefore they are characterized by both the perception of their current places of residence as “native” and “habitual”, and the desire to separate and migrate, “trying on” the opportunity to leave.

Keywords: migration factors, content analysis, focus group, reasons for migration, public opinion, migration, youth, Arctic cities, Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, agglomerations

Abstract: This article analyzes the aspects of rural migration in the Russian Federation, highlighting its importance for the sustainable development of the regions. Particular attention is paid to migration in the ethno-national regions of the country, where it is considered as a complex and volatile phenomenon that has a profound impact on economic well-being, social infrastructure, cultural development and demographic structure of both donor and recipient regions. The authors analyze in detail both positive and negative aspects of migration flows in rural areas, including their impact on the labor market, entrepreneurial activity and social stability. Changes in the social life of rural communities caused by migration and the impact of these changes on traditional lifestyles and cultural values are also considered. The article is based on statistical data on the scale of migration of ethnonational regions for 2010-2022. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of socio-economic, demographic and socio-cultural aspects of rural migration, with an emphasis on the ethnonational characteristics of the regions. Quantitative analysis of statistical data and qualitative analysis of current migration trends were used. The article presents an innovative analysis of the role of ethnic factors in migration processes and their impact on socio-cultural dynamics in recipient cities of the Russian Federation, including large cities such as Moscow, Ufa, Kazan, Makhachkala and Cheboksary. The basics of how rural population migration affects urban processes such as housing construction, infrastructure development and social integration are highlighted. The authors emphasize the need for coordinated actions of regional and federal authorities in managing migration flows and solving related problems. The directions for future research are proposed, including the analysis of the consequences of migration for the socio-economic and cultural environment of cities and the development of adaptation strategies for migrants, taking into account their ethnic and cultural identity. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of migration processes for the social and economic development of Russia.

Keywords: national structure, urbanistics, social development, statistics, labor market, ethno-national regions, demography, rural regions, urban population, migration

Abstract: The study examines the development of the Russian-Chinese border area, defines the existing settlement systems, identifies factors affecting their formation. It is noted that a continuous urbanized territory with an actively developing infrastructure has been formed on the Chinese side. On the part of the Russian border – a small population, a large number of non-growing settlements, with limited specialization. Large areas are formed on the basis of large cities. This trend has determined the direction of "One city – two states": (Khabarovsk – Fuyuan, Zabaikalsk – Manchuria; Blagoveshchensk – Heihe). In the conducted research, the object of study is settlement systems, the subject is the factors of their formation in modern conditions on the territory of the Russian–Chinese border. The aim is to identify the factors of the formation of settlement for further forecasting of the organization of the border territory of Russia and China. The current trend in the region under consideration is that the border spaces are becoming more interconnected with each other, forming a stable system of cross-border communications. And the introduction of sanctions against Russia, namely the "closure" of the European border, caused a change in the direction of the development vector "to the east", which can become a mechanism for the development of border territories. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the structure of the settlement of the south and the Far East at the present stage is considered – namely, the zone of active interaction between the two countries (Russia – China) – the territory along the border. The study identifies and examines the settlement systems of the border zone of Russia and China, as well as the factors of their formation (geographical, enographic, cultural, transport, educational and regional policy).

Keywords: settlement, city, cooperate, development, regional, population, settlement system, factor, interaction, functional

Abstract: In modern conditions, human capital manifests as one of the leading factors of socioeconomic development. The efficient management over its formation and usage requires taking into accounts the specificity of these processes, as well as the impacting factors. One of them is the differentiation of the regions in human capital stock affected by the migration processes that reallocate it between the regions, as well as between a city and rural areas. The subject of this research is the internal migration within Russia viewed in the context of interregional migration and urbanization processes. The empirical foundation is the descriptive analysis of statistical data, complemented by examination of factors substantiating the dynamics of population migration rates. The analysis of statistical data demonstrates the vector of intraregional and interregional migration flows, which simultaneously boost or reduce the potential of different regions with regards to human capital. Most attractive for the migrants are the large cities and adjacent areas. The factors affecting the intensity and vector of migration remain the presence or absence of educational facilities, job opportunities and decent salaries, developed social infrastructure and a desire to achieve certain standard of living.

Keywords: urbanization, employment, education, reproduction of human capital, unemployment, migration, human capital, city, countryside, labour market

Abstract: This article examines the peculiarities of social adaptation of migrants in urban space (cities). Today, the migration becomes an urban phenomenon, because migrants choose cities for bigger opportunities and realization of personal potential. For the quickest possible adaptation in urban environment, a migrant accumulate all of the adaptive capabilities that transform his attitude to work, behavioral strategies, and interaction with people. In important also belongs to the migrant social institutions (diaspora). Russian keeps up with the global trends: the percentage of migrants residing in urban settlements is growing, which leads to closer interaction between the accepting urban community and the migrants. The rate of migration to Russian remain persistently high that especially affects the cities, in which the infrastructure capabilities do not correspond with the size of available population, but the level of economic development is higher than in the countries of origin. This is namely why the municipal authorities should give careful attention to regulation of social adaptation of the migrants, using various socioeconomic instruments, implemented in separate municipal formation, because currently, there is no integral practical component of social adaptation of the migrants in cities.

Keywords: adaptation of migrants, city, migration, host society, migrants, urban space, urban community, social adaptation, urban environment, international migration

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ideas about the assimilated territories of Siberia as the result of the forced forms and methods of the urban development reclamation of the territories, relocation and management of the workforce potential. The goal of this article consists in confirmation of the methods of assimilation of Siberia in the first half of the XX century as the continuation of tradition established by the end of the XIX century. The article reviews and describes the methods of relocation of population to Siberia for ensuring the industrial and city-planning development of its territories in the early XX century. The attention is focused on one of the methods formulated in different periods by the renowned researchers of Siberia N. M. Yadrintsev (1842-1894), P. N. Butsinsky (1854-1916), and V. P. Kosovanov (1872-1938) – the method of government forced colonization of Siberian territory. It is demonstrated that the necessity of the territorial exploitation of Siberia in the Soviet period, as one of the geopolitical and economic goals of the Soviet state, predetermined the tasks regarding the various methods of attraction of people to the sparsely populated territories. The history of urban development exploitation of Siberia in the first half of the XX century to a significant extent confirms the established ideas about the forced methods in implementation of the Siberian city planning. The conclusion is made about the succession of methods from the previous centuries pertaining to the government-forced colonization of the Siberian territories in the early XX century. It is noted that the studied methods complement the general picture of multiplicity of the forms of full-scale urban development activity in Siberia in the XX century, which contributed significant innovations into the global theory and practice of exploitation of the remote territories with the extreme nature-climatic conditions. This material represents the researchers’ interest for better understanding of the prerequisites for the modern urban development in Siberia.

Keywords: colonization of Siberia, exploitation of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Gulag in Siberia, special settlers in Siberia, forced resettlement, N. M. Yadrintsev , P. N. Butsinsky , V. P. Kosovanov, urban development of Siberia, city planning of the XX century

Abstract: Government regulation of population migration in modern Russia has deep historical roots. The authors analyze the research experience of pre-revolutionary Russia's migration processes and reveals the main traits and results of this period's transmigration. They found out the following. Pre-revolution research viewed colonization as a settlement process, common in any historical background; the resettlement process from thickly-populated regions to places where the population is scarce, or poorly adapted to the environment; the migration is a government-driven process; involves measures that support culture and economy of the native population. Researchers attempted to demonstrate that the migration is both, caused by volume and patterns of the economy's growth, and is the cause for shifts in the country's economic potential, the structure of society and the spread of industrial relations. The authors conclude that pre-revolution authors focused their works on the transmigration process itself: migration destinations, social spread of settlers; ways and forms of resettlement; conditions of travel; main reasons and significance of resettlement. The issues of colonization and resettlement was viewed in a tight connection with agrarian and other social and economic issues.

Keywords: Ideology, Colonization, Peasantry, Migration research, Migration, Resettlement, Russian Empire, Social and economic formation, Stolypin agrarian refrm, Urbanization