Abstract: The subject of the study is post-pyrogenic pine forest plantations and their effect on the external signs of soils. The influence of the forest fires of 2021 on the morphological features and structure of the soil cover on sandy soils of the Republic of Mari El was studied. The results showed a significant change in the composition and condition of vegetation in the studied areas, as well as the upper organogenic and organomineral horizons, both in composition and thickness. Grass-roots fires caused the burning of the bark of pine plantations to a height of 1-2 m, the destruction of the grass and shrub cover. As a result of forest fires, a peculiar pyrogenic horizon Orig is formed, characterized by ash residues of plant litter with a small variability in power in all the studied areas. The sinterability of the mineral particles of the upper horizons has not been detected. The structure of the soil profile and the changes that occurred in the post-fire period were studied by the method of laying full-profile soil sections with the identification of diagnostic horizons and features. The classification, diagnosis and description of soils were carried out according to the "Classification and diagnosis of soils of Russia" with amendments and additions (2008, 2022) and the "Field soil Determinant of Russia" (2008). The main conclusions of the work explain the formation of pyrogenic forest litter (Orig) in the form of ash residues with a thickness of about 3 cm, the absence of signs pyrogenicity in the upper mineral horizons and unusual color changes. The formation of an underdeveloped protohumus horizon with signs of gilding, manifested in an uneven distribution of silica powder along the horizon, has been revealed. A feature of all the studied soils is a light granulometric composition throughout the profile and poor soil-forming rock, represented by ancient alluvial sands. The author pays special attention to the description of soils using the modern soil classification (2004, 2022), which uses a more up-to-date indication of soil horizons and features. For a more detailed analysis of the impact of fires on the power of various horizons, a statistical analysis of the data was carried out, which clearly shows a decrease in the variability of the power of the upper horizons.

Keywords: forest litter, Republic of Mari El, post-pyrogenic plantings, forest ecosystems, soil diagnostics, soil-forming rock, soils, soil section, morphological features of soils, forest fires

Abstract: Despite the more than one hundred years history of soil science, its object is still not clearly and unambiguously defined. Different definitions of soil can be found in the scientific literature and manuals. Uncertainty of this term, even in the scientific environment, leads to underestimation of practical significance of soil science as a science and to misunderstanding of the term "soil" both by related specialists and the general population. The accumulated factual data and the whole experience of soil science allow at this stage to make an attempt to clarify its basic concepts, including the object of research. The subject of research is the soil science and clarification of its definition in order to specify the concept of "soil" as an isolated natural body. Analysis of existing definitions of soil served as a basis for formulating a new definition of soil as an isolated natural body. An alternative view of soil as an isolated natural body is presented. It is proposed to consider soil as a natural body formed as a result of transformation of wastes of organic life on the planet and related processes under the influence of external conditions. From this point of view many properties and functions of soil should be reinterpreted. The proposed definition allows us to position soil as an isolated natural body that is a link in the single global cycle of life on Earth: in the process of soil formation, waste products of plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans are transformed into soil, which in turn ensures the reproduction and existence of life by feeding and growing plants (soils fertility function) as the beginning of all major trophic chains on the planet.

Keywords: soil mineralogical properties, soil organic matter, soil classification, soil genesys, soil properties, soil functions, bioinert body, soil science, chemical soil properties, soil evaluation

Abstract: At present, there are several problems of correlation between agricultural and land law. More specifically, regulatory acts contain mutual references, dublications and regulation gaps; provisions of land law are also included in legislative acts of agricultural law at federal and regional levels. The author assesses the modern state of these branches of law at federal level and considers the character of their correlation, and the presence (or the absence) of the provisions of land law in the acts of agricultural legislation at federal and regional levels. The research is based on general scientific methods and special methods of jurisprudence, including formal legal and comparative-legal research methods. At present, legislative drafts are being developed which would ensure rational use of agricultural lands (e.g., On land organization, On land clearing). However, the author notes that these draft laws have significant drawbacks. The author substantiates the proposals for clarification of the provisions of agricultural and land legislation ensuring rational use of agricultural lands.

Keywords: legal measures, agriculture, law, cadaster, land reclamation, land use planning, bills, agrarian law, land law, legal regulation

Abstract: The authors consider the procedure of building mathematical models of stability of mechanical systems functioning as described in Lyapunov theory used for solving the tasks of agricultural mechanics. The authors describe the results of agricultural machines operation analysis. The authors build the dependencies which can help define soil pulverization angle for various tillage depths based on the given parameters. These dependencies help define the parameters of dynamical systems reducing their energy consumption, improving qualitative indicators and creating the conditions for equipment performance improvement. The described model of the physical essence of wedge-soil interaction process is widely used for solving various tasks of justification the parameters of tilling mechanisms. However, the physical essence of processes occurring in the tilled soil layer under the influence of a wedge has not been studied sufficiently enough. When using any stability theory, it is important to define ultimate strain values causing material deformations leading to the destruction of the initial structure. Ultimate stress values can be easily defined by experiment only for stretching strain and compressional strain. Consequently, to define the strains occurring in soil under the influence of wedge, we can accept a hypothesis that a tilled soil layer splits away from the elastic mass by bending.  

Keywords: wedge, soil, layer chipping, tilling, two-sided wedge, soil strains, soil deformation pattern, soil layer chipping, soil layer pulverization, deformed soil layer

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the examination of certain issues of organization of land cadastre and land management in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the light of economic reforms. The author believes that the main problem of the theory and practice of land administration – establishing its functions. Each of the functions of land administration generates a set of measures, a system of elements, composition and content of which define the specific functions for this task, as well as methods and means of their solution. This allows each individual control functions to be relatively separate direction of management activities in the field of land use. The objective basis of the organization and implementation management of land resources are economic, environmental, social and other laws. This should be fundamental in determination of the functions of land administration. A change of formation is an objective need for fundamental change of target purpose of land cadastre. This is due to the fact that the earth, retaining its function as the main means of production, the spatial basis and the most important natural resource, is real estate. In this regard, each plot of land should legally to the status of the property and to be a part of property of legal entities and individuals.

Keywords: operations, efficiency, practice, land use, organization, questions, Kazakhstan, cadastre, land reform, management