Abstract: Cognitive strategies of occasional transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms in linguistic experiment are subject to consideration. The purpose of the study is to determine the cognitive strategies of the occasional use of phraseological euphemisms. The subject of the research: the types of cognitive strategies, which are used in ocasional transformations of English phraseological euphemisms, the study of which was performed after the literature survey and a brief description of the linguistic experiment. Research methods: the method of phraseological analysis developed by A.V. Kunin, which exists in two forms - phraseological identification and phraseological description, contextual analysis method, definitional analysis, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the study: as a result of the linguistic experiment, for the first time, cognitive strategies of the transformational use of English phraseological euphemisms, combining the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nominations, were determined. Results of the study: two cognitive strategies were identified that are characteristic of all types of occasional use – informing strategy and the strategy of expressivization. Evaluation strategy is defined when using the addition of a component / components, insertion and replacement of a component / components; objectification strategy is revealed in the cleft use of euphemistic units; accentualization strategy when using phraseological reiteration, permutation and phraseological saturation of context. For the first time, we have singled out the strategy of cognitive deployment of the image, which is characteristic of the most complex types of occasional use of phraseological euphemisms, namely, phraseological pun, extended metaphor and phraseological allusion.

Keywords: phraseological euphemism, occasional transformational use, linguistic experiment, cognitive strategies, informing strategy, strategy of expressivization, evaluation strategy, objectification strategy, strategy of accentualization, strategy of deployment of the image

Abstract: The philosophical nature of Tyutchev's poetry was noted by researchers of his work during the poet's lifetime. The study of Tyutchev's work makes it possible to trace the origin of a unique direction of philosophical thought in Russian poetry of the XIX century – religious existentialism. The research carried out within the framework of this article allowed us to trace the genesis of the original direction of religious existentialism in the poetry of F. Tyutchev, who interpreted Nature in his work in philosophical categories. In his poetic works, Tyutchev does not just depict the splendor of Nature, but shows his own idea of the essence of the universe and tries to solve the riddle of human existence through the knowledge of the secrets of Nature, which is presented as proof of the existence of God. Thus, Tyutchev's poetry of Nature is regarded as existential poetry, since it gives a person an answer to the question of the meaning of his existence. In Tyutchev's poetry, the tragedy of human existence correlates with a similar theme developed in the philosophical treatises of the founder of existentialism, S. Kierkegaard, and subsequently continued in the works of the German existential philosopher K. Jaspers. Kierkegaard imagined a gloomy reality where a person is doomed to exist, plunged into the abyss of despair. At the same time, the founder of existentialism offered man a way out of tragic existence through the process of self-improvement, that is, the formation of his own personality, and striving for God. However, the process of becoming a personality is also a path to the tragedy of being, as it leads to a violation of harmony between man and Nature. It is this existential problem, which is related to the borderline situation of Jaspers, that lies in the focus of Tyutchev's attention, who described in poetic form the relationship between man and Nature and showed the only possible way out of this situation through making an existential choice in favor of accepting faith in the true God.

Keywords: aesthetics, Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Tyutchev, poetry, philosophy, theory of literature, russian literature, existentialism, religion

Abstract: The present paper is devoted to the study of objective and subjective character of translation transformations. The materials studied for the purposes of the research work relate to biographical novels by P. Kurth "Anastasia. The Riddle of Anna Anderson" and "Isadora: a Sensational Life" and their translations into Russian. As far as methodology is concerned, the methods of descriptive and comparative analyses are paramount in the present paper. The aim of the research is to analyze different types of modifications (substitution, permutation, addition, omission) to identify the inevitable changes in syntactic structures of the sentences, on the one hand, and the results of an individual approach of translators who are fluent in both Russian and English. It was revealed that all translation transformations can be divided into two groups: objective and subjective modifications. Objective transformations are the result of differences in formal and semantic systems of English and Russian, whereas subjective modifications help to express the degree of probability and emotional state or attitude of the characters towards some events, people or things. The conclusions and the main statements of this research paper may serve as a reason for the further study of the role of syntactic transformations in literary translation from English into Russian, as well as apply to the preparation of specialists studying English in lecture courses and seminars on topical issues of emotive syntax and literary translation.

Keywords: substitution, transformations, literary information, adequate translation, equivalence in translation, literary translation, literary text, permutation, addition, omission

Abstract: This article is devoted to introduce a literary comparative study between two literary works written by the Russian novelist Anton Chekhov’s short story "The Lady with the Dog" and his American counterpart F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel "The Great Gatsby". The goal lies in revealing the possibility of an existed influence between the two authors. Also, it reveals the similarities and differences of the aspects of love, ego, and trauma. Multiple articles dealt separately with the theme of love in both case studies, thus; the novelty lies in comprehensive comparative of the theme of love between the original authors and their protagonists, as well as with the protagonists themselves. Another novelty is presented in comparing other psychological aspects of trauma and ego of Gurov and Gatsby. The research employs the historical, analytical, comparative, and psychoanalytical methods. The author, specifically, bases his comparison on the Freudian view of love and trauma to analyse the psychological struggle after the love loss experienced by both protagonists; Gurov and Gatsby. Both of them fall in love with women they cannot be with because they are both married to other men, so they both experienced traumatic situation that the protagonists could not get over it. The acquired results can be used both in the practice of literary psychoanalytical criticism, and practice in the filed of comparative studies.

Keywords: comparative study, Russian literature, American literature, psychoanalysis, love and trauma, isolation, ego, Freud, Chekhov, Fitzgerald

Abstract: The article presents the author's experience in developing an ESP (English for Specific Purposes) course for International Relations and Regional Studies majors and looks at the theoretical background for LSP course design. Choosing between terminological and discursive approach to course design in the sphere of humanities, the authors of the course favour the latter. The article also provides a quick look at an integrative approach to mastering English for Special Purposes offered by Western linguistics (CLIL-approach, Content and Language Integrated Learning), which implies combining the study of language and specialty discipline within the framework of a single course. Although the idea raises obvious interest, the authors of the course opt for a more traditional approach. The selection of texts for the course was subordinate to its main objectives. Since the course is centered upon productive competences – mainly speaking – its authors opted for a factual rather than analytical type of texts as more motivational and easier to discuss. Another chosen way to raise motivation is through the use of illustrations, video and audio materials. A second problem to address was that of authenticity and scientific objectivity of the selected texts, since some of the well-established views on the subject matter in social sciences may differ across countries. The number and types of activities are determined by specific needs of the learners. Particular emphasis is put on identifying and interpreting metaphors in the scientific discourse of humanities.

Keywords: Content and Language Integrated Learning, discursive approach, course design, English for Special Purposes (ESP), Language for Special Purposes (LSP), learning materials, authenticity, objectivity, metaphor, vocabulary retention

Abstract: The problem of adequate presentation of English counterparts of Russian phraseological euphemisms in the “Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms”, which is the first bilingual dictionary of euphemistic units in both languages is presented. Saving significational-denotational component of meaning of Russian phraseological euphemisms while translating them into English is crucial. The subject is possible ways of adequate transmitting of non-equivalent Russian transferred euphemistic units' semantics. The aim is to determine and present possible ways of translating non-equivalent Russian phraseological euphemisms into English: the right part of the dictionary entry is under study. The research methods are: the method of continuous sampling, the comparative method, the method of phraseological description, developed by A.V. Kunin, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the research: for the first time possible ways of translation of non-equivalent phraseological euphemisms which combine the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nomination are discussed. The results prove that there are four ways of translating non-equivalent phraseological euphemisms: with the help of translation loans, lexical, descriptive and combined translation, the last one being most important in providing the necessary information on the euphemistic orientation of Russian phraseological euphemisms. Conclusions are made about the necessity to include additional information about the features of the euphemistic nomination of Russian phraseological euphemisms in the form of descriptive translation into English, in contrast to the way of presenting the translation of non-equivalent phraseological units in existing bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

Keywords: phraseological euphemism, euphemistic nomination, bilingual dictionary, non-equivalent phraseological euphemisms, counterparts, ways of translation, translation loan, lexical translation, descriptive translation, combined translation

Abstract: The object of this research is the Kumyk medieval literature, dominated by thee ideas of enlightenment and religious unity. As a result of adoption of Islam by the peoples of Dagestan, including Kumyks, their written literature grounded on Quran, acquires a pronounced Muslim character. The Kumyk religious literature existed in the forms of sermons, cogitations, philosophizing and homilies, commonly known as “turki”. The concept of “turki”, which encompasses numerous religious poems of various contents and forms, represents a uniform system of genres, namely religious poetry. It is determined that alongside consolidation of the position of Islam in Dagestan in the XVI century, the religious themes become increasingly popular in the literary works of Kumyk poets and theologians. The authors examine  the Quranic motifs in the Kumyk religious literature  on the example of the collection “Majmu ul-Manzumat al-Ajamiyya”. Eschatological motifs in the aforementioned work can be divided into two parts: edifying that provide moral and ethical instructions, and descriptive that depict perturbations that await people for non-compliance with such instructions.  

Keywords: eschatology, tyurki, spiritual literature of the Kumyks, the Eastern literature, the angel of death, the Doomsday, human destiny, Koranic motives, Islam, the prophet

Abstract: This article is examines the literary style of the prominent theologian and poet Abdurrahman of Kakashura. Special attention is given to the philosophical-aesthetic principles that underlie his works. The author emphasizes the uniqueness of the poet’s worldview, imagery, and specific use of linguistic means. His poetic gives an in-depth perspective on Sufism – one of the central phenomena in the political and cultural life of the Republic of Dagestan. The works of Abdurrahman of Kakashura prevalently deliver a humanistic message, since he considered as the founder of humanistic trend in the Kumyk literature and to a certain degree represents a transitional stage between the medieval and modern literature. The conclusion is made that the poetry of Abdurrahman of Kakashura should be viewed not only as poetry aimed at proliferation of the ideas of Sufism, but also as the poetry of “progress” oriented towards healing from the mental malady the society was concerned with. In his poetry, the author trace genuine benevolence, ardent hatred of those who build their wealth on misery of the others. The impact of the poetry of Abdurrahman of Kakashura upon successive generations of Kumyk and Dagestani poets is indisputable. It is worth noting that most of the issues addressed in his poetry had vast repercussions in Dagestan and contributed to the development of progressive thought of his time.

Keywords: humanism, Sufism, spiritual literature, poetic language, tyurki, literary and artistic style, poetic interpretation, vocabulary, semantics, traditions

Abstract: This work examines the little-known facts from the life and creative heritage of one of most reputable Crimean Tatar populist poets of the XX century Hasan Chergeyev. For revealing the semantic and linguiso-stylistic peculiarities of his works, namely of the poems “Listen to What the Dead Man Says!” (“Eşit, mevta ne sevleyur!”, 1909) and “Fate” (“Taqdir”, 1917), the author carries out comparative typological, semiotic and textological analysis of the original texts. The strategic approaches towards depicting the authentic, dramatic episodes from life of the people and the clergy employed by the poet are analyzed. The phenomenon of the impact of the idea, theme and storyline upon the structure of his poems is revealed. Lateral thinking, specially selected methods for representation of life material turn the lyrist's poetic works into living canvases. They reflect the depth of inner emotional experiences of the title characters, reveal the natural flavor of ethnic language, and demonstrate the energy, power of his style. At the same time, the article outlines the prospects for studying publicistic activity during the prewar and wartime within the Crimean Tatar Soviet periodicals.

Keywords: history, experiment, creative, awakening, cultural, period, poetry, prose-based, Crimean Tatar, literature

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ethnocultural lexicon in translation of A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” into Portuguese language. The author views the term realia as a lexicon with ethnocultural semantics, characteristic to a specific language community. The research is aimed at the analysis of the means of conveying realia in two non-cognate languages, as well as in determination of ethnocultural differences of the lexemes signifying similar notions. The author believes that understanding and accurate interpretation of culturally marked lexicon are essential for translating foreign literature, studying and teaching foreign languages. Methods of the research are contextual and comparative analysis of the Russian realia in translation, which allowed determining the distinctions in cognition of text among the Russian and Portuguese native speakers. The novelty of this work is defined by reference to the only translation of the novel “Eugene Onegin” into Portuguese language that has not previously been an object of a linguoculturological study. The research revealed that realia may contain cultural component in the meaning of words and their connotation. As a result, the author indicates the differences of linguistic means of conveying realia in the Russian and Portuguese languages, and established the ways of conveying ethnocultural lexicon in translation of the novel, such as correlation, hypo-hyperonymic translation, adaptation, periphrastic translation, and calquing.

Keywords: correlation, comparative analysis, ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology, realia, ethnocultural lexicon, hypo-hyperonymic translation, adaptation, periphrasis, calque

Abstract: The article focuses on the analysis of cases of alexithymia in English fiction in order to reveal their pragmatic potential. Alexithymia is studied from a linguistic perspective and is defined as the inability or difficulty to express emotions verbally. Emotions are viewed as a type of language identity that functions within specific ways to exchange communicative information. Emotions are recognized as social phenomena that are embedded in social contexts. The article strives to provide a novel insight into the study of emotions in the field of linguistics. For the first time, alexithymia is addressed not as a psychological disorder, but as a linguistic attempt to create and increase a pragmatic effect on the reader by implying additional information and emotional and evaluative overtones. Research methods include definition, semantic and pragmatic analyses of emotional and evaluative utterances, expressing or implying alexithymia, and selected from English fiction by the continuous sampling method. The author comes to the conclusion that emotions can still be revealed and comprehended by the reader without being expressed or implied in the text. It is the context that helps to determine the emotion, its intensity and polarity, as well as its pragmatic potential.

Keywords: pragmatic potential, pragmatics, appraisal, implication, alexithymia, emotional and evaluative utterance, emotion, pragmatic effect, context, English fiction

Abstract:  This article is dedicated to studying thematic progression as a text-forming and discourse-forming phenomenon. The notion of thematic progression is analyzed in terms of the functional sentence perspective theory, theory of actual division of the sentence, and discourse linguistics. Thematic progression contributes to the cohesive development of discourse, distribution of given and new information that needs to follow certain patterns. That is why the article also dwells on the thematic progression patterns and peculiar characteristics of their themeatic-rhematic organization. Basic thematic progression patterns are: simple linear thematic progression, thematic progression with a continuous (constant) theme, thematic progression with derived themes and thematic progression with a split rheme. They are considered to be universal, peculiar to many languages. That is why thematic progression patterns of English discourse units translated into Russian language often remain the same. Their high informativity, grammatical complexity, as well as differences in grammatical systems of English and Russian languages, necessity to adapt these units to the norms and rules of the Russian language can cause changes in thematic progression patterns of the translated units. The abovementioned facts can also lead to compression / decompression of information, changes of the word order in Russian translations.

Keywords: decompression, compression, translation, patterns, rheme, theme, discours, tex, Thematic Progression, discourse forming phenomenon

Abstract: The goal of this work is determine the peculiarities and origins of artistic thinking of the Crimean Tatar writer of the XX century Mehmet Nuzhet. The methodological and theoretical framework of this research is comprised of the works of U. Ipchi, E. Shemizade, J. Bekirov, A. Altanly, I. Kerimov, Y. Kandymov and others. The aforementioned authors made an indisputable contribution to the development of Crimean Tatar literature and literary criticism. The artistic heritage of M. Nuzhet is diverse and unique. His poetic, prosaic and translation works are fused with national spirit. The actions and feelings of the protagonists of the artist’s lyrical works are a direct reflection of his psychological state. This article pays special attention to the psychological type of the lyricist. Using comparative, textual analysis, the author examines the published and original handwritten texts by M. Nuzhet. The conclusion is made that the writer systematically worked on the study of the depth feelings, emotions and ways their expression. The application of traditional folk poetic forms, genres, images allows creating the new patterns of influence upon the audience. Conveying the eternal anthropological topics, he transforms into a wise folk storyteller and preacher. For depicting the life realities, he disguises an old poor man or a street drunkard. Poetic alliterations and assonances enliven these images. In the process of declamation of such poems, the audience is captivated by the text and uses various mimic emotions intended by the context.

Keywords: Mehmet, literature, classic, Tatar, Crimean, type, psychological, thinkin, artistic, Nuzhet

Abstract: The article analyzes the results of development of language globalization in the context of language globalistics. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors of globalization of the language, the reasons and circumstances of obtaining the status of the global English language. Special attention is paid to the concept of a global language network and subglobal languages in Internet communications. Perspectives of language globalization is presented in the context of language globalistics achievements. As a result of the analysis the authors came to the conclusion that the global English "users" are more important that "speakers" for language globalization. English as the main tool of Internet communication expands the composition of "users" of the global language. This will arise new challenges to linguistic globalistics.

Keywords: theory of language, interlinguistics, global language net, global communication, subglobal languages, language globalistics, language globalization, English, world languages, language policy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the study of main derivational models of Genetics and Genetic Engineering terms in the English, Spanish and Russian languages. The object of this study is the terminological units, selected in a combined total of approximately six thousand units. In the course of the work, the authors examine in detail the origin of some genetic terms, as well as their key structural and word-formative features. The main frequently and occasionally used models of term formation are revealed. The research methodology includes the methods of continuous selection, comparative analysis, reconstruction of the structural-derivational models in the English, Spanish and Russian languages, as well as component and definitional analysis, etymological analysis, quantitative and statistical analysis. The main conclusion of the study is the quantitative predominance of multicomponent genetic terms formed by syntactic models. Frequently used syntactic models are represented by various combinations of nouns, adjectives and nouns, with the use of prepositions, with occasionally used models including participles, adverbs, etc. Morphological models are represented by suffixation and prefixation. Compounding, abbreviation and conversion are distinguished among the frequently used morphological-syntactic models. The derivational models may coincide or be different in the languages in question. The authors’ special contribution is the identification of these differences are drawn from the material of Genetics and Genetic Engineering terminology.

Keywords: derivation, model, genetic engineering, genetics, terminological system, terminology, terminological unit, referent sphere, word-formative model, scientific sphere

Abstract: The subject of this research is the oral and professional specific nature of the existence of Adyghe vocal tradition in the past and present. Life after life – this figurative way can characterize the modern state of the Adyghe vocal tradition. Published songs of the Adyghe ethnicity and sub-ethnicities (Circassians, Kabardians, Shapsugs etc.) are nowadays no more than a relic, a memorial, a musical chronicle of the history of the people and the object of scientific research. New conditions of living of the North Caucasus people of the late 20th – early 21st centuries have brought about the practice of the secondary folklore – the one that revives and develops the lost tradition on a new level. A vivid example of the rebirth of the tradition of vocal and instrumental performance is the oeuvre of the Adyghe folklore ensemble of authentic singing and instrumental music “Zhyu” (Adyghe Republic, Maikop). Basing on the characteristic features of singing practice in the past, its adaptive reserves in the modern Adyghe culture are singled out.

Keywords: instrumental music, singing, institution of dzeguako, modernity, history, folk song, folklor, adyghe, authentic, tradition ensemble

Abstract: This research is devoted to consideration of the metaphorical features of the representation of migration in the American press. The object of the study is a metaphorical representation of migrants and migration in the language of the United States media. The subject of this research is metaphorical models, structuring the concept “migration” in the language of American mass media. The goal of this paper is to study the features of metaphorical modeling of migration in the US political media discourse. The relevance of the study is substantiated by the lack of knowledge of the metaphorical representation of migration processes in modern media of America. This study is based on the cognitive approach, according to which metaphor is the most important phenomenon in comprehending the surrounding reality. The study of linguistic material and the description of metaphorical models made it possible to identify attitudes towards migrants at the present stage of development of American society.

Keywords: migration, migrant, linguistic sign, linguoculture, discource, conceptualization, concept, conceptual metaphor, verbalization, metaphorical model

Abstract: The subject of this article is emotional and evaluative utterances in literary texts. The article briefly appraises the current research of emotions in linguistics, emphasizing their role in communication. The linguistic data is also reinforced by theories from psychology. The author thoroughly studies emotional and evaluative utterances that reveal asymmetry between the semantic and pragmatic meanings. Emotional and evaluative utterances are defined as utterances that express, imply or describe emotions, emotional states and reactions. Asymmetry is defined as the deviation from the norm as a byproduct of natural language functionality. Research methods include definition, semantic and pragmatic analyses of emotional and evaluative utterances, selected from English fiction by the continuous sampling method. The author comes to the conclusion that asymmetry occurs due to the subjective experience of emotions and linguistically manifests itself in reverse reactions and ambivalence. It has been revealed that true knowledge about emotion is context dependent, and it is the context that shows whether emotion is received as positive or negative.

Keywords: pragmatic potential, pragmatic meaning, semantic meaning, reappraisal, appraisal, emotional and evaluative utterance, emotion, asymmetry, reverse reaction, ambivalence

Abstract: This article is devoted to the peculiarities of functioning composite sentences in English aviation texts. The subject matter of this research is types of complex sentences in modern English and the means of connecting main and subordinate parts of these sentences. Research in the article is done on the basis of scientific and journalistic styles. Special attention is paid to the general characteristics of lexical and grammatical features of these two text styles. In the article, a comparative analysis of different types of subordinate clauses is made and difficulties in translating them from English into Russian are analyzed. In her research, Meldianova applies the following research methods: description used to define, interpret and classify complex sentences; and comparison used to analyze types of syndetic words and subordinating conjunctions in complex sentences. The novelty of this research consists in the conducted for the first time complex study of means of connecting sentences within a composite sentence on the basis of English aviation texts of scientific and journalistic styles.

Keywords: syndetic word, subordinate clause, journalistic style, scientific style, asyndetic connection, syndetic connection, complex sentence, composite sentence, subordinating conjunction, means of connection

Abstract: The subject of the study is gender characteristics of insincere statements and behavior. The experimental material includes 100 video fragments in Russian and 100 video fragments in American English. The study of this material included perceptual-auditory and perceptual-visual types of analysis, which were conducted with the involvement of groups of test-auditors. The results of perceptual-auditory and perceptual-visual types of analysis revealed some gender differences in insincere statements and behavior. However, most of the parameter values noted by the subjects when working with the material are in the zone of average values, which makes the study of these parameters especially difficult and indicates the relevance of this problem. Processing such a data set (915,600 cells) was carried out for the first time, but it did not reveal major gender differences in the speech and behavior of communicants, which indicates the need for further study of this problem.

Keywords: perceptual-visual analysis, perceptual-auditory analysis, insincerity, lie detection, deception detection, deception, lies, paralinguistics, speech analysis, voice analysis

Abstract: The subject of this research is the nature of national specificity manifestation of the lacunae belonging to different parts of speech. The goal is to describe the thematic groups of Russian-English verbal, substantive and attributive lacunae relating to the military sphere. The system of formalized indexes is used to elucidate the national peculiarity. The novelty of this research consists in revealing and testing new formalized parameters within the groups of lacunae that have not been studied from such perspective. In the course of the research, the following methods were employed: the continuous sampling method from a lexicographical source, the quantitative analysis method, comparative analysis and comparative-parametric method of linguistic research. The theoretical importance of the research is defined by the fact that methods of comparative description received further amplification. The indexes are used to determine quantitative characteristics of national peculiarity. The results obtained can be utilized in practice of teaching professionally oriented translation, comparative typology of the Russian and English languages, and be used for further inter and intra-linguistic research. Through the prism of the indexes, conclusion about the degree of the groups’ national specificity is drawn.

Keywords: national specificity, degree of manifestation, semantic proximity, the index of gender lacunae, antonymic pairs, the index of nominative non-representativeness, formalized parameters, military sphere, Russian-English lacunae, explicit-generalizing attributive lacunae

Abstract: The subject of the article is emotional utterances in literary texts. The research is aimed at revealing and studying the pragmatic potential of such utterances. Pragmatic potential is defined as additional information that needs to be decoded. A literary text has been chosen as the source of emotional utterances because it creates the circumstances for the fullest functional manifestation of their pragmatic potential. The author meticulously studies such linguistic means of expressing emotions as nomination, description, tropes and figures of speech. Research methods include definition, semantic and pragmatic analyses of linguistic means of expressing emotions, selected by the continuous sampling method. The processing of the factual material has also been performed by the method of contextual determination. The novelty of this research is substantiated by the combined approach to the analysis of emotional utterances and by revealing hidden meanings of both, expressed and implied emotions. The analysis has shown that emotional utterances provide better understanding of the speaker’s illocution, and that the intensity of illocution is influenced by the choice of linguistic means. The expression or implication of emotions intensifies the speaker’s intention and creates a stronger pragmatic effect. Furthermore, it has been determined that emotional utterances may perform several illocutionary acts, but it is context that reveals the true intention.

Keywords: seme, literary text, illocution, speech act, pragmatic potential, pragmatics, emotivity, emotional utterance, emotion, appraisal

Abstract: The subject of this research is the concept of expressiveness of the Absolute, developed in Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism. In majority of Buddhist schools it is established that the language, due to its binary nature, is capable of expressing only the relative truth, while the absolute truth can be cognized in the state of unidirectional meditative submersion, with the absence of any duality, including the linguistic symbolic structures. However, in Gelug School it is emphasized that it is impossible to explain an adept the technique of realization of direct vision of the absolute unless using the language, which also allows reaching enlightenment and further translation of the tradition. Based on the materials of Tibetan texts, the author explicates the philosophical views of Gelug School, which, according to the thought of its successors, eliminate such contradiction. The main conclusion consists in the fact the Gelug School developed the concept of language that subdivides the verbal/conceptual into two types. The first one  contains the verbal/conceptual, resulted from the ascription (Tibetan: sgro 'dogs) of false qualities of the objects of consideration, which should be obviated. The second one is deprived of false ascription, and forms in the course of using a specific type of philosophical discourse – prasangika, serving as the cause of emergence of the “middle view” (Tibetan: dbu lta) that sees all things properly. This allows the successor of prasangika to effectively use the verbal structures for adequate cognition at the conceptual level, and transition towards the direct cognition of the absolute truth, which ultimately helps to acquire freedom and reach a state of nirvana.

Keywords: Madhyamaka,, Gelug, Tibetan Buddhism, text, verbal structures, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of Buddhism, soteriology, religious practice, prasangika

Abstract: The paper deals with the situation that has developed in recent years, which is written in the Internet, where memories and studies of life of the writers and poets are represented. A logical interpretation of the life and work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is offered, which makes it possible to compare the two relations between the creativity of the author and his ordinary life. Unaware of the evolution in the views of Anton Pavlovich and his ambivalent attitude towards women and love, revealed in such an interpretation, we really do not understand the actions and thoughts of the heroes of his works, especially the later stories and plays. The study used the following methodology: problem formulation, situational and comparative analysis, humanitarian interpretation of the author's works, reconstruction of the life path. As a result, it was possible to show that although the personality of the author of the work is not directly related to his work, nevertheless, in order to understand a number of significant moments of this work and the features of the work, a special reconstruction of the author's personality and his works is necessary. Within the framework of such a reconstruction, the analysis of personality and works must be linked.

Keywords: life, poetry, art, personality, interpretation, work, creativit, author, choice, reality

Abstract: This article is aimed at examination of the concept of immigration, conceptual metaphors of the cognominal concept, as well as their manifestations in the English and American press. The subject of this research is the language means that verbalizes the concept of immigration in the English and American consciousness. The object of this research is the concept of immigration. The analysis of the language material alongside the description of metaphorical models allowed determining the attitude to immigration at the current state of social development. The work is based on the method of continuous sampling of examples from the English and American periodicals. The concept of immigration is one of the key concepts of the modern political discourse. Its conceptual content is revealed in the article. The author determines and provides description to the three metaphorical models that represent the concept at hand, namely: anthropomorphic model, model of nature, and artifactual model. The analysis of factual material demonstrates that the highlighted metaphorical models have negative connotation.  

Keywords: definitional analysis, immigrant, artifactural model, model of nature, anthropomorphic model, metaphorical model, conceptual metaphor, immigration, concept, lexeme immigration

Abstract: The subject of this research is the gender analysis of the strategies and techniques, using which the visitors of the dating sites create unrestricted forms of self-representations. The authors clarify the notions of “communication strategy”, “speech strategy” and “communication tactic”, and “speech tactic”. The material for the research were the self-representations of men and women of 18 years of age and above, presented on the Russian and English language dating sites. As a unit of analysis the authors used a fragment of self-representation, which verbalized a certain strategy/tactic. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research are the discovered five universal verbal strategies characteristic for men and women, users of Russian and English languages: characteristics of the target of search, purpose of search, creation of the image of a desired situation, and direction towards communication. Each verbal strategy has a certain set of communicational and speech tactics. There were no major differences detected in the choice of verbal strategies and communication tactics that were characteristic to the speech of men and women of both languages.

Keywords: profiler, online dating site, communicative tactics, speech strategy, communication strategy, gender, self-presentation, speech tactics, universal tactics, gender-based tactics