Abstract: The concept of identity enjoys wide popularity within the modern humanity studies, relegating to the background the concepts of culture, mentality, worldview, and others extensively used in analytics and classification of sociocultural processes. This article divides the academic works associated with the study of identity into several themed groups: the first group encompasses the works containing the analysis of research methodology for the concept of identity; the second group consists of the works dedicated to the formation of identity in the context of globalization processes; the third group incorporates the research aimed at determination of the regional peculiarities of identity building. It is revealed that in the context of boosting the globalization processes and technological progress in many spheres of social life, identity of a person from stable and static category (gender, race, profession, etc.) transforms into a “vague”, unstable structure of social orientations of a person that can change within a short time under the influence of various factors.

Keywords: ascriptive identity, constructivist approach, naturalistic-essentialist approach, technological progress, globalization, Identity, acquired identity, national identity, race, identity crisis

Abstract: The subject of this research is the existing in the current political discourse representation about nation as the carrier of sovereignty. The task consists in explication of genealogical link between the concept of nation and the conceptual field of political theology. Special attention is given to the critical analysis of the proposed by Judith Butler redefinition of nation as a public group that transforms their vulnerability into political power and source of sovereignty. The concept of sovereignty is problematized on the basis of Giorgio Agamben’s concept of sovereign power. The author raises a question on the boundaries of political theology in modern reality. Methodological grounds contain the performative interpretation of the social and political (J. Butler, J. Alexander), genealogical method of M. Foucault, criticism of political theology of G. Agamben. The main research results consist in the following: substantiation of performative interpretation of the concept of nation; explication of philosophical and political context of the proposed by Judith Butler hypothesis that these problems are the aftermath of questioning the dependence of the concept of nation from the logic of political theology. The article describes the genealogical scheme of transformation of representations about nation as the source of sovereignty, since the origins of medieval theology of power to the present forms of representative democracy, as well as demonstrates the link between the idea of sovereign nation and the problems of exclusion and violence.

Keywords: messianism, sacred, collective body, performativity, political theology, sovereignty, people, exception, violence, direct democracy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the ideologies of liberalism and communism. The goal of the work consists in their comparison, determination of the key similarities, and explanation of such resemblance. The author carefully examines such aspects of the topic as socialization, rationality, and scientism as immanent qualities of the analyzed doctrines. Special attention is given to interpretation of the phenomenon of “privatization of humanism” inherent to both ideologies. This results in the relapse of spiritual aristocratism and political instrumentalism with regards to masses. The methodological means apply the idea of the common dispositions of various doctrines, the notion of the “project of modernity”, method of comparison and conceptual analysis. The main conclusion lie in the revelation and analysis of the common features of the “project of modernity” teachings. Author’s special contribution into this research is the analysis of the similar tacit assumptions that underlie the theoretical constructs of the examined ideologies. The scientific novelty consists in formulation of argumentation of the proof of thesis on the anthropological and value equivalence of the teachings of liberalism and communism.

Keywords: radicalism, futurism, privatization of humanism, collectivism, individualism, project of modernity, anarchism, communism, liberalism, utopianism

Abstract: Internet is an important factor of the second wave of post-materialistic values. The authors conduct a detailed analysis on dynamics of the distribution of these values in Russia, specific factors of formation of public consciousness in the context of information technologies development. In this regard, the subject of this study is the political consciousness of the Russian citizens in information society, as well as transformation of the legal institutions in the Internet and the spread of post-materialistic values. The scope of research is the inconsistency of the political consciousness of the Russians with regard to post-materialistic and materialistic values.The research methodology is based on the theory of post-materialistic values R. Inglehart. The. Among the conclusions, the authors highlight that Internet is an important factor in formation of the matrix of values for young generation. There are also groups of people, in whose perception Internet represents value in itself. Overall, however, the Russian public consciousness in relation to the Internet is extremely contradictory.

Keywords: political socialization, Information society, Copyright, intellectual property, Internet Governance, political consciousness, post-materialist values, public opinion, Internet, cyberculture

Abstract: The subject of the research is the political views of the Russian liberal public, or is wider, "not system opposition". Object of research - a position of leaders of "not system opposition" on fascism and Nazism, interpretation of these definitions and all circumstances and the phenomena by them, with them connected. The purpose of the real research – to give the forecast of reaction of the Russian liberals for attempt to bring definition of Nazism (fascism), and also research of ideas of modern Russian liberals of Nazism (fascism) in the Russian legislation. Authors in detail consider scientific ideas of Nazism and fascism and reveal the key points of view of the Russian liberals, whose approach causes fears of a trivialization of fascism. Research methods – the system analysis and the content analysis. These methods allow to investigate the Russian liberal public as the group possessing certain signs among which in work as the leader the view of fascism and Nazism is considered. Content the analysis was applied to studying of public statements of the Russian liberals. Novelty of the presented research consists in that. that for the first time in scientific work the question of transformation of definitions of fascism and Nazism in political tools which actively are used recently by bright representatives so-called "not system opposition" of Russia was raised. In addition, authors managed to come to a number of the scientific finds, for example, connected with views of liberals of the Soviet period in the history of Russia. Is important as well that authors could develop concrete recommendations which can be useful in legislative process during development of the relevant law on fascism (Nazism).

Keywords: palingenesis, political struggle, political mentality, agressive nationalism, liberal political opposition, Nazism, fascism, political parties, Russian world, trivialization of fascism

Abstract: Even though liberalism has a wide historiography, the problem of genesis and evolution of the liberal mentality still lacks serious researches. Description of the mental content and structural components of the liberal mentality, their hierarchy, interaction and interdependence is still one of the most methodological issues. The author offers a more complex definition of the liberal mentality that includes the social component. Special emphasis is made on the determination of special features and differences between the Russian and Western types of liberal mentality. The author of the article also makes an attempt to describe ethic beliefs, functional nature and peculiarities.The main method of research is the dialectic method. Comparative-historical and structural-functional methods have also played a significant role in determination of the structural components and interactions between these components as well as the nature  and mechanism of their formation. The results of research prove that Russian liberal mentality has its unique logic of cultural and historical development. The spirit and features of Western liberalism were adopted and Russian liberailsm had its own national grounds related to the Orthodox development thrust of the Russian civilization. The author offers a definition of Russian liberal mentality and analyzes factors defining its special features. He also touches upon the featurse and qualities of Russian liberailsm as a special type of thinking defining the behavior, ideology and selection of social development alternativef. The author describes a special mechanism of liberal mentality (archetypes, the core and etc.) that guarantees the dynamics of the liberal way of thinking and fixes spontaneously arising mental stereotypes of liberalism. 

Keywords: mentality, liberal mentality, way of thinking, archetype, collective unconscious, archetype elements, structure of liberal mentality, liberal way of thinking, the core of liberal mentality, liberal ideology

Abstract: The author discusses the idea of the distinctive character of Russian liberalism and defines the place of Russian liberalism in the 'liberal family'. The author describes religious and ideological roots of liberal mentality, the influence of moral and religious archetypes of Russian culture on perception of Western liberal ideas. He also reveals adaptation mechanisms ensuring the integration of liberal ideas into the Russian environmental perception. Based on the dialectical and comparative methods, the author concludes that unlike the Western mentality, Russian liberal mentality has another nature, form and other methods of distribution and it is rather stable and variable. The author of the article establishes that Russian liberal mentality was not just the Western European phenomenon adjusted to the new historical environment but was formed as the national variant of liberalism that had the distinctive and universal meaning. The main focus of attention is on determination of the in-depth fundamental mental layers and elements of liberal mentality and peculiarities.

Keywords: liberal mentality, liberal consciousness, world view and cogitation, liberal values, traditions, distinctive character, religious artchetype, democracy, conservatism, personal liberty, identity