Abstract: The subject of the study is to establish the involvement of smoldering hookah coals in the occurrence of a fire during the production of a forensic fire-technical examination. Currently, there is no universal concretized algorithm for determining the involvement of tobacco smoking devices and hookah coals in the occurrence of a fire for all possible cases of fire. The authors have attempted to combine well-known information about the detection of signs of exposure to combustible materials from a relatively low-power ignition source with the results of experiments and studies of smoldering hookah coals. Two types of hookah coals were selected as objects of research: cubic natural charcoal for hookah, fast-burning cylindrical coal. Cotton fabric, cotton wool, paper, wood (pine), synthetic carpet with fine pile, synthetic carpet with large pile, soft decorative elements with synthetic filling and a pillowcase made of furniture fabric, PVC floor materials (linoleum, PVC tiles), floor panels, lined with polymer films (laminate). In conducting this study, a systematic approach was applied to the analysis of the situation of a fire-related incident, as well as general scientific empirical and theoretical research methods (observation, comparison, description, measurement, analysis and synthesis, etc.) The results of empirical studies confirm the hypothesis of the formation of deep charring zones in places of contact of hookah charcoal with combustible materials (wood, laminated floor coverings). Based on the results of experimental studies, a step-by-step algorithm for constructing versions about the occurrence of a fire from smoldering hookah charcoal is formulated, including focusing the attention of an expert (a person conducting an inspection of the scene of an incident related to a fire) on the need to take into account factors such as the time of the fire and the induction period of ignition, the presence of conditions for heat accumulation, the presence of air exchange, the presence of an air inflow into the smoldering zone, the presence of signs of the dynamics of fire propagation, characteristic of low-power ignition sources. It is noted that the probability of burning from smoldering hookah coal increases in cases where conditions are created for the smoldering process to proceed with minimal heat loss, the possibility of heat accumulation and the presence of an oxidizer (oxygen in the air) in sufficient quantities.

Keywords: ignition source, fire source, specialized knowledge, cause of fire, smoldering, inspection of the scene of the incident, fire, hookah charcoal, fire examination, forensic examination

Abstract: The subject of the study is human hair. The authors consider the issues of hair research for biological and forensic chemical research. Currently, despite the large number of studies conducted by forensic medical experts and clinicians, there is no complete, targeted program for the study of hair for elemental composition, psychoactive and toxic substances, enzyme system, in which methods of hair research would be announced not only for forensic, but also for clinical, environmental practice. Forensic doctors have developed methods and techniques for conducting such studies. However, there are no such developments for clinicians, toxicologists. Removal and examination of hair to study the morphological structure is carried out without following the rules (length, description of the structure, indication of magnification of the microscope, characteristics of inclusions and others). The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the lack of widely available data on the characteristics of hair; by determining the content of foreign substances introduced into the body, gives rise to contradictory and even erroneous data. A special contribution of the authors to the study of hair is the proposed algorithm for morphological examination of their elements, which includes such sections as hair removal, macroscopic examination and microscopic examination. The described lesions in the form of inclusions of "black color", "flask-like formations" and "thickening of the core" are characteristic of normal hair and are not signs of exposure to any toxicant. The morphological shape of some hair indicates the effect on the hair of a toxic agent that affected their structure, as a result of which their loss occurred. The damaging factor acts on the desmosomes of the cuticle of the rod and the vaginal membranes of the hair and is exfoliated from its own hair bed. It was determined that the hair carries information about the entry of an intoxicant into the body in the phase of active growth – anagen.

Keywords: chemical and toxicological examination, forensic chemistry, research, withdrawal, spectral analysis, morphology, poisoning, thallium, growth phases, hair

Abstract: Taking into account the importance for the criminal case of such an investigative action as a protocol for examining the scene and the significant difficulties that investigators (interrogators) experience during the investigation of illegal extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources, the author analyzed the most common mistakes in drawing up a protocol for examining the scene. Based on the results of this analysis, it is proposed to systematize errors by classifying both by subject matter and by the object of study in which the error was made. In addition, it is proposed to separately group formal errors in the preparation of a protocol for examining the scene of an incident, made by the preliminary investigation bodies in criminal cases on illegal extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources.

Keywords: prosecutor supervision, public prosecutor, protocol, investigative errors, verification of a crime report, preliminary investigation, protocol of inspection of the scene, aquatic biological resources, prosecutor, investigator

Abstract: The topicality of the research issue is determined by the fact that detection and solution of crimes committed in the modern conditions requires the use of scientific and technical achievements. Expert and forensic departments of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are aimed at assisting the use of technical means and special knowledge at each stage of a criminal investigation. The article considers the issue of the use of a specific type of special knowledge - special forensic knowledge, when checking crime reports. The author substantiates the importance of this stage of initiation of a criminal case, and emphasizes the importance of the work of forensic specialists participating in collecting and analyzing the initial information about a crime. The article analyzes the legal grounds of the use of special knowledge of forensic experts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The author arrives at a conclusion that despite its importance, the work of experts with special forensic knowledge is not immune from drawbacks. The author substantiates the idea that it is important to improve the activities aimed at the use of special forensic knowledge at the stage of checking a crime report.  The analysis of the author’s experience as a forensic expert allows concluding that it is necessary to develop scientifically grounded recommendations of applicable nature, and optimize normative instruments regulating the use of special forensic knowledge at the stage of checking a crime report.  

Keywords: criminal proceedings, crime scene investigation, material traces, preliminary research, forensic expert, crime scene technician, crime report, special forensic knowledge, evidence, special knowledge

Abstract: The research object is social relations connected with the legal regulation, organization and the tactics of identification. The authors consider the types of identification mentioned in the criminal procedure law, and those used during criminal investigation. Having compared their volume and contents, the authors note that the number of types of identification used in the work of law-enforcement bodies is larger than that of those formalized in the Criminal procedure Law of the Russian Federation. This situation doesn’t violate the law, since such types of identification as the identification of animals, territories, etc. are the components (subtypes) of the types of identification formalized in the law. The authors study the correlation between the organization and tactics of presenting for identification and attempt to systematize the investigator’s actions during the preparation and organization of various types of presenting for identification. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the formation of tactical techniques of presenting for identification through the lens of registration and correlation of subjects of the forensic tactics (the most rational ways of organizing an investigation  - the problem scope) and the organization of criminal investigation (the creation of a structure of the investigative activities, the conditions for its effective implementation, and the investigation management - the organizational and administrative scope). This approach helps to create a detailed list of tactical recommendations for the organization, preparation and realization of various types of presenting for identification with account for the specificity of the object of identification, and their classification in accordance with the stages of this investigation.   

Keywords: organizational preparations, tactical recommendations, Investigator, lineup interview, identifying person, tactical moves, identification tactics, investigation management, lineup, investigative activity

Abstract: The article considers the problem of the improvement of methodology and information support for trace evidence analysis of the signs of production and technology mechanisms on mass-production items. The research subject is the patterns of formation of the signs of production and technology mechanisms on mass-production items. The research object is the expertise practice of analyzing mass-production items and the standardization of methodology, science, and information support for this form of activity. The purpose of the research is to study the problem aspects of organizing and performing a technological expertise and the formulation of ideas about the improvement of methodology, science and information support for trace evidence analysis of the signs of production and technology mechanisms. The scientific importance of the research is determined by the fact that the author generalizes and analyzes the practice of trace evidence analysis of the signs of production and technology mechanisms and defines the weak points of methodology, science and information support for this type of expertise. Based on this analysis, the author formulates proposals and recommendations for their solving. Along with the scientific significance, the research has practical orientation which consists in the set of measures aimed at the improvement of methodology guidance for performing a trace evidence analysis of the signs of production and technology mechanisms, optimisation of experts’ work, the prevention of expert errors during trace evidence analysis.

Keywords: mass production product, production and technological mechanism, methodological providing, trasological examination, standardization, Forensic examination, state standard, expert technique, certification, Information system

Abstract: The research subject is the scientific, organizational and methodical regularities of judicial and examination activities during the research of finance-credit relations. Special attention is given to the key provisions of finance-credit examinations and the peculiarities of their commissioning. The author uses the categories and laws of dialectical and formal logic along with general scientific methods of scientific cognition (observation, description, comparison, systematization, formalization, etc.), and specific methods (comparative-analytical and system-structural). The author also uses the techniques of the interdisciplinary approach since the research requires knowledge in the field of procedural and substantive law, theory of court examination, economics and banking law, which determines the comprehensive nature of the research. From the viewpoint of modern scientific knowledge, the author attempts to analyze court examination as an independent class of judicial economic examinations which includes objects, subclasses, typical tasks and scientific and methodical recommendations for law enforcement officers about commissioning such examinations. The research addresses the main provisions of the subtheory of a judicial finance-credit examination which either haven’t been described sufficiently enough in the scientific works, or haven’t been systematised. The author’s recommendations are aimed at unification of the judicial practice of commissioning and assessment of the results of a judicial finance-credit examination. The formation of a comprehensive idea about this examination and its modern state is necessary for the implementation of its possibilities by an investigator, a court or an inquiry officer within criminal proceedings. The result of the research is the development of recommendations for law enforcement officers about the peculiarities of commissioning of a court tax analysis in governmental and nongovernmental criminal expertise institutions connected with the peculiarities of preparation of research objects and the specificity of issues subject to the consideration of a court expert; the author formulates the list of questions to an expert.

Keywords: forensic financial and economic investigation, financial and credit investigation, forensic investigation, banking accounting, financial and credit relations, economic crimes, the tactics of appointing investigation, typical tasks., questions, objects investigation

Abstract: The object of research is technical and forensic support for investigation of acts of arsons committed using fire accelerants such as benzine, diesel fuel, and other able-to-get highly inflammable and combustible liquids. The subject of research is the problem aspects of detection and identification of the traces of fire accelerants which change as a result of microbial decay of their components. The authors consider the impact of bacterial activity on the detection and identification of the traces of highly inflammable and combustible liquids after a fire in the soil and on the surfaces of construction materials with the help of gas chromatography. The article considers the ways to decrease the impact of microbial decay on the detection and identification of fire accelerants. The research methodology is based on general scientific and specific research methods, such as the dialectical method, analysis synthesis, generalization, the system-structural method, etc. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the analysis and solving of the problem of preservation of traces of fire accelerants with account for the modern state of technical and forensic support for investigation of arsons. It is established that selective decay of aromatic hydrocarbons and n-paraffins leads to the transformation of fractional composition of traces of fire accelerants and the complication of the analysis of the results of forensic examination. In order to improve technical and forensic support for investigation of arsons, the authors suggest adding triclosan-based anti-bacterial agents into standard cases used by investigators, inquiry officers and forensic specialists at the fire scene. It would prolong the period of preservation of traces of fire accelerants and increase the likelihood of their identification during the forensic investigation.   

Keywords: technical and forensic support, microbiological decomposition, soil, petroleum products, flammable liquids, fire accelerants, fire investigation, arson, gas chromatography, forensic examination

Abstract: More than a hundred years has passed since fingerprints found on crime scenes started to be used for the identification of a criminal. Nowadays, fingerprints are of considerable interest for crime solution and investigation. While ridge patterns are formed during fetal life and don’t change during the life-time, lines and wrinkles are formed later, and change over time. Therefore, the author considers the possibility to use the parts of a person’s skin - lines and wrinkles - for identification. This problem hasn’t been described sufficiently enough in special literature, that’s why additional research will help improve the procedure of using skin wrinkles in practical activities during crime solution and investigation. The purpose of the research is to detect the patterns influencing the transformation of lines and wrinkles. The author uses the general scientific methods of cognition, especially observation, comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction.  The research is aimed at the assessment of the possibility to use lines and wrinkles of a person’s skin for identification. Thus, the presence and the localization of wrinkles is an informative diagnostic criterion helping to acquire information about the gender, age, and profession of an unknown person. The author also believes that lines and wrinkles can be used for personal identification.   

Keywords: fingerprint examination, information, specific feat, general feat, folds wrinkles, papillary patterns, fingerprints, identification, forensic examination, inspection of the scene

Abstract: The research subject is the objective laws of reality studied within forensic graphology in general and criminalistic diagnostics of handwriting in particular. They include general and specific methodological regulations and peculiarities of studying handwriting. The research object is the current theoretical and methodological research in the field of criminalistic diagnostics of handwritten texts. The authors consider the evolution and the current state of criminalistic diagnostics of handwriting and the problems of forensic graphology in this field. The authors outline the budding directions of further development of diagnostic tasks. The research is based on the methods of dialectical and general scientific cognition and the historical and logical method. This approach allows considering the processes and phenomena of reality in their interconnection and helps to study the issue comprehensively. The article considers historical development and the current state of criminalistic diagnostics of handwriting. The authors focus on the analysis of approaches of the key scientists to studying handwriting for purposes of solving diagnostic tasks. The authors define the stages of development of the research in this field and the prevailing opinions, and formulate their own position.   

Keywords: writing research, unusual condition, crime, investigation, current state of handwriting, development of handwriting, handwriting, forensic diagnostics, forensic handwriting, forensic examination

Abstract: The research object is expert experiment as a method of scientific research and practical cognition, its importance for the formation of the theory of methods of forensic analysis within the general forensics theory and authenticity of expert’s opinion. The article studies the problem of methodological support for expert experiment. The author gives attention to the practicability of the development of expert experiment techniques with account for its specific aims, and considers the stages of expert experiment, and formulates the conclusions about their number. The research methodology is based on materialist dialectics and tre related general methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, system-structural, statistical methods, generalization of expert practices, etc. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the present research is considered as a complex research of experiment in judicial expert practice. The aim of the research is to develop theoretical fundamentals which would organize knowledge about this method, and practical recommendations for raising the effectiveness of using its results in the activities of law-enforcement bodies.   

Keywords: the task of the expert experiment, the special goal of the experiment, the main goal of the experiment, organizational and management stage, stages of the expert experiment, methodology of expert experiment, expert practice, expert experiment, the results of the experiment, the content of the stages of the experiment

Abstract: The article studies the role of economic expertise for the investigation of fraud connected with wilful default of contractual commitments in the field of entrepreneurship. The author states the subjects and the objects of economic expertise and the conditions upon which it is commissioned. Besides, the author analyzes and defines the problems emerging at the stage of commissioning economic expertise and the peculiarities of interaction between an investigator and an expert directly in the process of inspecting and when the investigator assesses the expert’s opinion. The author enumerates the requirements to the economic expertise. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods including the dialectical method, analysis and synthesis, generalization, and specific methods, such as system-structural and comparative-legal. The article contains the key peculiarities of interaction between the initiator of the expertise and the expert at the pre-expert stage of assessing the materials of the criminal case. The author analyzes the peculiarities of commissioning and performing judicial accounting expertise and financial and analytical expertise during the investigation of criminal cases on fraud of the above mentioned type. The author concludes about the significance of these types of expertise for investigating criminal cases on fraud connected with wilful default of contractual commitments in the field of entrepreneurship.   

Keywords: expert, specialist, financial and operational activities, objects of expertise, special knowledge, financial and analytical expertise, fraud, forensic accounting expertise, audit, economical expertise

Abstract: The article considers the possibility of using special knowledge and modern technical means when examining and studying short-blade cold arms. Special attention is given to “tactical knives” which are widely spread in Russia. The author studies the most common questions occurring at conducting a forensic expertise of cold arms and throwing weapons. The article describes the main directions of forensic expertise of cold arms. The author studies the range of problematic issues connected with expertise and offers ways to solve them. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition and the derived general scientific and specific research methods. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that, despite the lack of a term “tactical knife” in the current legislation, the author studies this concept and justifies his own definition of a “tactical knife”. Besides, the work illustrates the most typical structural and dimensional features of various kinds and types of knives.  

Keywords: structure, technical parameters, examination, tactical knives, cold steel weapons, knives, blade, handle, lock, sheath

Abstract: The article studies the modern theoretical views on the circumstances of racket crimes. The author uses such research methods as generalization, analysis and synthesis. The data about the circumstances of a racket case, which is a core of forensic characteristic, is described by the author in its relation with other elements. To solve the research tasks, the author analyzes the main theoretical views of forensic specialists on the very content of the circumstances of a crime in general, and racket in particular. The author detects the key elements of the circumstances of crimes of this category, including their interrelation with temporal and spatial parameters. The study reflects the significance and the tasks which can be solved upon establishing temporal parameters of a racket case. Based on the research and analysis, the author concludes that it is necessary to consider the circumstances of a racket case as a consistent holistic element of forensic characteristic of crimes on the two mentioned levels.  

Keywords: accomplices, forecasting, time parameters, spatial parameters, organized extortions, a crime, committing, furnishings, extortion, forensic characteristic

Abstract: The article studies the tactical peculiarities of acquiring and using the information about the connections between subscribers, the possibilities to use it in terms of the investigative situation, the version of a crime mechanism and the criminal’s behavioral pattern. The author analyzes typical investigative situations, develops the algorithms of acquiring the information about the connections of subscribers, describes the necessary investigative activities, considers the common tasks which should be solved to acquire significant data inextricably connected with the circumstances of a crime. The author notes that tactical methods of analysis of the information about the subscribers’ connections are not comprehensive; their generation depends on the level of development of professional and analytical thinking of the investigator. The author uses general scientific and specific research methods including analysis and synthesis, deductive, inductive and systems methods, normative-logical method and other methods of cognition. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the analysis of interconnections between typical investigative situations, possible tasks and the tactics of investigative activities. The interaction between the investigator and the informed person on all stages of acquisition and analysis of the information about the connections between subscribers in most investigative activities helps achieve positive results which can be effectively used for crimes investigating.

Keywords: expert, specialist, forensic examination, seizure of information, survey of terrain, communications, geolocation, connection of abonents, tactics of investigative actions, investigative situation

Abstract: The subject of this research includes: 1) description and explanation of regular behavioral patterns used by criminals who committed an offence against the political system of the Russian Fedceration as well as reasons of such criminal behavior in order to develop scientifically grounded crime prevention recommendations; 2) analysis of suh important features of individuals who committed an offence against the political system of the Russian Federation as the age, gender, ethnic or national attribution of a criminal, etc.; 3) analysis of statistical data of extermism and terrorism supporters who have already been brought to court. The main research method used by the author is the law comparative method to analyze personality of a criminal who committed an offence against the political system of the Russian Federation, and general research methods such as analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first tie in the academic literature the author provides a criminalistic description of the personality of a criminal who committed an offence against the political system of the Russian Federation. The main conclusions are the following: criminalistic analysis of personality traits of a criminal who committed an offence against the political system of the Russian Federation allows to describe such a criminal as a young man without a steady source of income or rich life experience, whose sense of patriotism is either dulled or absent. Such individual has superficial, unsteady or accidental political motives that are formed, as a rule, by a set of circumstances of socio-economic and political nature. 

Keywords: liability to prosecution, violence, extremism, conflict, politics, description of the criminal, political system, criminal personality, forensics, crime

Abstract: The subject of the research is the traces of crime left on the scene of the event as well as the condition of modern criminalistic technical means used by Internal Affairs Expert Subdivisions. In addition, the object of the research also involves processes of traces being created as well as particularities of their detection, fixation and extraction. The authors pay special attention to working with biological traces including blood found on the crime scene. The authors describe safety measures to be followed when detecting, extracting and packing weapon or ammunition. In the course of their research the authors have used a set of general and private research methods including standard logical method, systems analysis, synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction and other research methods. According to the authors, one of the most important today's goals of forensics should be improvement of examination tactics and criminalistic technical means that are already being used as well as testing and implementation of new findings in this sphere. Examination is not only the most famous and necessary investigator's action but also complex procedure. 

Keywords: technical means, traces, forensics, technical support, forensics analyst, investigator, crime scene investigation, experience of foreign states, tactics, examination

Abstract: The author of the present article analyzes essential features of the concept "economic crimes committed with use of the computer equipment and the modern information technologies". For this purpose the author studies current approaches to the definition of "economic crimes", and specifics of making crimes with use of the computer equipment and modern information technologies in the sphere of economic relations (production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services as well as products of labor). The author states that the purpose of using these technologies is to facilitate commission of crime and conceal traces of crime, thereby complicating activities for detection and disclosure of the specified category of crimes. The methodology of the research invovles general research methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction, deduction, and specific research methods, in particular, system-structural and statistical analysis. The main conclusion of the article is the author's definition of "economic crimes committed with use of the computer equipment and the modern information technologies" as socially dangerous acts committed in the sphere of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services as well as products of labor by using a set of methods of storage, transmission, processing or destruction of computer information and hardware and software systems for the purpose of facilitation of commission of crime and concealment of its traces.

Keywords: ways of commission of crime, identification of crimes, traces of crime, computer information, information technologies, computer equipment, economic crimes, formation of traces, essential elements of offense, criminalistic significant information

Abstract: In the detection and investigation of non-obvious crimes, criminologists are short of information about the identity of the perpetrators. The olfactory traces at the scene investigative personal data about participants of the event more than any other the next person.The article highlights the history of the national forensic odorologii, one of which is the formation of the participants co-author K.T.Sulimov was from 1966 to 1998., Discusses the arguments and perspectives in the gene pool of hybrids (bastards) Laika reindeer herding and European jackal.The name of the method gave Yuriy Lekanov, served as the chief forensic department of the Russian Federation Prosecutor's Office, the investigative method to introduce the practice.Article provides reliable evidence-based methods of preparation and use of dog odor detectors to identify the individual on the olfactory trail.

Keywords: training dogs, detector dog, European jackal, laika reindeer herding, shack-canids bastards, cynology, olfactory marks, criminalistics, diagnostic features odors, research strategy

Abstract: The object of study is the functional side, the system of actions and relationships that form the mechanism of crimes in the sphere of cadastral activity. The subject of the research is to study the processes of finding, collecting and using forensically relevant information for disclosure and investigation of crimes in the sphere of cadastral activity. The authors analyzed and classified the typical investigative situations that arise in the investigation of crimes of the specified kind, developed tactical recommendations for the detection and collection of forensically relevant information, fleshed out the contents of the special knowledge required for collecting and research evidence.The study used specially scientific and special methods, which are inseparably connected with each other and are used in scientific and practical forensic knowledge in the dialectical unity of the relationship.The relevance of the research topic is determined by the specificity of the issues in the field of cadastral activities, as a consequence, a weak competence on the issue of law enforcement, which gives rise to the last difficulty in the investigation of crimes of this type. The establishment of a comprehensive (synthetic) private criminalistic methods of crime investigation in the sphere of cadastral activities, providing integrated patterns of criminal activity on the stage precriminal, criminal and post-criminal situation in accordance with the criminalistic doctrine about the mechanism of the crime, will serve as a research springboard for the formation of a theoretically verified and are in demand of recommendations to improve the efficiency of the investigation of these acts.

Keywords: situation of the investigation, investigation technique, forensic characterization, cadastral engineer, cadastral activity, criminal responsibility, crime, forensic version, mechanism of formation of traces, prevention of crimes

Abstract: The article discusses some aspects of the use of special forensic techniques designed to extract information from mobile devices. Moreover, the author of the article identifies the problems of procedural implementation of evidence in criminal proceedings obtained by law enforcement agencies using forensic techniques allowing to obtain information not only about about the connections between subscribers but also the files and data stored in the memory cell phones. The author also notes the need for the use of hardware and software systems such as "Segment C" and "UFED" by law enforcement authorities in order to improve the efficiency of their investigation of criminal cases. The author has used general and special research methods inculding legal logical method, systems analysis, synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction and others. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that in today's society which can be considered the information-based society, analysis and processing of information regarding the connections between subscribers and (or) subscriber units is one of the promising trends in technical and forensic security criminal investigation as it requires the use of and the development of the latest special forensic techniques.

Keywords: data analysis, software package, forensic equipment, connections between subscribers, information, subscriber device, mobile, billing, subscribe, investigative authorities

Abstract: Object of research are regularities of tactics of carrying out inspection of the scene, application of the known technical and criminalistic means and methods, and also approbations and introductions of new foreign scientific developments in this area. Object of research are the public relations arising when carrying out investigative action - inspection of the scene. Authors in detail consider aspects of inspection of the scene as the preliminary investigation of criminal cases of investigative action, most widespread and necessary in all cases. The special attention is paid to experience of police of foreign countries. In work the complex general scientific and the chastnonauchnykh of methods of knowledge which include such methods as a standard and logical method, a system method, synthesis, the analysis, deduction, induction and other methods of research activity is used. Improvement of tactics of carrying out inspection of the scene, application of already known technical and criminalistic means, and also approbations and introductions of new scientific developments in this area is one of the main tasks of criminalistics today. Survey is not only the most widespread and necessary investigative action at investigation of all categories of crimes, but also rather difficult and volume procedural action.

Keywords: technical support, expert criminalist, investigator, view of place of occurence, foreign experience, tactics, inspection, view, criminalistics, footprints, technical means

Abstract: In his research Komarov has focused on the problem of extraction of empirical information (data) from existing sources for the purpose of conducting a full criminological research. The researcher has analyzed both official sources and their data regarding the level of corruption in the sphere of education as well as corruption issues determined by the doctrine of criminal law and criminology. Komarov has also analyzed the quality of criminological research sources on the matters of corruption in the sphere of education. The author performs a critical evaluation of activities conducted by state authorities and nongovernmental agencies as well as particular scientists in order to assess the level of corruption in the sphere of education. Thus, the research methodology has predetermined the need to create a classification of the sources of criminologically important information about the level of corruption depending on the degree of their accuracy and completeness. The main conclusion of the research is that the majority of existing sources on corruption and corruption offences in Russia are actually 'hidden' from members of the general public, which obviously influences the course and results of criminological researches. Thus, the declared principle of 'transparency' is, in fact, not fulfilled in the sphere of anticorruption efforts in our country. 

Keywords: criminology, corruption, method, education, Scientific research, civil society organizations, civil society, empirical data, a warning, crime statistics

Abstract: The workers of public health system in general and the doctors in particular, are among the most vulnerable and juridically unprotected categories of employees from the viewpoint of criminal law application [1]. The actions and the measure of punishment for doctors are set in the article 124 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation (“Failure to render aid to a sick person”). The today version of this article reads: 1. “Failure to render aid to a sick person without valid reasons, by a person who is duty-bound to render it in keeping with the law or with special rules, if this has entailed by negligence the infliction of injury of average gravity to the health of the sick person, shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 50 to 100 minimum wages, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of one month, or by corrective labour for a term of up to one year, or by arrest for a term of two to four months. 2. The same act, if it has involved, through negligence, the death of the sick person or the infliction of grave injury to his health, shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years, with the deprivation of the right to hold specified offices or to engage in specified activities for a term of up to three years, or with the permanent deprivation of such right”.

Keywords: criminal responsibility, medical staff, delinquency, forensic medical examinations, public health management services , investigator's activity analysis, medical documentation, institution of proceedings , forensic medical experts, time for investigation

Abstract: According to the information provided by the World Health Association about 20 000 000 people die of diseases of blood circulatory system, and half of these deaths are caused by the various forms of ishemic heart disease.  In Russia the cases of ishemic heart disease cause most of the sudden deaths, studied by the medicolegists. While various forms of chronic ishemic heart disease cause no difficulties in their morphologial diagnosis, the medic doing a post-mortem may incounter difficulties with establishing the diagnosis, when dealing with the acute forms of ishemic heart disease, especially acute coronary insufficency, or ishemic stage of miocardal infarction.  Due to the above-mentioned reasons the authors analyzed the data on general death rate structure and death rate due to various forms of ishemic heart disease for hte period of 2000 to 2012 according to the data of the thanatologic department of the Novosibirsc Regional Bureau for Judicial Medical Expertise.  According to the data received by the authors, the structure of judicial medical autopsies has undergone some changes in the last 12 years, which is due to a larger number of non-violent deaths. At the same time the general number of autopsies was insufficiently larger. For example, in 2000 the general number of judicial medical autopsies in Novosibirsk was 6072 cases, and in 2012 - 6391 cases.

Keywords: ishemic heart disease, sudden death, miocardal infarction, judicial medical autopsy, cases of non-violent death, blood circulatory system pathology, use of periodic acid Schiff reaction, judicial medical diagnostics, microscopic study of a heart, morphological diagnosis

Abstract: The problem of legal responsibility of medical personnel for the professional offences is one of the most complicated challenges which medical practice has set for the law.  It is well known since long ago that investigation on such cases often concerns untypical situations, which makes the investigation process much lengthier. Moreover, in late years in several criminal cases the situations arose, when the length of the investigation process was close to the termination of the period of limitation. Is that tendency on medical crimes caused by the undue performance of professional obligations?  Searching for an answer we have analyzed on an article-by-article basis the qualification of medical offences and termination of limitation periods for criminal liability under the latest changes in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It is obvious, that amendments in Art. 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (categories of crimes), as provided for in the Federal Law N. 420-FZ of December 7, 2011 considerably narrowed the time period for criminal responsibility.

Keywords: criminal responsibility, medical personnel, offences, judicial medical experts, healthcare management bodies, analysis of investigator activities, medical documents, initiating a criminal case, judicial medical experts, period for investigation

Abstract: The employees of the healthcare systems in the Russian Federation in general, and doctors in particular, form one of the most vulnerable and legally unprotected categories of workers from the standpoint of criminal law. One of the Articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter, the Code) qualifying the actions and establishing the punishment for persons, including medical workers is Art. 124 "Failure to render aid to a sick person", is formulated as follows:1. Failure to render aid to a sick person without valid reasons, by a person who is duty-bound to render it in keeping with the law or with special rules, if this has entailed by negligence the infliction of injury of average gravity to the health of the sick person, shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 40 000 rubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of up to 3 months, or by corrective labour for a term of up to one year, or by arrest for a term of two to four months.2. The same act, if it has involved, through negligence, the death of the sick person or the infliction of grave injury to his health, shall be punishable by compulsory labor with the deprivation of the right to hold specified offices or to engage in specified activities for a term of up to three years, or without it, or deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four  years with the deprivation of the right to hold specified offices or to engage in specified activities for a term of up to three years, or without it.

Keywords: failure to provide assistance to an ill person, healthcare system staff, article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federa, failure to act of a medical worker, causing damage to health, the Criminal Code of the RSFSR, the range of medical workers, medical practitioners, measures of social influence, punishments became more severe

Abstract: Protection of rights and lawful interests of juveniles is one of important social problems, which has been attracting the public attention for a long time. For decades the international human rights organizations have been calling for counteraction against cruel treatment of children. The key document on the protection of rights of children is the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was adopted on November 20, 1989 by the Resolution 44/25 of the General Assembly of the UN. Art. 18-27 of the said Convention define the obligations of the state to provide assistant to parents and lawful guardinans and to protect the children from any form of physical, sexual or psychological violence, lack of care or negligent treatment of parents, lawful guardians or any other person taking care of a child. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is ratified by over 200 states, the USSR being among the first twenty states to ratify it. According to the Convention the participating states are obliged to take all necessary measures to implement the rights of children, as officially recognized by their agreement.

Keywords: judicial medical service, dysfunctional families, social problems, international human rights organization, judicial medical expertise, rights of children, protection of children, violence to children, cruel treatment syndrome, cruel treatment

Abstract: The modern healthcare is constantly being reformed, and one of directions of such reforms is formation of an efficient mechanism for the improvement of quality of medical aid. An important role in this process is provided to the standardization of the main medical activity processes, which is based upon the recognized scientific and practical results. In the last decade the quantity of diagnostic methods has grown, and the opportunities for their application also widened their scope, the medical practice got more complicated.  Due to the above-mentioned reasons the standardization of curative and diagnostic process was necessary in order to unify and classify diagnostics. The standardisation process in the health sphere came to a new level in 1998, when on January 19 a joint Order by the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia and the Federal Fund for Obligatory Medical Insurance on key provisions on standardization in healthcare was issued.  The Order reflected goals and aims of standards, the need for a united system for evaluating quality of their application. In the process of formation of standardization in healthcare  the issue of obligatory character of standards was for a long time quite topical.  In the Federal Law of 27 December, 2002 N. 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation" referred to voluntary character of application of standards when providing healthcare to the population.

Keywords: healthcare system, judicial medicine, modern healthcare, obligatory medical insurance, federal standards, standards for provision of medical aid, legal responsibility of a doctor, judicial medical service, post-mortem expertise, judicial medical expertise

Abstract: Currently in Russia there is a normative legal basis and mechanism for the state protection of judges, officials of law-enforcement adn controlling bodies, staff of the federal state guarding bodies, performing functions, implementation of which may involve encroachments upon their security, and for the formation of necessary conditions for administration of justice, fighting crimes and offences. This issue is regulated with the Federal Law of April 20, 1995 N. 45-FZ "On state protection of judges, officials of law-enforcement and controlling bodies" (Federal Law N. 45-FZ), which establishes the system of measures of state protection of life, health and property of such persons and their closest relatives. Guarantees of state protection of judges, officials of law-enforcement adn controlling bodies, staff of the federal state guarding bodies includes implementation by a competente state bodies (provided for by the Federal Law N. 45-FZ) of measures for guaranteeing their security, legal and social protection, which are used in cases of encroachments upon health, life and property of said persons, when such encroachments are related to their official activites, and also to those of their relatives, and in exceptional cases - other persons, on life, health, and property of which there is an encroachment in order to interfere with the lawful activities of judges, officials of law-enforcement adn controlling bodies, staff of the federal state guarding bodies or to make them change the character of their activities, or as an act of revenge for such professional activities.

Keywords: normative legal regulation, state protection of judges, fighting crime, person subject to state protection, experts of the State Judicial Expert Institutions , experts of the Federal Drug Control Service of the, investigation of criminal cases, physical protection of experts, judicial expert activities, social protection

Abstract: The staff training improvement is one of the most important goals in any sphere of human activities, and it is not possible, unless modern educational technologies are introduced into the teaching process. One of such technologies is points and ratings system used for quantity evaluation of the quality of studies within the framework of educational program, where an educational subject is divided into several study modules for the controlling purposes. Introduction of the points and ratings system into the teaching process allows to implement an integral evaluation of current cognitive activities of a student, his progress in professionally valuable competence, his participation in scientific research, scientific conferences, preparation of scientific and reviewing reports, etc. Such an approach motivates a student for systematic work, which facilitates knowledge viability, lowers the role of accidental factors in evaluation of results, allows to establish a real role (rating) of a student according to his academic achievements, and choose candidates for continued education and specialization based on objective criteria.

Keywords: control of material capturing, evaluation of material capturing, staff training improvement, modern educational technologies, introduction of the points and ratings system, teaching under Federal State Educational Standard , points and ratings system, study module, interim attestation, comprehending a course

Abstract: Protection of rights and lawful interests of juveniles is one of important social problems, which has been attracting the public attention for a long time. For decades the international human rights organizations have been calling for counteraction against cruel treatment of children.  The key document on the protection of rights of children is the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was adopted on November 20, 1989 by the Resolution 44/25 of the General Assembly of the UN. Art. 18-27 of the said Convention define the obligations of the state to provide assistant to parents and lawful guardinans and to protect the children from any form of physical, sexual or psychological violence, lack of care or negligent treatment of parents, lawful guardians or any other person taking care of a child. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is ratified by over 200 states, the USSR being among the first twenty states to ratify it. According to the Convention the participating states are obliged to take all necessary measures to implement the rights of children, as officially recognized by their agreement.

Keywords: social problem, children, teenagers, cruel treatment, rights of a parent, custodianship/guardianship bodies, legislation, the UN, problem, investigative activities

Abstract: Improvement of the higher professional education in accordance with the Bologna Declaration shall allow us to take a more substantiated approach towards defining the need and priorities in educating medical staff in Russia in general and in the regions in particular, as well as to develop the new generation of standards for basic, post-diploma education and permanent professional development of medics. Currently the medical higher education institutions in Europe teach four main basic specializations: medicine, pharmaceutics, dentistry and the higher education of nurses. In Russia there are nine medical specializations. Additionally, in Russia there is over 100 medical specializations, and in Europe there are 17 to 54. Medical education has many ages of history and it has a strong three-tier system of on-campus education for medical workers, including the following: the basic medical education (pre-diploma education), post-diploma education (internship and residency), and the permanent professional education (the system of after-diploma education). The quality of education of a specialist is defined by many components at each of its stages (pre-higher education, pre-diploma, post-higher education), and each stage has its own goals for achievement.

Keywords: teaching resident medical practitioners, judicial medical expertise, post-higher education programs, Bologna Declaration, pre-diploma medical education, basic medical education, medical education system, resident medical practitioners, resident medical practitioners of the Russian Cent, healthcare in Russia

Abstract: The HIV-infection epidemic in Russia is now characterized with the growing number of new infection contamination cases, and growth of the manifest forms of the illness.  The existing epidemic situation is expressed by larger number of revealed HIV-infections among the patients of medical and prophylactic institutions of various specializations, and, accordingly, by a larger number of sectional post-mortem examinations of HIV-positive persons.  It shows the growing threat of undiagnosed HIV-infections into the healthcare institutions, and judicial medical expert institutions, since its symptoms may be the symptoms of the main disease of patients today. The previous studies showed (Kadochnikov, D.S., etc., 2011, 2012)  that in the judicial medical expert institutions most of the cases of infection contaminations are among the staff of tanathological divisions, working directly with the corpses.  The analysis of traumas encountered during sectional examination showed that annually up to 50 per cent of judicial medical expert and assisting personnel risk being infected with the HIV, the blood-borne hepatitis due to professional traumas.

Keywords: AIDS, HIV, sexual transmission, epidemic, healthcare management bodies, offences, medical documents, changes within a period of time, problem, time for investigation

Abstract: Education is international by its nature and it includes the best of the global developments.  The system of professional education of medical and pharmaceutical cadres in Russia is being modernized within the framework of the international legal acts and other documents on development of the European integration in the sphere of education and scientific research. Having signed the Bologna Convention in 2003, Russia has uptaken certain obligations on reform of its higher education without significantly lowering the level of Russian higher education system, including medical education. The higher education institution in Russia face a problem, since they need to preserve historic traditions of the higher medical education, principles and methodology of education, which were proven efficient for a long period of time, and the richest experience of teaching medical staff, while finding their place within the system of joint education sphere according to the European requirements. Improvement of the higher medical education in accordance with the Bologna Declaration predefined the need and priority for the education of medical staff in Russia, and it facilitated the development of a new generation of standards for the basic, post-diploma education and the permanent professional development of medics.

Keywords: judicial medicine, improvement of medical education, judicial medical expert, medical prophylactic aid, Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Pro, term for medical subjects, module curriculum, explanatory and illustrative education, department of judicial medicine, future medical work

Abstract: The life-time diagnostics and the diagnostics of the prescription of trauma is a topical and widely discussed problem. Macro- and microscopic description of characteristic features of tissue response serves as the basis for making a statement on the injuries received by a person during life-time and their prescription.  However, the practice shows that the intervals of time when the trauma might have been caused which are established by expertise are not always sufficient for the judicial and investigative bodies, and sometimes a trauma itself does not get recognized.  The modern laboratory (and, more specifically, immunohistochemical) examination methods currently have some potential for solving this problem.  In spite of a rather short period of time of application of such method, their informative value is widely recognized. Unfortunately, due to a number of objective reasons, the immunohistochemical method are not widely applied by judicial medical experts. In order to prove the efficiency and necessity of introduction of high technology methods into the judicial medical practice the authors provide an example of using immunohistochemical method in a specific judicial medical expertise.

Keywords: use of immunohistochemical method, diagnostics of trauma prescription, diagnostics of life-time trauma, judicial medical expert, judicial medical practice, histologic organ study, judicial histologic studies, histologic substances, microscope studies, coloring the brain devices

Abstract: The modern judicial medicine actively  applies the so-called objectivity and strength of evidence towards the theories and hypotheses used, therefore, the practice of evidentiary medicine is appearing. It is undoubted that the evidentiary principles of modern science are developed in the works by Karl Popper and Imre Lacatos and methodologists of their school. The science there is understood as a special rational way of cognition of the world based on empiric check and (or) mathematical proof.  It is ideally universal, fragmentary, generally valuable, impersonalized, systematic, incomplete, successive, critical, authentic, non-moral, rational and sensual. At the same time diagnostics is a specific type of cognition. The basis for any scientific method is a combination of empirics and logics. In judicial medicine the judicial medical pathology, or to put it more broadly, thanatology best meets the status of science. As the basis of proof or refutation under the above-mentioned scheme the falsification of research problems is used in controversy with the traditional justificationism, presupposing that any true theory should be strictly and unambiguously proven.

Keywords: judicial medical thanatology, moder judicial medicine, theory falcification , justificationism, judicial histological study, immuno-histo-chemical methods, thanatogenetic analysis, post-intensive-therapy conditions, diagnostic process, diagnosing death

Abstract: The mechanical trauma ranks third in the structure of death rate in peaceful time, and it is a leading cause of death in the age group before 40 years old. The closed blunt injury constitutes up to 50,4 per cent of all of the mechanical injuries, and usually the traumatized organs are lungs and heart. The heart contusion is one of the most typical traumas of this organ, and it has  critical clinical progression due to the fulminant development after the hit influence  of acute myocardial dysfunction, which is caused mostly by the traumatic acute violations of coronary blood circulation and microcirculatory disorder. It is accompanied by the depression of myocardial contractility and lowering of its functional reserve due to the acute change of metabolic elements right after the trauma.  As a result of these processes the hypoxic mechanism of myocardial trauma develops regularly. If the heart contusion is severe, it is usually fatal for a person. A number of works on heart contusion were provided by clinical doctors, so the problem of morphological diagnosis of this type of trauma remains topical for many years. Clarification of mechanisms of development of the acute myocardial insufficiency in cases of heart contusion is important first of all for the specialists working with the problem of heart contusion – emergency doctors and medicolegists.

Keywords: lysosome changes, vacuole changes, mechanical trauma, heart contusion, morphologic diagnosis, alterative myocardial insufficiency, heart cell studies, heart contusion modelling, electronic microscope studies, organelles changes evaluation

Abstract: The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary recognizes classification (from Lat. classis- class, category and Lat. facere - to do) as "special cases of application of the logical operation of division of the amount of term via a certain combination of divisions (division of a class into types, division of these types, etc.)". "Classification is a meaningful order of things, events, dividing them into types in according to some important characteristics". Any classification in science or any other sphere of activities is meant for the constant practical use, that is why it should at the same time enclude the entire complex of necessary parameters, and it should be simple and easy to comprehend.  Usually, the classifications use significant features of objects as dividing elements for their classification. Such classifications are known as natureal, since they reveal significant similarities and differences between objects and have cognitive value. If the classifications are aimed at systematizing the objects, the dividing elements are chosen out of convenient ones given the purpose of classification, but not necessarily significant for the objects themselves. Such classifications are called artificial.

Keywords: blood traces classification, blood traces, judicial medical practice, judicial medicine, real evidence, revealing a corpse, judicial medical examination, qualities of trace receiving surface, qualities of an object leaving the trace, circumstances of a trauma

Abstract: The problem of proving whether the traumas found when examining a corpse were received, while a person was still alive is still topical and to some extent it did not yet find solution in the judicial medicine. As one of the possible solutions, the authors offere the biochemical method for the studies of troponin 1 in corpse blood and pericardial fluid. The biochemical method of studies attracts more and more attention of judicial medical experts, due to the simplicity of method and large amount of information, allowing to diagnose the processes, which are not micro- or macroscopically visible.  At the same time, there is a lot of "blind spots" in the studies of biochemical processes in a human body right before the death and in the hours right after the death, as well as their differences from the processes in living persons.  It is undoubted that the studies of biochemical changes in various types of death shall allow to reveal certain patterns, quality and quantity characteristics, which may be used for diagnostic purposes. It is quite topical to diagnose conditions, which are morphologically characterized by the rapid death, for example due to secondary cardiomyopathy of the hanged persons having chronic somatic illnesses, when a soft rope is used and their is no well-defined constriction mark.

Keywords: cardiac troponin, strangulation asphyxia, traumas caused to a live person, corpse examination, studies of troponin 1, biochemical changes, miocardiac sensitivity, corpse blood examinations, pericardiac fluid examinations, expertise of strangulated persons

Abstract: According to our studies the number of fatal craniocerebral injuries is 10% of all of the expertises in the city of Barnaul, Russia. Out of that number the hits on the head (murders and car accident traumas) were 78,8%, while the rest were traumas from falling (falling from heights and on the flat surface - 11,2% and 10% accordingly).  Among all such traumas, the broken scull bones were in 52,4%.  Usually, there is need to differentiate the impact of a broad hitting area, when there is a fall and a hitting. In such cases there are usually linear and spiderweb-like skull breakages, which are of little use for identification purposes.  The need to distinguish such traumas is due to the importance of this issue for the judicial and investigation bodies. However, the expert practice still uses a typical conclusion on the mechanism of formation of scull fractures "due to hitting with a flat blunt surface, or due to falling and hitting on such an object". Our work continues this long-standing judicial and medical discussion on the possibilities to differentiate the traumas caused by blows and by falling. A large number of works is devoted to the studies of this types of scull fractures. While some authors explain differences in the formation of scull fractures by the influence of the curve of bone and the acceleration, the others spoke of the hardness of surface on which the hit took place and the strength of the hitting.

Keywords: diagnostic of scull fractures, craniocerebral trauma, scull fracture, fracture formation, damage caused by a blow, damage caused by falling, specific features of scull fractures, linear fractures, concentrical fractures, magistral scull fracture

Abstract: The need to establish whether the calcius belonged to a human or to an animal usually arises in cases of expertise of burnt or ash remains. The experts face the need to study large amount of large and small bone fragments at various stages of temperature incandescence (black, gray, white), which have been subject to shrinkage, deformation and various influences of external factors.  That is why each such expertise is unique in quantity and elements of objects, use of laboratory and diagnostic methods.  The authors draw attention of medical criminalist experts to the general methodological principles for such expertise: rational choice of methods, evidentiary value, and the limitations of the capabilities of methods, limitations to the studies and form for the conclusions. Strictly speaking, the judicial medical establishment of generic type of calcius is only possible based on biological study methods. In all other cases it is more precise to speak of defining the origin of bones (native, ashed) to a human being, animal or a bird.

Keywords: type of calcius, the bones belonging to a human being, expertise of remains, medical criminalist experts, micrometric studies, osteometric studies, IR spectre of bones, immunobiological studies, anatomy studies, comparative anatomy studies

Abstract: The article concerns the problems regarding criminological security and the need to form a new strategy for the crime prevention by the internal affairs bodies (the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, hereinafter the MIA). The MIA reform was aimed at improvement of of  efficiency of internal affairs bodies in fighting crime, and improvement of the image of the MIA staff among the population, and it did not achieve these results to a full extent so far. It is stated that the most efficient measure for crime prevention and interception is operative reaction to the information from the people.  It is noted that the heads of territorial bodies of the MIA of Russia at the district level need to use the personnel and means that they have more efficiently in order to guarantee sustainable operative situation on their territories. It seems very important for the MIA staff to be aimed at prevention of crimes first of all. The article may be of interest to the practicing MIA staff, and to the students of educational institution within the system of MIA.

Keywords: criminology, security, prevention, prophylactics, crime, averting, interception, police, the MIA, police officer