Abstract: The subject of the research is the competency-based approach to teaching the tactics of using security detectors. The purpose of the work is to develop a method for conducting practical classes that will enable students to quickly master: a) the principles of labeling security detectors; b) the tactical aspects of their placement on the protected object, taking into account technical limitations. The object of the research is the process of mastering the technical characteristics of security detectors by solving a practical task of creating a schematic representation of equipping the protected object with them. The work utilizes products from the Security Equipment List (SEL), recommended by the Technical Council of the Main Directorate of the National Guard of the Russian Federation, as well as the requirements of relevant state standards. The proposed methodology is aimed at forming the competencies necessary to ensure reliable protection of objects using detectors of various physical principles of operation. Emphasis is placed on the practical application of knowledge: from decoding labeling to optimal device placement considering their functional features. Research methods include: analysis of pedagogical practice in conducting practical classes, synthesis of new methodological approaches to teaching the discipline "Special Equipment of Law Enforcement Agencies," and classification of typical errors made by students. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a methodology for forming competencies in mastering standardized parameters of security detectors and the tactics of their application. An algorithm for selecting detectors with the necessary tactical and technical characteristics for organizing three levels of security alarm at the protected object has been proposed. The novelty of the methodology consists of: systematizing the stages of training (from decoding codes to practical device placement); developing assessment criteria for student work that allow for the prompt identification and correction of typical errors; and universal applicability (the possibility of adaptation for studying security-fire or fire detectors while complying with relevant regulatory acts). The methodology can be used for various forms of education and faculties, as well as scaled for the study of other elements of security technical means.

Keywords: the detector, security alarm system, the methodology of the lesson, the boundary of the security alarm system, evaluation criteria, competence, special ATS equipment, technical safety measures, professional competencies, security of the protected object

Abstract: The subject of this article is scientific research dedicated to the criminal law, criminological, and procedural aspects of bribery, including its commission in the context of the digitalization of the economy and social relations. The object of this research is a comprehensive rethinking and systematization of scientific approaches to the analysis of corruption-related crimes in which digital currency serves as an object of criminal offense, with an emphasis on identifying legal, criminological, and organizational-practical problems that arise in the activities of investigative authorities, preliminary investigation, and operational units when detecting, documenting, and proving such acts. The research aims to reveal the specifics of using cryptocurrency as a subject of bribery, identify the most significant difficulties accompanying the investigation of corruption crimes involving digital financial assets, and develop scientifically substantiated proposals for improving the investigation system of digital forms of corruption. The methodology of the research includes normative legal acts of the Russian Federation as well as works by Russian scholars. The article employs both general scientific and special research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the author's comprehensive approach to the studied problem, the attempt to systematize the existing scientific experience of Russian scholars, and the formulation of recommendations on the researched issue. As a result of the research, the author arrives at the following conclusions: there is an objective necessity to legally define a clear and internally consistent legal status of cryptocurrency, as the absence of a uniform and conceptually structured approach to its legal nature within the legislation on digital financial assets objectively complicates the criminal law qualification of acts committed using it; effective counteraction to the investigated crimes is impossible without the parallel digitalization of anti-corruption mechanisms, which involves the development and implementation of modern information-analytical systems for monitoring operations with digital currency, identifying and documenting digital traces of criminal activity, and increasing the transparency of financial flows in the digital environment; an important direction for the development of anti-corruption measures in the context of the digital transformation of public space is prioritizing the enhancement of professional training for law enforcement officers engaged in operational-search and investigative activities.

Keywords: corruption, corruption crimes, digital corruption, bribery, bribe, cryptocurrency, digital currency, bitcoin, digital footprints, blockchain

Abstract: The object of the study is the activities of law enforcement agencies aimed at identifying and documenting crimes related to the theft of budgetary funds allocated for the repair and construction of railway, water, and air transport facilities. The subject of the research consists of materials from scientific and practical activities in this area. The authors examine the methodological aspects of obtaining primary operationally significant information, investigating the personalities of the individuals involved, verifying their involvement in criminal activities, as well as analyzing documents and comparing them with the actual results of contractual obligations. Special attention is given to typical methods of stealing budgetary funds, signs of corruption, and analyzing information from various sources. The aim is to develop key recommendations for law enforcement officers that will enhance the effectiveness of combating crimes of this nature. The methodology of the scientific research is based on a comprehensive approach that combines theoretical analysis and practical understanding of the most effective methods for detecting and documenting crimes in the studied category. Empirical data are provided alongside references to scientific works that either support the conclusions or detail specific significant issues. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the systematization and generalization of the experience of transport law enforcement agencies in identifying and documenting crimes of the studied specificity. Practical recommendations are proposed for obtaining operationally significant information, including the identification of individuals involved, obtaining various information from agencies and organizations, analyzing documents, and comparing data with the actual results of contractual obligations. The authors have developed recommendations for conducting operational investigative activities, highlighting the necessity of inter-agency cooperation. Furthermore, the authors conclude that the scientific and methodological support for the research activities of law enforcement agencies, due to its complexity and multifaceted nature, requires further development. The obtained results can be utilized in the work of operational units and in the educational process.

Keywords: ORD, Operational-search activities, Embezzlement of budget funds, Procurement, EBiPC, Detection of crimes, Transportation facilities, Budget, Construction, Crime

Abstract: The subject of the research is legal-linguistic convergence in the area of criminal law regulation of liability for crimes related to cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets. The analysis focuses on the interrelation between the language of criminal law and the digital economic reality, the peculiarities of the conceptual framework used to describe cryptocurrency and other digital assets, as well as the impact of terminological uncertainty on the qualification of crimes, asset confiscation, and the assessment of operations for the legalization (laundering) of income. The analysis relies on criminal, civil, and financial legislation, doctrine, and judicial practice, including the positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the typology of linguistic uncertainty (terminological, systemic-structural, and pragmatic) and its role in forming uniform approaches to recognizing cryptocurrency as an object of property for the purposes of criminal law qualification. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including legal-linguistic analysis, comparative law methods, doctrinal interpretation, and the study of judicial practice, which allows identifying the influence of language models on the qualification of crimes related to digital assets. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the justification of legal-linguistic convergence as an independent methodological foundation that ensures consistency of the conceptual framework of criminal, civil, and financial law in regulating the circulation of cryptocurrencies and tokenized assets. The work presents an author's typology of linguistic uncertainty – terminological, systemic-structural, and pragmatic – demonstrating how linguistic discrepancies give rise to differences in the qualification of crimes, affecting the definition of the subject of encroachment, methods of committing acts, and legal consequences. It concludes that there is a need for normative clarification of the definitions of digital assets, unification of intersectoral terminology, and institutionalization of judicial linguistic practices. The application of legal-linguistic convergence allows eliminating conceptual contradictions, increasing the predictability of law enforcement, and creating a cohesive model of criminal law protection in the context of the digital economy.

Keywords: jurilinguistic convergence, digital assets, cryptocurrency, criminal law qualification, terminological uncertainty, money laundering, confiscation of digital assets, tokenized assets, language of criminal law, cross-sectoral harmonization

Abstract: In this study, the author analyzes the causes and factors of incidents involving firearms in the duty units of internal affairs bodies. The main reasons for violations have been identified: the lack of a unified action algorithm, insufficient practical training, and a low level of weapon handling skills. The subject of the research is the scheme of a unified algorithm for loading and unloading firearms, with a description of the actions of employees when handling firearms during receipt and surrender. A unified algorithm for loading and unloading firearms is presented and justified, and a scheme for its implementation is described with the aim of reducing the number of incidents. The results of a pedagogical experiment confirming the effectiveness of the application of the unified algorithm scheme are provided. A comprehensive set of practical recommendations for the application of the unified algorithm schemes in the official activity during loading and unloading firearms is given. The object of the author's research is the professional training of employees of territorial internal affairs bodies. Research methods include systematic analysis of service instructions and departmental orders on the studied problem; pedagogical experiment; expert evaluation of the correctness of actions; timing of operations; mathematical and statistical data processing; and surveying employees on their knowledge and understanding of the sequence of actions. The main conclusions of the research are: 1. The causes of emergencies involving firearms are often due to non-compliance with safety measures when handling weapons; 2. The lack of a precise sequence of actions with firearms when loading firearms before going on duty and unloading them upon surrender manifests itself in the chaotic execution of these actions, which becomes the cause of serious incidents; 3. The absence of a unified algorithm for loading and unloading firearms; 4. The application of an employee's action algorithm for loading firearms before going on duty and unloading them upon surrender, along with a scheme placed in duty units at the loading and unloading location, will minimize the likelihood of accidental discharge. A significant contribution of the author is the development of a unified algorithm and its accompanying scheme, which are being integrated into the educational process and professional activities of internal affairs employees during classes in the system of professional service and physical training. The novelty of the research lies in the development of a unified algorithm (the scheme of the unified algorithm) for the actions of employees with firearms during their receipt and surrender in the duty unit.

Keywords: safety, combat handguns, the Ministry, employee, duty station, unified algorithm, scheme, loading, unloading, pedagogical experiment

Abstract: The subject of the research is the criminal law risks arising from the dissemination of medical information in the digital environment, primarily within the framework of medical blogging as a new form of professional communication. The study analyzes the legal grounds and limits of permissible behavior for medical professionals on the Internet, the relationship between medical blogging and telemedicine services, as well as the conditions under which educational activities may acquire the characteristics of illegal medical practice or violations of service safety requirements. The research aims to identify the criteria for distinguishing lawful information dissemination from actions that could lead to criminal law consequences. Special attention is given to the problem of the legal status of the physician-blogger, the protection of medical confidentiality, the safeguarding of personal data, and the inadmissibility of disseminating inaccurate medical information. The research is based on systemic, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods, as well as the method of legal modeling, which allows for the identification of the specifics of medical blogging in the context of digital medicine and the determination of the limits of criminal law liability. The scientific novelty of the conducted research lies in the comprehensive understanding of medical blogging as an independent legal phenomenon of digital medicine, distinct from telemedicine practices. It is suggested for the first time to consider medical blogging as a form of public professional information dissemination, associated with specific criminal law risks arising when transitioning from educational activities to remote consultation. The necessity of normative consolidation of the concept of "medical blogging" and the development of methodological recommendations defining the boundaries of lawful behavior for medical professionals on the Internet is justified. It is concluded that preventive and ethical regulation mechanisms should take precedence over criminal law repression. It is emphasized that criminal liability should arise only in the presence of actual harm to citizens' health or deliberate violations of medical information confidentiality.

Keywords: medical blogging, digital medicine, criminal law risks, physician, telemedicine, medical confidentiality, personal data, liability of healthcare professionals, prevention, information law

Abstract: Law enforcement agencies are responsible for maintaining public order, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, and preventing the commission of crimes. In this regard, employees must possess not only high professional skills but also physical fitness, which includes strength, speed, agility, endurance, coordination, as well as knowledge of the methods of applying physical force and special means. These qualities are necessary for the successful execution of official duties when conditions arise that require the use of physical force or special means. In the article, the authors examine the initial training of newly recruited employees from the perspective of physical education and training. The authors reflect on the role and significance of physical training for the aforementioned category of employees and propose recommendations on the organization of physical training sessions. The article explores the theoretical and practical aspects, features, and effectiveness of physical training, as well as ways to improve it, allowing for the identification of key factors that contribute to the successful completion of training by law enforcement employees. The main conclusions drawn by the authors as a result of their research are that physical training plays a key role in the initial preparation of newly recruited law enforcement personnel within the framework of initial professional training. It not only contributes to the development of physical qualities and special skills but also positively influences the psychological state of the employees, instills the principles of health preservation and universal human values, which, in turn, increases their effectiveness in official activities. The improvement of the physical training system, the introduction of new methods and technologies, as well as attention to the individual characteristics of employees, are necessary conditions for enhancing the quality of training and, consequently, improving the overall performance of law enforcement agencies.

Keywords: physical strength, instructor, training, FSIN of Russia, class, individual approach, employee, departmental university, law enforcement agencies, admission

Abstract: Training cadets of departmental higher education institutions in shooting with a pistol is an important and responsible process that requires special attention to methods and technologies of preparation. One of the key tasks facing educational organizations is the training of specialists capable of effectively and safely performing their duties in conditions of high emotional stress. In this context, executing the first shot from a pistol becomes a crucial component of cadet training, as the success of further mastery of shooting techniques and overall effectiveness in handling firearms largely depends on this skill. The authors of the article examine the importance of the first shot in the formation of shooting skills with a pistol. The object of the study is the process of training cadets of departmental higher education institutions in pistol shooting. The subject of the research includes methodological approaches and pedagogical aspects that contribute to the successful execution of the first shot. During the research, the authors conducted an experiment at the All-Russian Law Enforcement Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, as well as methods for summarizing the obtained materials. The scientific novelty of this research is determined by the need to improve the quality of training for law enforcement personnel. The effective execution of the first shot is a key element in shooting training at departmental higher education institutions, as it lays the foundation for further mastery of shooting techniques and the development of cadets' confidence. In the face of modern challenges and threats that personnel encounter, it is important not only to convey theoretical knowledge but also to develop practical skills in handling weapons and ammunition to the level of automatism. The authors reveal key aspects that positively influence the formation of shooting technique skills and offer recommendations for shooting training in the early stages of training within educational organizations of departmental higher education institutions.

Keywords: shooting, cadet, training, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, instructor, first shot, employee, departmental university, law enforcement agencies, class