Abstract: The subject of the study is the norms of Russian family legislation regulating relations related to the procedure for establishing the fact of recognition of paternity. The object of this study is family and procedural relations arising in connection with the establishment of the fact of recognition of paternity. The concept of "illegitimate children" is one of the oldest in the history of law. His appearance is associated with the strengthening of the monogamous family. The universal principle of equality, declared for the first time in Soviet law, demanded the equalization of illegitimate children, including in rights with children born in marriage. However, until the very end of the action of the CPC of the RSFSR, such a fact as the recognition of paternity was absent from it. Since the procedural features of the proceedings to establish the fact of recognition of paternity could not be reflected in the IC of the Russian Federation – due to the material nature of the regulated relations, for the purpose of uniform application of civil procedure legislation regulating the procedure for considering cases of special proceedings, the fact of recognition of paternity was for the first time included in the list of facts of legal significance established by the CPC of the Russian Federation. Thus, the date of occurrence in the Russian civil procedure legislation of the institution of establishing the fact of recognition of paternity is (if we do not accept the judicial practice that created it) the date of entry into force of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in 2002.    In the course of the work, general scientific and special methods of cognition were used: comparative legal in the analysis of new and previously existing family legal norms, as well as the formal legal method. It cannot be said that the procedural rules for establishing paternity have not been the object of research in Russian jurisprudence. However, issues of non–search proceedings, issues of establishing the fact of recognition of paternity - attention in these studies has not been adequately paid, although procedural features and the presence of a considerable number of problematic aspects of the consideration of this category of cases are beyond doubt. So far, this institution has not been significantly demanded by judicial practice, but a special military operation implies an increase in its relevance, since in the absence of the serviceman himself, the court requires any evidence of the fact that he recognizes paternity in relation to the child. Currently, this status is particularly important for receiving social benefits that the State has guaranteed to members of military families.

Keywords: fatherhood, special procedure, the fact of recognition of paternity, dispute over the right, protection of the right, protection of legitimate interest, court, being dependent, illegitimate child, kid

Abstract: The subject of the study is the implementation of the state family policy in the Russian Federation, as an institution of family support, on the decent existence of which the functioning and development of any society and state directly depends. The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the availability of a comprehensively elaborated regulatory framework as a foundation for the implementation of various measures laid down in the state family policy, including the provision of financial and economic measures aimed at supporting the family, as well as the preservation and strengthening of traditional family values (including countering the ideology of same-sex marriages, LGBT communities, childfree worldview, etc.). A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the identification of legislative gaps in the regulation of certain types of family and legal relations, in particular in the regulation of marriage and family relations, countering the spread of same-sex marriages and sex change, as factors negatively affecting the strengthening and development of the family, the demographic situation in the Russian Federation. The result of the study is proposals to amend the current legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the grounds for refusal to register a marriage, invalidation of the marriage, as well as giving the prosecutor the authority to apply to the court with a statement of claim containing a requirement to recognize a marriage in which persons of the same sex are invalid. In addition, measures are proposed to strengthen counteraction to the propaganda of non-traditional views on gender identity (primarily among minors).

Keywords: family, recognition of marriage as invalid, sex change, divorce, same-sex marriage, family support measures, demographic situation, state family policy, children, childfree

Abstract: The subject of the study is the regulatory and legal provisions of the surrogacy in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Moldova. The object of this study is the concept and essence of surrogacy as a method of assisted reproductive technologies in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries under consideration. The methodological basis is represented by a set of methods of scientific cognition of objective legal reality applied in the course of preparation and writing: comparative analysis (also known as the comparative legal method), as well as the formal legal method. In addition, the methods of scientific cognition of objective legal reality used by the author also include the logical method, system-structural analysis, and the method of legal modeling.   The article discusses the main provisions of the institute of surrogacy of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in a comparative legal aspect. The main normative legal acts fixing the general provisions on surrogacy in the CIS countries are outlined. The concept of surrogate motherhood is considered, its main features are outlined. The list of subjects entitled to apply for surrogacy services is indicated. The concept of a surrogate mother is considered and the main criteria for her are indicated. The scientific article highlighted the main problems existing in Russian surrogacy. Conclusions were drawn about the need to introduce certain provisions of the legislation of the CIS countries into the Russian legal reality in order to improve domestic legal regulation.

Keywords: the origin of the child, genetic material, method of ART, genetic parents, conflicts, surrogacy, infertility of citizens, demographic policy, assisted reproductive technologies, contract

Abstract: The scientific novelty of this study consists in conducting an in-depth comparative legal analysis of the features of the legislative regulation of the essence of the embryo cryopreservation procedure as one of the methods of assisted reproductive technology (using the example of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation), as well as formulating the author's own definition of the legal relationship under study. The main methods of this scientific research were the method of comparative analysis (also known as the comparative legal method), as well as the formal legal method. In addition, the methods of scientific cognition of objective legal reality used by the author also include the logical method, system-structural analysis, and the method of legal modeling. The object of this scientific research is the concept and essence of the embryo cryopreservation procedure in accordance with the current legislation of Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan. In turn, the subject of this study was the norms of Russian and Tajik legislation defining the concept and procedure for cryopreservation of embryos, relevant materials of legal practice (statistical data and data from medical websites); scientific works of domestic scientists devoted to the development of the chosen topic. As the main result of this study, the author has developed a proposal on the possible prospective consolidation of the legal definition of the concept of "cryopreservation of embryos" in the provisions of the current legislation of Russia and the Republic of Tajikistan.

Keywords: conception, genetic material, ART method, Republic of Tajikistan, russian federation, infertility of citizens, family institute, demographic policy, the concept of embryo cryopreservation, childbearing

Abstract: This article carries out a comparative legal analysis of government interference in relations that fall under the concept of “parental responsibility”: custody rights, visitation and access rights, omitting the material-legal aspect of parent-child relations. The subject of this research is the legal structures of Germany and the United States, which are both federative states, and one of their functions is protection of the rights of the child. The article examines the practice of courts on allocation of rights and responsibilities of parents in relation their children in common. Two fundamentally different approaches towards government intervention in parent-child relations are presented: from getting out of these relations at the discretion of the subjects of law, to active participation of the government in structuring of parent-child relations. The author notes such trends of government interference in family affairs as: 1) the creation of specialized bodies for ensuring parental responsibility and their separation from the state; 2) increase of specialization of the courts on the issues of allocation of parental responsibility; 3) reduction of the formal approach towards allocation of parental responsibility. Emphasis is placed on the active use by the courts of Germany and the United States of the decisions that oblige the commission of certain actions, and the availability of extensive toolset for influencing the behavior of the subjects of parental responsibility.

Keywords: Germany, United States, access rights, custody rights, children, parents, family, parental responsibility, court, state

Abstract: This article outlines a number of typological models of legal regulation of matrimonial relations using the method of comparative-legal analysis. Leaning on the formal-legal approach, analysis is conducted on certain typological models. First and foremost, the author explores the model that is based on inclusion of the norms of family law in the Civil Code. It features two basic modifications that take roots in the reference European codifications of civil law: French (institutional) and German (pandect). Another typological model under review relies on coexistence of the two separate codes within the national legal system: civil and family. The typological distinctness characterizes the model that is based on inclusion of the norms of special statutes dedicated to family law in the Single Civil Code (for example, PRC). The development of family law may take the path of adoption of separate legislative acts (UK, USA). In some instances, federative nature of the country may also affect the development of the system of sources of family law. The countries with pluralistic legal system, either have exclusive jurisdiction over matters of family law (for example, Israel), or stimulate the processes of its modernization through adoption of a special law (for example, India). The author believes that the formal-legal criterion of typology should be correlated with the substantive aspect of the matter. From this perspective, the author highlight the two trends in regulation of matrimonial relations: the first is associated with strengthening of public law principles, while the second is associated with private law principles. The typological model depends on the dynamics of their ratio.

Keywords: family, marriage, comparative law, legal modernization, codification, private law, civil law, family law, legal regulation, society

Abstract: The object of this research is the social relations emerging with regards to cryopreservation procedure as one of the assisted reproductive technology, as well as the problems of legal regulation of such relations (based on the experience of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan). The subject of this research is the legislative norms that regulate the cryopreservation procedure currently effective in Russia and Tajikistan; corresponding law enforcement practice; statistical data and publications of the official media sources. The scientific novelty consists in carrying out a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the peculiarities of legislative regulation of cryopreservation procedure in different world’s countries (on the example of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan), determination of the existing problem, and development of their possible solutions. The acquired results encompass the author’s original recommendations aimed at elimination of the detected problems of legal regulation of this method of assisted reproductive technology, which usually requires the development and adoption of the special normative legal act that would regulate the cryopreservation procedure in both, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan.

Keywords: Russian Federation, freezing, legal regulation of cryopreservation, cryopreservation, assisted reproductive technologies, Republic of Tajikistan, method of ART, freezing of embryos, conception, childbearing

Abstract: The subject of this research is the legal provisions that regulate relations arising in the process of resolving the issue about the transfer of a child by a surrogate mother to genetic parents as well as Clause 31 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Russian Federation Supreme Court of May 16, 2017 On Implementation of Laws By Courts Viewing Trials on Origin of Children. In his research Reznik raises questions about the absence of appropriate legal regulation of relations in the sphere of surrogate mothership, changes in the approaches of courts to the resolution of disputes when a surrogate mother refuses to transfer a child to genetic parents, and the need to take into account terms and conditions of a dispute in each particular case. The author also compares the draft and the current Resolution of the Plenum which is, in fact, aimed at waiving the exclusive right of a surrogate mother to make a decision about the transfer of a child. In the course of the research the author has applied the following research methods: analysis and synthesis, formal law, comparative law and hermeneutical methods. As a result of the research, the author emphasizes the need in fast and full solutions of the problems that may arise in the process of surrogate mothership including changes in the legal provision about the exclusive right of a surrogate mother at the legislative level. Reznik underlines that the situation when courts issue decisions which in fact violate the legal provisions, for the sake of the balance of interests between the parties, society and government, is unacceptable. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author  analyzes changes in the approaches to the problem of ensuring the balance of interests when a surrogate mother transfers a child to genetic parents, provides arguments for these changes, and makes conclusions based upon them. 

Keywords: balance of interests, freedom of contract, abuse of the right, Supreme Court, Resolution of the Plenum, genetic parents, surrogate mother, surrogacy, forced decision, opposite approaches

Abstract: The research subject is legal peculiarities of the process of dissolution of marriage and division of property of spouses, which are still urgent at the present time. The author analyzes the examples of judicial practice in disputes between spouses over division of property, complicated by investment contracts, credit obligations, etc. Besides, the author studies disputable situations the legal regime of division of property can’t be applied to. Problems, connected with the application of clause 4 article 39 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation about the recognition of belongings as the property of each of the spouses, very often become the subject of scientific discussions and legal proceedings. That’s why the author assesses the present situation in this sphere. The paper also considers the problem of possibility to settle the dispute out of court at the stage of enforcement proceedings and the problem of court approval of a settlement agreement. The author notes that the judicial practice still contains few examples of application of clause 2 article 39 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation about derogation from the principle of equality of shares of spouses in their common property in favour of the interests of children and (or) sound interest of one of the spouses. The author uses general scientific method of dialectic cognition and specific scientific methods: system, structural-functional, formal-legal, analysis and synthesis. The research demonstrates that judicial practice in division of property of spouses is ambiguous; courts have different approaches to using particular provisions of family, civil and procedural legislation. In the author’s opinion, it hampers the unification of legal proceedings on dissolution of marriage and division of property. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes about the necessity to amend the Family Code of the Russian Federation with compulsory pretrial procedure of settlement of disputes over division of common property of spouses. 

Keywords: division of spouses' property, mortgage, procedural legislation, marital relations, magistrate, Legal regime of property, dissolution of marriage, family legislation, common property, judicial practice

Abstract: The research subject is the set of provisions of Russian family legislation regulating the procedure of defining the abiding place of an underage child of the parents living apart, and the law enforcement practice of courts of general jurisdiction in the consideration and adjudication of such disputes. The research object includes family and adjective relations between the parents of an underage child arising during the consideration and adjudication of disputes about defining the abiding place of an underage child. The author applies general and special scientific methods. To analyze the new and the old family law rules, the author uses the comparative-legal and the formal-legal methods. The article studies the practice of application of legal norms in the adjudication of disputes about the abiding place of a child. The variety of factors causing the family crisis and, subsequently, the disputes between parents about the abiding place of a child, testify to a necessity to use the existing potential of measures, aimed at the protection of rights and lawful interests of the participants of family relations, and to form new mechanisms of family, maternity, paternity and childhood support. The author’s analysis helps reveal the existing shortcomings in this sphere of family relations and the possible ways of their overcoming. The author concludes that one of the problems of defining the abiding place of a child with one of the parents is the enforcement of court decision. Court decisions on such cases are often not observed by the parties, and it causes new family rights cases. 

Keywords: mother, father, family law dispute, equality of parental rights, separation of parents, child's interests, abiding place of a child, underage child, equality of parental responsibilities, parents

Abstract: The object of the research covers the legal norms regulating the granting of maternity leaves and child benefits in Switzerland and in Russia. The author analyzes the Russian and foreign resources and touches upon the issues of insurance contributions payment, compares the range of persons who can apply for leaves and benefits, the conditions of granting, the rules of calculation of their amount, the possibility to combine a maternity leave with a paid activity, in order to reveal the positive aspects of legal regulation in both countries. When conducting a comparative analysis of the Swiss and Russian legislation of social welfare, the author applies the comparative-legal method. In the result of this analysis the author finds many positive aspects of the Russian legislation regulating the granting of maternity leaves and child benefits to mothers and other persons responsible for child care. The author emphasizes a stricter approach of the Swiss legislation to the regulation of this sphere and the bigger sums of child benefits in this country. 

Keywords: family wellbeing, contribution, social wellbeing, benefit, guarantees, social insurance, maternity leave, social welfare, social aid, insurance period

Abstract: The author analyzes the provisions of Russian laws and normative acts for the period from the 11th till the 20th centuries establishing the possibility of treaties between the interested parties about the maintenance, regulating the form of such treaties and a degree of freedom of their participants. Special attention is paid to the development of judicial practice of the Russian Empire and its assessment criteria for the treaties about maintenance granting concerning their compliance with the recipient’s interests. The author studies the influence of socio-economic and political conditions on the realization of a permissive method of alimony relations regulation. The study is based on the dialectical method of cognition. The author uses the historical method and the special methods of cognition: technical and legal, formal-legal and the method of interpretation of legal norms. The author concludes that in Russia the institution of treaties about alimony payment as an independent and rigorous way of alimony responsibility regulation has formed only in the late 20th century. In pre-revolutionary legislation a treaty on maintenance granting didn’t have any special legal regime and was basically a type of a gift contract. In the result of the analysis of historical experience the author reveals the preconditions for an adequate functioning of alimony treaties institution. 

Keywords: alimony, maintenance, alimony treaty, treaty on maintenance, alimony payer, alimony recipient, exaction of alimony, parental authority, freedom of a treaty, minimal alimony rate

Abstract: The article discusses the responsibilities of adult children to support their parents in Russia and abroad. The author considers family law on these matters of different legal families: Romano-Germanic, Anglo-Saxon and Muslim. The author studies general aspects of alimony support of parents by their children, and the characteristic features of various states on this issue. In particular, the article considers the conditions of alimony provision; the ways of alimony rate establishing; the subjects of this legal relationship and other questions.The paper uses the traditional legal research methods. The main research method is the comparative legal method.The author draws attention to the significant differences between American law which imposes almost no responsibilities on adult children to support their parents and other legal families where such an obligation exists. The author concludes that the common condition for the responsibility of children to support their parents (for all the states where such a norm exists) is the parents' need for the material means. 

Keywords: alimony obligations of children, parents, children, Russia, foreign countries, family law, civil law, support of parents, alimony, alimony rate