Keywords: Vakuumnye pary, Struktura vakuuma, Fizicheskii vakuum, Rasprostranenie gravitatsii, Antiproton, Gravitatsionnyi polyus, Gravitatsionnye volny, Upravlenie gravitatsiei, Issledovanie gravitatsii, Rozhdenie par

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of redshifts in galactic spectrums. Modern natural science as-sociates this effect with the Doppler shift as the result of the expending universe. Doppler’s interpretation of the redshifts is based on the perception of the cosmic space (cosmic vacuum) as emptiness. However, such interpretation is outdated in light of modern scientiic knowledge, which allows us to observe cosmic (physical) vacuum as a material environment with speciic characteristics. The key prerequisite for this work is the position on the unity of the vacuum territory in physics of the microworld and space physics. The proposed model explains the effect of redshifts in galactic spectrums as one of the vacuum effects explained by the interaction of the photons with the vacuum as a physical environment. Such approach al-lows, using new scientiic data, returning to the earlier rejected hypothesis of the Russian and Soviet astrophysicist Aristarkh Belopolsky on loss of energy of photons in their movement through space proposed by him in 1929.

Keywords: Space Vacuum, Redshift, Raman scattering, Cosmology, Tired light, Expantion of space, Galaxy, Quasar

Abstract: The research subject is the space (perfect) vacuum as a material medium. The research task is search for the grounds to the development of a consistent scientific explanation of the set of observed vacuum effects in microphysics and macrophysics – a unified vacuum theory. The presented vacuum theory is the continuation of the views of vacuum as a material medium formed in the works by I. Newton, M. Faraday, J.C. Maxwell and H.R. Hertz with account for the recent scientific research. The key premises of the study are the ideas about the symmetry of gravitational interactions as a physical reality and about the unity of the vacuum theory in microphysics and cosmophysics. To solve the research tasks, the author uses general scientific methods and methodologies (generalization, analysis, synthesis), the methods of formal logic, hypothetico-deductive method and modeling. Special attention is given to the explanation of the mechanism of transmission of electromagnetic and gravitational waves in vacuum. To develop the theoretical model of vacuum and explain its application using these processes, the author accepts the effect of occurrence of “particle-antiparticle” pairs in vacuum as a root idea. Theoretically determined spectra of electromagnetic waves in various diapasons conform with the observed values. The author formulates the new theoretical definition of possible gravitation speed which, according to the calculations, is about 1018 speed of light. 

Keywords: Vacuum effect, Quantum fluid, Anti-gravity, Speed of gravity, Gravitational wave, Electromagnetic wave, Aether theories, Physical vacuum, Vacuum pair, Compton wavelength

Abstract: The research subject is the physical (space) vacuum as a matter. In modern science there is no common understanding of the nature of the physical vacuum. The Quantum Field Theory knows some vacuum effects that characterize vacuum as a matter. The Condensed Matter Physics considers vacuum as a quantum liquid that is characterized by superfluidity. The Celestial Mechanics, Cosmology, and Space Exploration consider vacuum as empty space. The objectives of this study are 1) compilation and systematization of data on the structure, properties and the vacuum effects observed in the microcosm and the Space, and conceptual approaches to their interpretation; 2) analysis of emerging contradictions and the search for theoretical models consistently explaining the existing data on the physical vacuum; 3) substantiation of the method of validation of the presented solution. The key prerequisites for this study are the ideas about gravitational interactions symmetry as a physical reality, about the unity of the vacuum theory both in microphysics and cosmophysics. To solve the research tasks, the author uses general scientific methods and research techniques (generalization, analysis, synthesis), the methods of formal logic, the hypothetico-deductive method, and modeling. The author designs a theoretical model, which consistently explains the combination of qualities of physical vacuum as empty space and condensed elastic medium. Based on the proposed model, the author studies the impact of vacuum on the movement of celestial bodies and explains the range of vacuum effects in microcosm and the space, including the emergence of inertia in vacuum. The author offers the experiment scheme, based on the use of artificial Earth satellites, for defining the impact of vacuum on the movement of celestial bodies. 

Keywords: Speed of gravity, Anti-gravity, Inertia, Vacuum polarization, Space wind, Vacuum effects, Physical vacuum, Quantum fluid, Redshift

Abstract: The paper studies the development of the macroscopic methods of high-energy physics analysis. The authors consider the evolution of black holes within the phenomenological approach, analogous to classical thermodynamics, in which the black hole area determines its entropy, and the surface gravitation, correspondingly, - the temperature, in the framework of the relativist cosmological model (de Sitter universe). The research subject is the ways of calculation of effective thermodynamic properties of black holes. To calculate a black hole entropy, the authors apply the event horizon and cosmological horizon interdependence hypothesis. To accomplish the research task, the authors apply the system and structural-functional approaches, the methods of cosmology, relativistic mechanics and Einstein’s geometric theory of gravitation, in particular, the exact solutions of the Einstein field equations with the cosmological constant for the Reissner- Nordström metric for the space-time description. The authors find the analytical solution for the calculation of the total entropy of a spherically symmetric charged black hole in the Reissner- Nordström model for de Sitter universe. The paper shows that the expression for entropy includes not only the sum of entropies of the event horizon and cosmological horizon of the black hole, but also the additional term, taking into account their entanglement. The obtained results of black hole thermodynamics extend the analogy with the first law of thermodynamics, thus broadening the applicability of the approach to the cosmological studies. 

Keywords: Black holes Physics, Reissner–Nordström metric, de Sitter space, General relativity theory, Cosmology, Theoretical Physics, Event horizon, Cosmological horizon, Entropy, Surface gravity

Abstract: The paper studies the development of the macroscopic methods of high-energy physics analysis. The authors consider the evolution of black holes within the phenomenological approach, analogous to classical thermodynamics, in which the black hole area determines its entropy, and the surface gravitation, correspondingly, - the temperature, in the framework of the relativist cosmological model (de Sitter universe). The research subject is the ways of calculation of effective thermodynamic properties of black holes. To calculate a black hole entropy, the authors apply the event horizon and cosmological horizon interdependence hypothesis. To accomplish the research task, the authors apply the system and structural-functional approaches, the methods of cosmology, relativistic mechanics and Einstein’s geometric theory of gravitation, in particular, the exact solutions of the Einstein field equations with the cosmological constant for the Reissner- Nordström metric for the space-time description. The authors find the analytical solution for the calculation of the total entropy of a spherically symmetric charged black hole in the Reissner- Nordström model for de Sitter universe. The paper shows that the expression for entropy includes not only the sum of entropies of the event horizon and cosmological horizon of the black hole, but also the additional term, taking into account their entanglement. The obtained results of black hole thermodynamics extend the analogy with the first law of thermodynamics, thus broadening the applicability of the approach to the cosmological studies. 

Keywords: Black holes Physics, Reissner–Nordström metric, de Sitter space, General relativity theory, Cosmology, Theoretical Physics, Event horizon, Cosmological horizon, Entropy, Surface gravity