Abstract: The article examines the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the development of relations between France and Spain, the analysis of various factors that influenced the diplomacy of the two countries. The object of the study is various treaties, armed conflicts and specific political steps characterizing Franco-Spanish relations. Special attention is paid to the role of the union of the two countries in the confrontation with Great Britain. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of changes in relations between France and Spain in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. A special role in the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations is noted for the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in France and the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. The active foreign policy of Napoleonic France eventually resulted in a full-scale war on the Iberian Peninsula. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-systemic research methods in his work. These methods allowed to analyze the evolution of the Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries. Periods of military confrontation were interspersed with the time of the union of the two countries. There was a certain duality at the heart of the Franco-Spanish alliance. On an ideological level, most of Spanish society did not accept the ideas of the French Revolution. From an economic point of view, it was not profitable for Spain to enter into the Anglo-French confrontation. Ties with the Spanish colonies were disrupted. From the point of view of European politics, Spain, isolated by its geographical location, did not always benefit from an alliance with France, since it was an unequal partner in it. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the proposed periodization of the history of Franco-Spanish relations of the late XVIII – early XIX centuries, its division into a number of stages. This makes it possible to better structure the work and identify the interrelationship of the changes that determined the nature of Franco-Spanish relations at each stage. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in this work the evolution of Franco-Spanish relations in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries is considered as a whole and continuous process, the influence of domestic political events on changes in the foreign policy of the two countries is analyzed.

Keywords: contract, Consulate, The directory, Godoy, Urquiho, Napoleon Bonaparte, Spain, France, union, war

Abstract: The author examines the socio-political component in the activities of the Orthodox parish clergy in the period 1905-1907. The author turns to the study of the influence of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 "On the improvement of the state order" on the worldview and moods of the clergy. Based on published sources and unpublished archival materials, the attitude of the white clergy to the main document of the period of the first Russian revolution, which became the most important quasi-constitutional act of the early 20th century, is shown. The appearance of the Manifesto on October 17 forced the church authorities to grant the clergy the right to speak on the topic of the political agenda, assigning the duty to read and interpret the royal act to the laity. The public speeches of the priests, published in the diocesan gazette, emphasized the importance of the freedom granted by the emperor. The research methodology was based on the principle of historicism. The systematic method and reliance on the source allowed us to objectively consider the stated problem. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 had a significant impact on the minds and moods of the parish clergy. The available information (speeches, sermons, teachings of the parish clergy, materials of consistories) allow us to assert that in the public consciousness of the clergy, this legislative act was perceived as freedom granted by the sovereign emperor not only for parishioners, but also for the clergy and clergy themselves. The ideas of the Manifesto inspired hope for the renewal of not only state, but also church life. In public speeches on the Manifesto, the clergy often criticized the authorities and expressed sympathy for the liberation movement. Thus, the Manifesto of October 17 became one of the factors that led to the politicization of the parish clergy of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century.

Keywords: constitution, peasants, empire, Synod, diocese, reforms, revolution, manifesto, parish clergy, Russian Orthodox Church

Abstract: The subject of the study is the historiography of national security problems that developed in Kyrgyzstan in the post–Soviet period, mainly in the 2000s and 2010s, when this topic began to be consistently mastered by the social science researchers of Kyrgyzstan. The author focuses on scientific works devoted to various aspects of the domestic and foreign policy of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as problems of international relations and geopolitics in the Central Asian region related to ensuring the national security of Kyrgyzstan. The object of the research is monographs, scientific articles and dissertations on the subject of national security published by representatives of the scientific community of Kyrgyzstan in Russian in the period from the late 1990s to the present. The article analyzes the factors and directions of the Kyrgyz scientists' development of the problems of national and international security, the peculiarities of scientific discourse in this area.  Methodologically, the research is based on the general scientific principles of objectivity and consistency, the work is based on a critical analysis of the texts of publications using comparative historical, typological, historical-systemic and other methods of historiographical research. The novelty of the research lies in carrying out and summarizing the results of the analysis of the structure and content of the Russian-language historiography of modern Kyrgyzstan on national security issues. The author identifies two main periods in the development of this scientific field: the late 1990s - 2000s are characterized by the predominant interests of the authors in the geopolitical and international aspects of the problem; in the 2010s, there has been an increase in the number of studies on the topics of state, economic and information security of Kyrgyzstan. At the same time, the history and current state of the Afghan issue, countering international terrorism, religious extremism and drug trafficking are always in the focus of attention of Kyrgyz researchers. The author notes the formation of scientific schools in the leading universities of Kyrgyzstan, participating in the international scientific discourse on the problems of national and regional security in Eurasia. The article concludes about the growing potential of the scientific community of Kyrgyzstan in the field of further formation of the theoretical foundations of the state security policy of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Keywords: information security, regional security, international security, national security, geopolitical studies, humanities, historiography, modern history, international crime, government policy

Abstract: The subject of the study is publications in the British press of various political orientations dedicated to the Highest Manifesto on the improvement of the state order, promulgated on October 17 (30), 1905. This imperial Manifesto proclaimed a number of civil liberties (personal integrity, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions), which contributed to transformation of the Russian political system and the emergence of a new government body in the empire – the State Duma. The Manifesto of October 17 (30) aroused increased interest among British political circles and the public, who viewed this event as a significant step towards the establishment of parliamentarism in Russia and limiting the power of the emperor. At the beginning of the 20th century the press was the main source of information shaping British public opinion, including about the Manifesto under consideration. In addition, publications by British correspondents significantly complement the overall historical picture of events taking place in the Russian Empire. Analysis of the reviewed publications in English periodicals allows us to draw the following conclusions. The opinions of British correspondents regarding the events of October 17 (30) differ in accordance with their political and ideological predilections and, partly, personal political experience. The journalist from the liberal The London Daily News expressed much greater hopes for the implementation of the provisions of the Manifesto than his colleagues from the conservative The Morning Post, The Pall Mall Gazette and The Daily Telegraph & Courier. However, all the correspondents, although with varying degrees of optimism, did not give up hope that a constitutional order could be established in the Russian Empire.

Keywords: parliamentarism, constitutional system, civil liberties, the first russian revolution, emperor nicholas the second, sergei witte, october manifesto, state duma, british correspondent, british press

Abstract: The article is devoted to the reflection of the political crisis of the end of 1993 in the provincial periodical of Murom, Vladimir region. The author refers to the journalistic articles of the local newspaper "Muromsky Krai" from September 23, when the first information about the events in Moscow was published, to December 23, when the results of the December 12 vote were published in the newspaper. Information about the situation on the ground in conditions of severe crisis and political instability, brought to the peak of tension in the autumn of 1993, is able to tell the mood in society and the position of municipal authorities, as well as reveal the role of the media and journalists, in particular, in localizing and resolving conflicts of interest both within the government and between the government and society at the local level. The research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. In addition, historical, systematic and chronological methods allowed us to reveal the question posed to the author about the reflection of the political crisis of the end of 1993 in the Murom newspaper. The source base of the study was the issues of the local socio-political newspaper "Muromsky Krai". To solve the scientific problem, the author applied to the municipal archive of Murom and the local library. The journalists of the local newspaper paid great attention to the political vicissitudes and the participation of citizens in resolving the political confrontation. The author of the study studied this layer of materials in detail and came to the conclusion that urban journalists, with their very peaceful position, contributed to maintaining calm among the Muromites during an extremely difficult period of Russian history. At the same time, citizens, having shown awareness, preferred another way of interacting with the authorities to strikes and mass rallies – participation in the elections on December 12, the results of which showed dissatisfaction with the policy of the central authorities.

Keywords: Boris Yeltsin, opposition of the authorities, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, regionalism, Muromsky Krai newspaper, the shooting of the House of Soviets, Murom, periodical printing, Black October, political crisis

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of studying the organization of military production in besieged Leningrad. The subject of the study is the restructuring of industry for the needs of wartime. The author examines the activities of factories. Special attention is paid to the process of transition of local industry in the conditions of the blockade and the work of military-oriented enterprises. Since the first days of the blockade, the activities of the factories have been aimed at implementing the production of military equipment for the needs of the army. All the factories that remained and operated in the city were repurposed for the needs of wartime. All efforts were directed to maintaining the production process. During the entire period of the blockade of the city, the work continued. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that archival documents are involved in the work. The analysis of sources is aimed at reviewing the activities of enterprises. The factories kept in touch with each other and fulfilled special orders of the navy and Lenfront. The existing problems with energy and fuel slowed down production, but it was impossible to stop, there was a critical need to continue working for the front, for victory. The conclusion is formulated that all types of production were involved. The difficult military situation in the city, especially the winter of 1941-1942, is emphasized. The working process was difficult, but all efforts were directed to building work and producing the necessary military equipment for the front.

Keywords: enterprises, production, local industry, Bolshevik factory, technology, front orders, industry, Izhora factory, Leningrad, Blockade