Abstract: The object of the study of this work is the government system of colonial Kenya (1890-1950's). The subject of the study is public authorities, their powers, area of responsibility and features of functioning in East African realities. The author has carried out a detailed analysis of the administrative structure, the law enforcement system, and key management links at the central and regional levels. Special attention was paid to the issues of urban development based on the principle of racial segregation and local self-government, as well as the problem of combating specific crime. The article focuses on a number of non-trivial aspects of the British approach to organizing the work of government agencies, including special recruitment, active lawmaking, largely based on borrowing decisions from British India, and also the introduction of the institute of chiefs at the local level. The methodological basis of the article was historical-legal and problem-chronological approaches, in addition, the author turned to general scientific methods of analysis and deduction. The British system of government was built up in Kenya during the 1900s and 1920s, acquiring features of completeness in the main institutions by the 1930s. Before the arrival of the European colonialists, there was no civilizational basis for the existence of state entities. Therefore the leading role at all levels of the administrative structure belonged to people of European origin. The full power in the colony actually belonged to the governor, who unconditionally pursued the policy of the metropolis. This state of affairs was consolidated by a cultivated ideological paradigm that presupposes the superiority of the British and Europeans in general in all spheres of society, including management. The strength and coherence of the work of the state mechanism was ensured by the homogeneity of the nomenclature. By the time of gaining independence in 1963, the newly-minted Kenyan authorities inherited a completely efficient system of government bodies from the colonial regime.

Keywords: East Africa, chiefs, courts, police, municipalities, self-government, cities, segregation, colonialism, Kenya

Abstract: The subject of the study is the process of preparing and holding celebrations on the occasion of the five-year anniversary of the restoration of Soviet power in Yenisei Governorate. For any political regime the theme of legitimisation of power plays a great importance. One of the important indicators of this phenomenon are holidays, which consolidate society, and also influence the formation and consolidation of historical memory. This can be traced back to the formation of the Soviet holiday calendar. The theme of the Civil War was of great importance to the Bolshevik government as an example of demonstrating the victory of the new power. In this regard, the first five-year anniversary was to emphasise the final consolidation of the Soviet political regime. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of determining the date of celebration, which is connected with the step-by-step process of restoring Soviet power in the territory of Siberia. Minusinsk it was 13 September 1924, Krasnoyarsk - 6 January 1925. The single day of the holiday was 14 December 1924 - the day of liberation of Novonikolaevsk. The methodology of this work is based on a sociocultural approach and the preservation of historical memory. The methodology of this work is based on the socio-cultural approach, based on the idea of "dialogue of the past" and the preservation of historical memory. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the attraction of a wide range of sources to cover the little-studied fact in the context of the formation of the regional holiday component. The result of the study is the reconstruction of events related to the preparation and holding of festive events in honour of the five-year anniversary of the restoration of Soviet power in Yenisei Governorate in 1924-1925.

Keywords: Soviet power, partisans, Shchetinkin, Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk, Yeniseysk Governorate, Siberia, The Russian Civil War, anniversary, historical memory

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of identifying regional peculiarities of the integral process of formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national education in post-reform Russia. The aim of the article is to present the results of the study of the relationship between the accumulation of organizational and legal knowledge and the applied experience of the implementation of this process at the national and regional levels. Objectives: to characterize the conditions that influenced the formation of normative-legal support for the activity of national schools as an independent direction of nation-state building in the educational system of post-reform Russia. The research was based on the principle of historicism, methods of analysis and comparison, historical-systemic, sociological methods and the method of content analysis. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts that directly or indirectly influenced the national education development demonstrates a rather high professionalism of the developers of the basic ideas of the national policy, which are characterized by external positive motivation. The authors confirmed the hypothesis of the study that in the period under study the normative and legal foundations for the establishment of the national education in Russia were laid, which played a determining role in the birth and development of educational institutions with a national component in Yenisei province. This historical experience was not wasted, but was taken into account in the next attempt to solve the problems of nation-state building and national education in the first decades of Soviet power, which determined the direction and nature of our further research activities from the position of determining the possibility of its use in modern conditions.

Keywords: protective concept of power, pedagogical community, soviet power, nation-building, law, legislation, universal primary education, assimilation policy, national school, national education

Abstract: The object of the study is the Moscow city government and its relations with private entrepreneurship in the pre–revolutionary period. The subject of the study is projects for the construction of the Moscow metro in the early XX century. The study of this issue is important, since modern entrepreneurship and the city authorities will continue to actively cooperate on various issues. In addition, this work allows us to better understand why the construction of the Moscow metro took place only in the 1930s, although the first attempts were made several decades before that. The study pays special attention to the reasons why the City Duma did not want to entrust the construction of the metro to private capital. To determine these reasons, the materials of the fund of the Central State Archive of Moscow – "Moscow City Duma and Council (1870-1917)" were studied. The methodological foundations of the research include the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity and the principle of consistency. The main methods used in this study include the historical-genetic and retrospective method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a deeper study of the topic, a detailed study of the materials and the introduction into scientific circulation of a new source – "Verbatim reports on the meetings of the Moscow City Duma for the month of June 1913." According to the conclusions of the study, there were several reasons why the Moscow metro was not built in the pre-revolutionary period. The City Duma did not want to entrust the project to private capital, but was not ready to take on this task because of its high cost. At the same time, members of the city administration were afraid of missing out on potential profits from the future operation of the subway and did not want to share control over such an important transport network. In addition to this, there were concerns among the Duma's vowels that the construction of the metro would have a negative impact on the population of the city, especially in its central part.

Keywords: tram lines, urban transport, pre-revolutionary period, The Russian Empire, Moscow Metro, entrepreneurship, City Council, Moscow, railways, private equity

Abstract: The study of the Soviet society formation’s and the total system’s history is closely connected with the study of the repressive policy of the state, as well as those categories of the population that became its victims. The deprivation of voting rights was not only political, but also social in nature: due to the fact that the «disenfranchised» were limited in access to social rights. This measure was carried out in broader statistics of several functions: preventing increased attention to infectious agents, artificially structuring society, establishing control over the detection of the population’s part, maintaining an atmosphere of confrontation and division in society. This issue is relevant for the current state of Kazakhstan’s society, which extends discrimination against certain groups and groups of the population for various reasons, from ethnic to religious, both in Kazakhstan and in the territories of other republics of the former USSR. The article is devoted to the process of transformation of the social status of the inhabitants of the East Kazakhstan region, deprived of voting rights in the period 1926-1936. The author discusses the practice of the work of Soviet authorities and election commissions on the deprivation of this type of rights, analyzes the socio-economic and legal consequences of this repressive measure.

Keywords: bais, repression, legal restrictions, discrimination, election commission, East Kazakhstan region, lishentsy, disenfranchisement, Constitution, Soviet power

Abstract: The subject of this article is the agrarian policy of Russia, conducted after the abolition of serfdom. Specifically, we are talking about the modernization of agriculture in Russia at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. It is no secret that, despite the lingering remnants of feudal-serfdom relations, the peasant reform of 1861 gave a noticeable impetus not only to the development of agriculture, but also to the economic development of Russia as a whole for several decades. The object of the study is the analysis of the state of agriculture in Russia, the level of development of which largely determined the state of the economy as a whole. The authors place special emphasis on the comparison of the American and Prussian ways of developing the agrarian system, as well as on the analysis of P.A. Stolypin's policy. The article presents two ways of developing the agrarian system – the Prussian and the American. If the Prussian way was typical for Russian agriculture in the first two decades after 1861, the American way became a reality in the early twentieth century. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that in modern historiography there is no consensus on the question of the correlation of types of agrarian evolution in Russia. In the "old", serf-like areas, of course, the "Prussian" way of development prevailed. The "American" way of developing capitalism in rural areas, or rather, its potential, has become a historical reality where the level of development of landed proprietorship was low or it was absent as such. Despite the fact that the reforms initiated by P. A. Stolypin were curtailed, the trace of Stolypin's evolution of peasant farming on capitalist principles turned out to be quite noticeable in the agrarian policy of some regions. So, in those provinces where the remnants of serfdom did not have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the village, there was a lot of free land and there was an active process of colonization, the colonists created separate farms. Modernization was actively underway in these regions: the most developed, mature forms of capitalism in agriculture emerged – using large capital, mass wage labor and improved tools and machines. It is no coincidence that after 1917, bran and farmsteads often existed until complete collectivization.

Keywords: peasant community, the peasantry, modernization, agricultural policy, agrarian reform, serfdom, agricultural industry, the American agricultural system, the Prussian agrarian system, Stolypin reform

Abstract: The subject of the research is the creative biography of Valery Elizarov, a Tuvan artist who currently lives in Abakan. Valery Nikolaevich Elizarov in 2022 donated 36 his works to the Martyanovsky Museum. The artist works in painting, graphics, arts and crafts. The basis for this study was personal meetings, conversations, interviews with the artist, his autobiography, published in a single copy by his wife, Marina Mikhailovna Elizarova, and works stored in the MBUK MKM. It is concluded that the artist's work is based on the historical and cultural heritage of the region, that his biography is not a chain of random events, but a spiritual path of knowing creativity.

Keywords: shamanism of Tuva, South Siberia, applied art, graphics, painting, collection of the Minusinsk Museum, artist, Valery Elizarov, Petroglyphs of Siberia, ancient art