Abstract: The main idea of the presented publication is to highlight the processes of spreading pastoral practices as a separate element of traditional Yakut culture in the Kolyma region of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century. The object of the study is the data of historical and ethnographic studies conducted in the 1950s by the staff of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The materials they have collected are an important source on the ethnocultural history of the region, requiring a modern interpretation of the scientific data they have obtained. The subject of the study of this article is the reflection in these sources of the processes of expansion of pastoral practices to the northeast of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century and their adaptation to local natural, cultural and socio-economic conditions, which had not previously been considered in such a perspective and did not become the object of a separate study. The methodological basis of the article was the historical method of analyzing archival data and scientific literature related to the research topic. The use of historical-comparative, historical-systemic, problem-chronological and statistical methods allowed the most complete analysis of the studied processes. It has been revealed that studies conducted in the north-east of Yakutia in the middle of the twentieth century make it possible to more clearly understand the history and culture of its inhabitants, as well as identify the features of their daily life, traditions and customs. The works of scientists of that time are undoubtedly a valuable source of information about life and social relations in Kolyma. At the same time, the processes affecting the interaction of northern cultures in the conditions of adaptation and the formation of new economic models still remain insufficiently studied. Based on the collected materials, the main results of the ongoing integration economic processes in the north-east of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century were identified and it was noted that the modernization processes that took place during this period had an even more significant impact on the ethnic composition and economic activities of the indigenous population, accelerating the transition of local aboriginal ethnic groups to new, previously unusual for this region.

Keywords: the traditional way of life, migration, scientific study, traditional farming, Indigenous peoples, pastoral practices, Kolyma region, Yakutia, transformation of the ethnocultural landscape, adaptation

Abstract: Based on the historiographical analysis of the studies of the 2000s devoted to the history of various aspects of the Russian cooperative movement of the pre-revolutionary period, the authors' approaches to determining the stages in the development of the movement and their key characteristics are considered. In the 2000s, more than 500 researches were published, revealing both all-Russian trends and regional peculiarities in the development of cooperation in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Based on the achievements of Russian historiography of previous periods and the accumulated broad factual basis, modern authors expand the thematic field of research based on the modernization approach also in the discourse of civil society, introducing documentary material of predominantly regional nature into scientific circulation. On the basis of the study of modern publications, the authors’ approaches to the periodization of cooperation are determined. It is established that in most regional works the problems of periodization are not considered as a scientific task, however, the author's approaches are obvious from the structure of the works and the explanation of the factors of development of cooperation. Using the example of regional documentary material, the authors specify the periodization, based on the specifics of the socio-economic and socio-political development of the region under study. Modern authors propose different criteria for periodization and, when analyzing the process of cooperative construction on the example of certain types of cooperation and the activities of cooperative organizations as well as in the framework of regional studies, they also focus on the time of the origin of the movement, on the starting points of quantitative growth of cooperative organizations and strengthening their legal and organizational foundations.

Keywords: consumer cooperation, credit cooperation, modernization approach, regional studies, modern Russian historiography, periodization, Russian cooperative movement, cooperation, the first Russian Revolution, workers' cooperation

Abstract: The article examines the origins of the crisis of national and religious identity in France caused by the gradual spread of Islam in the country and the religious radicalization of young people. Among other things, the author examines the socio-economic factors that contributed to the change in the structure of the French economy in the 1970s, the end of the so-called "glorious thirty years", the growth of youth unemployment, which eventually led to the fact that the "zones of priority urbanization" created in the years of post-war economic growth in the suburbs of large cities turned into "zones of sensitive urbanization" with a predominant migrant population. Attention is also paid to the sharp rise in oil prices in the 1970s, which, on the one hand, changed the state of the European economies for the worse, and, on the other hand, brought additional revenues to oil-producing countries and allowed Saudi Arabia to invest in the Muslim communities of Europe, primarily France. The article is based on modern French historiography and documents from the archive of the French Foreign Ministry, which allow us to trace the genesis of the formation of the crisis of national and religious identity in modern France. The author concludes that the main events took place in 1989. First of all, we are talking about Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for the murder of British writer of Indian origin Salman Rushdie. Up to this point, it was believed that fatwas issued in different parts of the Islamic world apply only to the territory to which the spiritual authority of its author extends. However, Ayatollah Khomeini made his fatwa universal. Europe was named a territory where Islam is spreading, and Muslims in it ceased to be migrants and, accordingly to the Ayatollah's logic, received the full right to demand the extension of Sharia law to European territory. And the subsequent scandal with the wearing of religious clothing at the college of the city of Creil in September-October 1989 caused a wide discussion in France about the spread of Islam in the country and for the first time put this issue at the center of the political agenda, thus becoming the starting point for the formation of a full-fledged crisis of national and religious identity in modern France.

Keywords: Creil, Religion, School, Fifth Republic, Ayatollah Khomeini, Islam, Identity, France, Muslim headscarf, Crisis

Abstract: The subject of this study is the generic composition of the Tunguses (Evenks) of the Department of the Kangalas Tungus clans in the XIX – early XX century. The purpose of the study is to identify and study documentary and statistical sources in the collections of the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), which contain information about the administrative-territorial structure, ancestral composition, demography and places of nomadism. General scientific methods (analysis, systematic approach) were used in the study so are special methods (historicism, historical-genetic, archival heuristics) of research. The place of the Administration in the system of administrative and territorial administration, its functions and tasks were studied by the method of analysis. The systematic approach allowed us to identify the characteristic principles of the management structure. The principle of historicism allowed us to consider the Administration in the dynamics of development, the prospect of changing historical events. The historical-genetic method requires an approach to Management as a phenomenon that naturally arose in a certain historical setting. The method of archival heuristics made it possible to identify the affairs of the Board in an array of documents from other funds. The method of archival heuristics made it possible to identify the affairs of the Board in an array of documents from other funds. As a result of the work carried out, a nomenclature of the generic composition, a list of nomadic Kangalas Tunguses on the territory of the Aldan, Amginsky, Gorny, Neryungrinsky and Khangalassky districts of the RS(Ya) was compiled. The novelty lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of previously unpublished archival documents on the declared topic. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that further research is necessary due to the presence of a large number of unpublished documents.

Keywords: statistical documents, population census documents, review of documents, administrative and territorial structure, Kangalas Tunguses, clan, tunguses, evenki, Aldan district, Yakutia

Abstract: The impact of Soviet modernization on the lives of Indigenous peoples of the North remains a key topic for researchers. Of particular interest is how these projects transformed the traditional way of life and cultural foundations of Indigenous communities. This article examines the transformation of reindeer herding during the Soviet period and how Soviet policies and large-scale industrial programs reshaped the lives of nomadic communities in the North. Specifically, the study focuses on the history of the loss of reindeer herding in the Sadynsky National Evenki nasleg of the Mirninsky District in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The article examines how reindeer herding was organized in the 1960s and the conditions that herders in the nasleg faced at that time. It also analyzes the social, economic, and other factors that influenced the industry’s decline in the 1970s and investigates the reasons behind the collapse of traditional reindeer herding in the Sadynsky nasleg. This study is based on archival documents from the Sadynsky National Evenki nasleg, held in the Municipal Archive of the Mirninsky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in Mirny town, as well as the memoirs of local residents and field materials collected by the author between 2019 and 2021. While most studies on nomadic communities focus on those where reindeer herding persists, this article shifts the focus to a community that has completely lost its primary traditional livelihood and for which the revival of reindeer herding is important. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on communities where reindeer herding has been lost, a perspective often overlooked in other research. This research deepens our understanding of the impact of Soviet modernization projects on Indigenous peoples.

Keywords: Indigenous peoples, industry, Arctic, traditional economy, Sakha Republic, Mirninsky District, Western Yakutia, Evenki, reindeer herding, loss

Abstract: The proposed article examines the little-studied institute of the Investigative Council in France under Napoleon I. It was established as the "Fleet Council" by imperial decree of July 22, 1806, to investigate the behavior of senior naval officers if it aroused suspicion and could be considered criminal. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of the investigative council in the system of investigative bodies and the court of the French Navy during the First Empire. For this purpose, an analysis of the regulatory regulation of the Institute of the Investigative Council and its functioning was carried out using the example of the trials of two admirals of the imperial era – Rear Admiral Dumanoir and Vice Admiral Villare de Joyeuse (1809-1810). The subject of the study is the history of the formation of this institute in the era of Napoleon I. Published primary sources and handwritten materials (photocopies) from archival collections and the National Library of France were used in the work on the topic. When studying the material, methods of concrete historical and comparative analysis were used, and a structural and functional analysis of investigative councils was carried out. The following observations were made during the study. The Investigative Council can be defined both as a pre-trial investigation body and as an indictment body. Unlike the indictment jury, it consisted of appointed officers and conducted the preliminary investigation of the criminal case itself. He also evaluated the evidence gathered and made an accusation, which was submitted to the monarch for consideration. Based on the cases of Dumanoir and Villare de Joyeuse, the council appears as an organ of personal imperial power in France. It was created on the initiative of the monarch, the emperor determined its composition and the place of convocation. The sovereign considered the final conclusions of the investigation on the existence of evidence of a crime and decided to organize a trial of the accused. The use of the institute of the Investigative Council was not carried out in every case. In fact, it was seen as a special favor from the monarch, who allowed for a preliminary investigation of the sufficiency of evidence to bring charges and create some kind of pre-trial guarantees against arbitrariness. However, as the practice of using the institute shows, the council did not always cope with the task of uncompromising investigation.

Keywords: Battle of Trafalgar, First French Empire, indictment jury, War Council, Marine Council, admirals, Investigative Council, preliminary investigation, Naval Justice, Martinique island

Abstract: The subject of the study is the organization of documenting the population registration of the Kangalas Tungus Clans Administration Department for 1768-1917. The purpose of the study is to identify a set of archival documents on the registration of the Kangalas Tungus population preserved during the period 1768-1917, to clarify the type, time and specifics of their creation and to reveal their information capabilities. The geographical scope of the study is limited and corresponds to the area of residence of the clans subordinate to the department of the Kangalas Tungus clans. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, scientific and objectivity. A systematic approach made it possible to consider the entire set of documents of generic departments as a whole. The method of source analysis made it possible to assess the information value and practical significance of the identified documents. As a result of our work, we have identified a set of documents on the registration of the population of the Kangalas Tungus clans, identified the specifics of their formation and practical use in the activities of the Council, prepared an electronic database containing information about the generic composition and places of nomads. The scientific novelty of the study consists in conducting a source analysis of the identified set of documents of the Kangalas Tungus clans, their information capabilities in recreating the demographic and socio-cultural appearance of the Tungus clans. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that further research is necessary due to the presence of a large number of unpublished documents. The research materials can be used in the process of teaching historical disciplines, developing textbooks, conducting separate and generalizing studies on the history of the indigenous peoples of the North.

Keywords: administrative and territorial structure, Kangalas Tunguses, clan, tunguses, evenki, Aldan district, Yakutia, review of documents, population census documents, statistical documents

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the fundamental concept of "empire" in legal science, its essence, nature and semantic content. In the Russian legal doctrine, which was formed under the long-term influence of Marxist-Leninist postulates, this category is not used in the scientific circulation of the classical theory of state and law. At the same time, the ambiguity of this term, its obvious relevance to the characteristics of the state structure and the extensive historical experience of the existence of imperial states make its legal analysis and comprehension extremely promising. The identification of the essence of the imperial factor will allow us to form new approaches to the study of states and the analysis of their forms. The article examines the category of "empire" both from the point of view of its legal content and from the point of view of its philosophical, political and socio-cultural content. The methodology of scientific research is based on the application of general scientific methods of cognition (dialectical method of universal cognition, systemic, structural and functional), general logical (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison); private scientific (formal legal, historical). The application of the historical method made it possible to comprehend the patterns of evolution of the concept of empire in legal, political and sociological science. Based on the conducted research, various ideas about the essence and nature of the empire have been identified. The scientific positions identifying the empire with the historical type of state based on the establishment of certain principles, values and ideals as dominants for the organization of the most just and organic life of peoples under its rule; with the method of territorial organization of multinational states; with the form of state-territorial structure are revealed. The article compares the presented positions. The correlation of the legal content of this concept, philosophical-political and socio-cultural is carried out. It is concluded that the legal projection of the empire category consists in its definition as a form of state, which determines the specifics of the form of government, state-territorial structure and political regime. The key features of the empire in these aspects are highlighted. The presented results can be used both in conducting a historical analysis of the structural and functional features of specific imperial states within the framework of the history of state and law, and in developing a general conceptual and categorical apparatus for studying states and their forms within the framework of the theory of state and law.

Keywords: nationalities, political regime, form of government, form of state-territorial structure, type of state, form of state, multinationality, imperial factor, empire, indirect rule

Abstract: The subject of the study is the implementation of the policy of collective agreements between trade union organizations and the administration of industrial enterprises in the public and private sectors during the 1920s. The new economic policy – NEP has led to new approaches in the work of not only the economy (agriculture, industry, etc.), but also the areas of work of trade unions. An acute problem arose for discussion – the participation of workers in the management of production. The purpose of the research is to study the regional features, to identify positive and negative indicators in the activities of trade union organizations in protecting workers' rights in industrial enterprises. The problem of strengthening the party's control over the trade union movement is considered using the example of provincial professional bodies. The geographical scope of the study is limited to the territory of Vladimir Province, which was part of the Central Industrial Region in the 1920s. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific approach and objectivity. A systematic approach allowed us to consider the management staff of trade unions and their tasks on the ground. This made it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of collective bargaining in the region. The method of source analysis made it possible to assess the information value and practical significance of archival and statistical documents. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, based on local history material, statistical data and documents from the archives of the Central (State Archive of the Russian Federation) and regional levels (State Archive of the Vladimir region), a description of the situation on the ground, at enterprises is given; the dynamics of the formation of staff and members of the trade union movement is outlined; the directions of trade union work on the implementation of collective contracts. As a result of the conducted research, a set of problems has been identified that the trade union movement system has faced at the regional level: the training of qualified personnel in its own staff, the participation of workers in the formation of collective agreement provisions, wage equalization in various sectors and industries, and the organization of strikes. The research materials can be used in the process of teaching historical subjects, developing textbooks, and conducting general research on the history of the trade union movement in the Vladimir Province within the framework of the Central Industrial Region, dedicated to the NEP period.

Keywords: conditions, settlement, strike, party, administration, workers, industry, collective agreement, new economic policy, trade unions

Abstract: The object of the study are scientists, teachers, local historians and other progressive-minded residents of the Urals. The subject of the study is their perception of the well–being of their region through the activities of various actors to preserve monuments of industrial heritage. The chronological framework – the 1970s and 1980s – was not chosen by chance. During this period, the desire of a part of the Soviet population to identify and preserve the monuments of the industrial past of their region was emerging, which was expressed not only in publishing activities, but also in extensive practical work. The author identifies a number of functions that were laid down in Soviet times in the process of preserving monuments of industrial heritage: educational, cognitive, aesthetic, image-forming. The relevance and practical significance of the study lies precisely in the fact that these functions can and should be updated at the present time in order to preserve the remaining objects of the industrial heritage of the Urals. The research used materials stored in the central and regional archives, as well as published sources. The complex of scientific methods that were used to achieve the research goal consists of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, analogy) and special historical (problem-chronological, historical-comparative). The author concludes that in the 1970s and 1980s, individual residents of the Urals (scientists, engineers, local historians, teachers) did not in vain begin to attract the attention of the general public to the need to preserve monuments of industrial heritage. They believed that these objects could be used to implement several functions: educational, cognitive, aesthetic and some others. The combination of these functions, or each one individually, can allow a person to feel happy. And this will contribute to the formation of a favorable image of the region. The author believes that the industrial heritage has a huge potential for shaping and maintaining the attractiveness of the region, and therefore the well-being of its happy residents through feelings of demand in the profession, pride in the history and achievements of previous generations. And this factor must be developed and strengthened at the present time, until the remnants of the industrial heritage of the Urals are finally lost.

Keywords: Ural, Sverdlovsk region, museumification, monuments, image of the region, well-being, felicitous factor, industrial heritage, industrial architecture, factories

Abstract: The subject of this article is the consideration of changes in the understanding and definition of legal harm from antiquity to the present, as well as the historical and legal evolution of the concepts of legal harm and its consequences for the subject of law, the analysis of approaches in this area. The article analyzes the historical roots of the term, its development in various legal systems, the influence of philosophical, social, political and cultural aspects on the formation and development of the concept. In addition, a comparison of the legal regulation of legal harm in different countries and approaches to this concept is carried out, criteria for determining legal harm in different eras are noted, which will help to assess current trends in this area and their reflection in practice. The methodological basis of the study was the comparative historical method, which made it possible to systematize the information available in the literature on legal harm at different stages – from ancient civilizations to our time. The analysis of changing perceptions of the negative consequences of offenses allows us to better understand modern approaches to assessing and compensating for legal harm, as well as to view the relationship with other concepts of legal liability. In ancient times, the concept was based on the following: if one caused damage to another, then he should be responsible for it, thus the ideas of justice and compensation for the damage caused to the victim were the basis. The Medieval era is characterized by the close connection of the concept of good and evil with Christian ethics and morality. Then there is the need to affirm the value of the individual, to recognize the dignity of a person. And subsequently, the term "harm" becomes, first of all, a social concept, and responsibility for its infliction presupposes the operation of the law and compensation for damage to the victim.

Keywords: Renaissance, Enlightenment, justice, compensation, biblical concept, medieval law, ancient times, concept of harm, evil, good

Abstract: The subject of this article is a comparison of the astral mythology of the Turks and Finno-Ugrians using the example of key mythologems-astronomers of the Milky Way and the Polar Star. The main research method was the analysis of the available ethnographic literature on the astral mythology of the Turks and Finno-Ugric peoples. As we have found out, the eschatological myth of the dog stars (wolves), which are tied with ropes to the Pole Star, is very popular among the Turks. The comparison of the Milky Way with the "road of birds" was known to the Turks and Finno-Ugrians, but, according to experts, it arose mainly among the Uralic peoples. Nevertheless, we assumed that the basis of the myth of the emergence of the "bird's road" as a path of migratory birds most likely originated in the Ural-Volga region. The comparison of the Milky Way with a "ski trail" (or just a trail in the sky) was common among the Finno-Ugrians. It probably went back to the Siberian myth of the heavenly hunt. The likening of the Milky Way to snow, rather, as we see it, has a Turkic origin. In our opinion, the comparison of the Polar Star with the "nail" was preceded by the mythologeme of the "world pillar", celebrated by all Turks and Finno-Ugrians. The original mythologeme of the "world pillar" among the Turks was the idea of a Golden Pillar. In addition, the Turks, as specialized cattle breeders, were characterized by the idea of the Polar Star as a hitching post. The peculiarity of the Finno-Ugric names of the Polar Star is that they can directly relate to a bird sitting on top of a world pillar, or even a star goddess.

Keywords: Northern Eurasia, Finno-Ugric Peoples, Turks, world pillar, world axis, Polar Star (Polaris), Milky Way, stars, astronyms, astral mythology