Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of development of methodology used for transitioning companies to new system of planning and economic incentive in terms of the economic reform of 1965 in Soviet Union. The article determines the two key stages of this process, as well as emphasizes the peculiarities of each one. The author analyzes the major differences of every new edition of the framework document (from the standpoint of transitioning) – methodological guidelines from the previous version. Particular attention is given to the process of their approval and subsequent amendments. The study leans on the principle of historicism (historical-genetic method) that allows examining each state in connection with the preceding and succeeding. The author also applies the system method for viewing methodology as an element of the unified system that affects its establishment and development. The main conclusion of the research consists in comprehension of the importance of Interdepartmental Commission of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in development of the practical aspects of the conducted reforms, as well as high role of the methodology for transitioning companies to new system of planning and economic incentive with regards to the question of implementation of the provisions of economic reform of 1965.  

Keywords: planning, methodological instructions, Interdepartmental Commission at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, industry, State Planning Commitee of the USSR, practice, enterprise, methodology, 1965 economic reform, economic incentives

Abstract: The subject of this research is the examination of the question of ethnogenesis of the Koreans by the South Korean scholars at the present stage. The success, achieved by the South Korean historical  science by the early 1990’s, jointly with application of the newest methods of genetics, as well as appeared opportunity for unimpeded collaboration and data exchange with the colleagues from the People's Republic of China and Russian Federation, led to establishment of the modern views of South Korean scholars upon the process of ethnogenesis of the Koreans. Unfortunately, not all of the views correspond with the criteria scientificity. In the recent years, there have been a growing number of works that demonstrate clear intent to falsify history. The main method of the research lies in comparative analysis of the theories of ethnogenesis of the Koreans, published in the Republic of Korea after 1990. The article is first within the national literature study that is based on examination of the modern South Korean views upon the process of ethnogenesis of the Koreans. As a result, it was established that the majority of South Korean scholars involved in various academic disciplines and using different materials, mostly concur in principal questions of ethnogenesis of the Koreans, depicting it as a process of formation of the Korean ethnos based on polyethnic grounds as a result of multiple migrations during the various historical periods.

Keywords: Hongshan culture, Korean people, ethnogenesis, pseudohistorians, anthropology, archaeology, Origin of Korean people, ethnogenesis of Korean people, Republic of Korea, Pulham culture

Abstract: The object of this research is the process of incorporation of Krasnoyarsk intelligentsia into the political and enlightenment organization, which major goal consisted in distribution of the political and scientific knowledge in USSR. The subject of this research is the establishment and problems of operation of the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge during the period when the indicated society forms and develops as an academic organization of the prominent scientific and public figures of the country, claiming a somewhat political-educational autonomy (1947-1949). The author introduces into the scientific discourse the previously unpublished archival documents that allowed compiling, systematizing, and analyzing the new factual material that provides a relatively full representation on the creation, operation, and educational activity of the regional All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge in the period of 1947-1949. The author concludes that this organization was formed by the prominent scientific and cultural figures, who had ideological and organizational ties with the leading part – All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Majority of the organization committee members involved in creation of the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society along with such enrolled by 1948 were the lecturers of the three universities of Krasnoyarsk: Medical, Pedagogical, and Siberian Forest Engineering institutes. In the first year of its existence, the Krasnoyarsk branch of All-Union Society was not able to pursue the lecturing activities due to experiencing the organizational issues.

Keywords: full members, lecturers, communist education, the Marxist-Leninist worldview, agitation and propaganda, cultural-educational activity, Society Znanie, members-competitors, Krasnoyarsk intelligentsia, educational organization

Abstract: The article traces the dramatic life of Georgy Mokeevich Kolonozhnikov (1880-1958) – the son of a peasant from a remote Russian village, a student of a prominent Russian civilian jurist and emigrant I.A. Bazanov, Orthodox monarchist, professor of Department of Commercial Law and Commercial Legal Proceedings of Tomsk University, professor of the Department of Civil Law and Civil Legal Proceedings of Law Faculty (and then Economic Faculty) of the Don University and other universities of Rostov-on-Don, a professor of finance law and Head of the Linguistics Department of the Sverdlovsk Law Institute (1935-1937). His example demonstrates the methods of fighting the dissenting teachers in higher educational institutions. Professor G. M. Kolonozhnikov was subjected to collective exposure and conviction for «gross political distortions in the form of anti-Soviet language» at a meeting of the Department of Civil and Economic Law of the Sverdlovsk Law Institute on March 7, 1937, and was soon dismissed from the institute and worked at law schools in Rostov-on-Don to 1950. The unpublished archival documents and materials of the Ural State Law University and the State Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region are introduced for scientific use. The article contains two addendums from the previously unpublished documents from the State Archive of Sverdlovsk Region, prepared for publication by the author of the article.

Keywords: political distortions, meeting, department, Sverdlovsk Law Institute, monarchist, Professor, Georgy Mokeevich Kolonozhnikov, students, dismissal, Rostov-on-Don

Abstract: The object of this research is the industrial process in the two South Russian regions during the years of the second and third five-year industrial plans. The author meticulously examines the essence of the industrial transformation in the agricultural regions within the framework of Soviet Modernization; importance of Kuban and Stavropol Krai industry, as well as their common and specific features. Relevance of the article lies in the insatiable scientific and sociopolitical interest generated by Soviet industrialization, methods and rates of its implementation in separate regions of the country along with the results. The scientific novelty lies in analysis of the specificity of industrial development of the two regions with the economies of rural character, as well as regional cut of industrial processes within the indicated historical-temporal format. The article analyzed the structure of the regional industry, solution of industrial tasks in the prewar period. The conclusion is made that by the end of the 1930’s the industrial development of Kuban and Stavropol Krai has entered the new stage, accompanied by the emergence of new industrial branches and administrative-territorial reforms. Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai remained mostly agricultural, but in the course of reconstruction and industrial development of this period, has increased the role of light, food, energy, and manufacturing industries, as well as other branches demanded by the regional and national economy.

Keywords: industrial cooperation, reconstruction, fuel base, energy supply, industrialization, agrarian region, modernization, industry, stakhanovites, rationalization

Abstract: The subject of this article is the history of science in the European Northeast of Russian of the early XX century. The object is the research activity of A. V. Zhuravsky in the field of geology over the period of 1903-1914 covering the territory of Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. The author examines the key directions in joint collaboration of Zhuravsky and the Russian Geographical Society on exploring the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra. Thanks to the expeditionary and collecting activities of Zhuravsky, was established the first scientific institution in the European Northeast of Russia. The author’s main contribution lies in using as the source base of the unique expeditionary reports and publications of A. V. Zhuravsky, reports of the department of Mathematical and Physical Geography of the Russian Geographical Society, as well as the correspondence between its members. The sources are preserved in several archives and museums of Russia. A conclusion is made that the collaboration with the Russian Geographical Society in the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra in the early XX century led to the beginning of the systematic explorations, which pioneer was A. V. Zhuravsky. The process of joint activity resulted in acquisition of the new knowledge that allowed clarifying the importance of the immense territory. The interested in Zhuravsky’s exploratory work Russian Geographical Society tried to gather the documents on this region in their archives. The scientific novelty consists in author’s discovery that Zhuravsky’s activity on exploration of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra was comprehensively supported by the directorate of the Russian Geographical Society, including finding opportunities for compensating the expeditionary costs and supply with instruments for conducting the topographic surveys.  

Keywords: geology, history of science, route surveys, Andrew Vladimirovich Zhuravsky, Yuri Mikhailovich Shokalsky, Bolshezemelskaya Tundra, Russian Geographical Society, expedition reports, scientific contacts, Platon Borisovich Rippas

Abstract: The subject of this research is the projects of zoning and administrative-territorial structure of Lower Volga Region, developed by the scholars of Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad) in the early 1920’s. Based on the results of the knowledge of history, geography and productive forces of the region, such compositions suggested the original view of the prospects of regional economic development, as well as administrative-territorial structure of the Krai. Studying of the zoning projects allows tracing the projects of the fundamental economic and administrative restructuring and their implementation during the first years of Soviet government. As demonstrated by the conducted research, the projects of administrative-territorial and administrative-economic reforms, carried out in the Lower Volga Region over the period of 1920’s – 1930’s, were developed on the early 1920’s. In 1928, was established the Lower Volga Oblast in accordance with the project, formulate by the Saratov researchers. However,  as a result of the reforms of 1930, 1932 and 1934, in three stages was implemented the project of Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad) Scholars of the early 1920’s.

Keywords: The regional studies of the Low Volga Region, History of science, Astrakhan, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, The Low Volga Region, Administrative-territorial reforms, Economical zoning, Study of the productive forces, Projects of the regional development

Abstract:   This article examines the system of philosophical-soteriological principles of Vajrayana Buddhism, interrelation between the concept of Three Vehicles of Buddhism teaching and three turns of the Dharma Wheel, as well as the main soteriological principles of Vajrayana Buddhism in the context of Mahayana doctrine. The author considers the problem of dating of the origination, establishment, and final formation of the direction of Vajrayana in India; the time of final composition of Vajrayana correlates with the process of infiltration of the extensive text of Vajrayana from India to China in the VIII century AD. In conclusion, the article provides the fundamental principles of salvation in Vajrayana Buddhism. As the accents in achieving freedom in Vajrayana Buddhism shifted from the gradual path of accumulating merits towards the ability of reaching “enlightenment” in earthly life, attention is focused on the basic principles of its achieving through using the three aspects of Buddha: body, speech, and mind; the principle of the oneness of the adept’s nature and Buddha’s nature is revealed. Reaching the ultimate soteriological goal – liberation – requires the cognition of yourself; the key significance in Vajrayana practice attains the work with personal consciousness through meditation.  

Keywords: upaya, mandala, samadhi, mantra, mudra, Trikaya, Vajrayana, Buddhism, prajna, tantra

Abstract:     During the years of the World War II, British government paid particular attention to formation of public opinion inside and outside the country, organizing the research institutes and statutory authorities on creation of the black and white propaganda, as well as attracting prominent historian scholars to cooperation. One of the remarkable representatives of the experts-intellectuals was Alan John Percivale Taylor, the author of several works written on request of the Directorate on the military policy affairs. The subject of this research is the activity of the famous British scholar and popularized of history A. J. P. Taylor, whose participation in the sequence of radio lectures of 1940’s laid the foundation for the development of popular science television. Methodological basis contains the principles of microhistorical approach that allows determining a number of trends characteristic to the entire British intellectual continuum of the late XX century. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the indicated problem was not fully covered in the national historical science, thus this article will attempt to fill the gaps regarding the engagement of the British intellectuals into media space during the war and post-war years. A conclusion is made that participation of the representatives of academic environment in propagandistic activities through using such high-tech for the 1940’s mass media as radio and television, contributed to origination of the popular science and educational programs.    

Keywords: popular science programs, British intellectuals, Alan Taylor, British propaganda, World War II, intellectual history, enlightenment, microhistory, formation of public opinion, British history

Abstract: The subject of this research is the creative stylistics of the traditionalist direction in modern Chinese calligraphy. The object of this research is the works of the prominent calligraphist Huang Qi (1914-2005, PRC), who was able to retain the ethical and aesthetic valued of calligraphic tradition through the historical cataclysms of the XX century. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of artistic principles that defined the creative work of Huang Qi, as well as characterizing the peculiarities of writing techniques of the maestro in various scripts. Psychotechnique of his creative process is explained through the traditional task of “nurturing life” (yang sheng). The example of the oeuvres created throughout the last two decades of Huang QI’ life demonstrates how the artistic expressiveness of calligraphy is interpreted and complements the content of the written texts. The picturesque scroll of the maestro are notable for calligraphic technique of arm manipulation and calligraphic structure of the picturesque shape, which corresponds with the fundamental for the Chinese visual art tradition principle of the initial unity of these two arts. The art methodology couples with the methods of semiotics, hermeneutics, and culturological analysis. The scientific novelty of the acquired results consists in examination of works of the remarkable representative of traditionalist direction that is yet insufficiently studies in the Western art history. The author reveals the factors of sustainable development of calligraphic tradition during the era of emergency modernization of China’s cultural space in the last quarter of the XX century, which opens the prospect for reconsideration of the importance of avant-garde directions known in the West.

Keywords: gaoang zhenfen, hongwei duanzhuang, jing shen, caoshu, lishu, zhuanshu, kaishu, mingkuai gangjing, xiaosa fengliu, tie ji