Abstract: The subject of this research is the philosophical polemics between Buddhism and Indian School Nyaya- Vaisheshika on the question of the existence and characteristics of an actor as it presented in the 8th book Vasubandhu's "Abhidharmakosa-Bhasya" (IV-V centuries) – “Pudgalavinishchaya”.It is one of the polemic compositions regarding the existence and characteristics of an actor, in which found their reflection the discussions of that topic between the “Orthodox” Buddhists on one hand, and Buddhists-“Heretics” (Pudgalavadin), Nyaya- Vaisheshikas, philosophers-grammarians, Sankhyaikas on the other hand. The article uses the comparative-historical method, comparative analysis, popular methodology of philosophical translation from Sanskrit into the Russian language. Vaisheshikas acknowledge the existence of the eternal irrevocable atman. The main argument of Vasubandhu is that if it did exist that the states of mind also will be eternal and irrevocable, which, apparently, does not correspond with the reality. On the contrary, the states of mind (citta) are momentary, because consist of the momentary dharma, generating from each other in cause-and-effect relation (within the flow of volatile dharma). The scientific novelty lies in conducting the first translation from Sanskrit into the Russian Language of a substantial chapter from “Pudgalavinishchaya" of Vasubandhu with the commentary of Yashomitra, dedicated to the question of the existence of the actor, as well as philosophical analysis of the provided fragment of the text.

Keywords: anatman, atman, non-self, self, Yashomitra, Pudgalavinishchaya, Vasubandhu, subject, Vaisheshika, Vaisheshikas

Abstract: The subject of this article is the philosophical polemics between Buddhism and Indian School of Nyaya-Vaisheshika on the question of existence and qualities of an actor as it presented in the chapter Atmapariksha (literally, "Study of the Atman") in Shantarakshita’s Tattvasamgraha). Shantarakshita is a Buddhist philosopher of the VIII century, one of the prominent Buddhist thinkers in India and Tibet, a representative of the school of Svatantrika-Madhyamaka. An outstanding oeuvre of Shantarakshita is "Tattvasamgraha" ("Compilation of Essential Problems", or "Compendium of Principles"). It is an extensive polemic work, containing 26 chapters that subject to criticism the identical number of the fundamental philosophical schools of India (Sankhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa, Lokayata, Yoga, Vedanta, and also Jainism and Buddhism of other schools). The author concludes that the key postulate of the Nyaya-Vaisheshika regarding the actor lies in the fact that for the mental phenomena (for example, desire, etc.), which are considered as qualities within its system, necessitates the presence of a certain substrate, namely Atman. Shantarakshita, in turn, criticizes the position of the Nyaya-Vaisheshika that the numerous perceptions are comprehended by "self" and, therefore, pertain to the same actor. This article is first to introduce translation from Sanskrit into the Russian language of a substantial passage from Shantarakshita’s Tattvasamgraha with commentaries of Kamalashila dedicated to the question of the existence of actor, as well as philosophical analysis of the aforementioned fragment of text.

Keywords: refutation of subject, non-Self, Self, Tattvasamgraha, Kamalashila, Shantarakshita, subject, Anatman, subjectivity, atman

Abstract: This article discusses the possible ways of improvement of the existing translations of Hegel’s “Phenomenology of Spirit” into the Russian language, as well as underlines the necessity to consider the stylistic specificities of description of the experience of consciousness in transmission of Hegelian thought. Special attention is given to the problem of status of the philosophical categories in Hegel’s text, correlation between the speech of observing consciousness and observed consciousness, ways of distinguishing in narration of the subject of consciousness (existence) from its certainty (knowledge). Because of this, the conceptual foundation for the crucially new translation of the “Phenomenology of Spirit” is being established.  The methodology of this research is based on the historical-philosophical reconstruction of the dialogical character of “Phenomenology of Spirit”, consideration of the grammar and stylistic peculiarities of the German and Russian languages, as well as analysis of the role of the philosophical categories in the modern philosophical discourse.

Keywords: specificities of the Russian stylistics, specificities of the Russian grammar, Russian philosophical language, German philosophical language, forms of consciousness, categories in «Phenomenology», experience of consciousness, dialogical character of «Phenomenology», structure of subject of «Phenomenology», Russian translations of «Phenomenology»

Abstract: The translation from the Persian language of the main the syuzhetoobrazuyushchikh of fragments of the major monument of the Persian sufiysky philosophical tradition - the philosophical poem "The Speech of the Birds" (Mantik at-tayr) Farid of ad-Din Attar Nischapuri (the XII-XIII centuries) is presented in article, and also are considered a number of questions, connected with studying of a literary heritage of Attar: disputes on number of the literary works written to them are conducted, there is no accurately established chronology of writing of compositions, besides, there are some poems attributed to Attar however there are no direct historical evidences that their author he. In research philological methods, and also the historico-philosophical and conceptual analysis of the text that allows to define strategy of interpretation of a number of poetic constructs (such as "soul bird", by "Simurg", "valleys") are used mainly thanks to which Attar opens the maintenance of important concepts of medieval sufiysky philosophy. Novelty of research consists first of all in translation from the Persian language of the medieval poem "The Speech of the Birds" (with a total amount about 800 couplets) relating both to poetry masterpieces and to the most authoritative works of sufiysky thought in tradition. This composition was repeatedly translated into the European languages (Garsen de Tassi, Edward Fitzgerald, D. Davies and. A. Darbandi, P. Everi) and Arab (M. Dzhum'a). The translation of separate parts of the poem into Russian and its partial retelling was executed by domestic iranist E.E. Bertels and A.E. Bertels. Only in 2006 the translation "Parables about the sheikh San'ana" from the poem "The Speech of the Birds" was published, and in 2009 — the translation of the poem executed by M. Borzui into Russian under the name "Logic of Birds" is published. However this translation of the poem is incomplete and is almost completely deprived of the scientific comment. In this regard the author counted necessary to make own translation of considerable part of this philosophical monument that will allow further more objectively and fully to cover philosophical ideas of Attar and to define his place in the context of Islamic medieval philosophical tradition.