Abstract: The paper considers the specific lines of the ontology of Cornelius Castoriadis in a triple context of his thought: polemics with Heidegger and Ricoeur, but also the reception of Castoriadis' project of modernity by Habermas. The author aims to elucidate historical-philosophical meaning of these debates and receptions through the special problems of the philosophy of history: teleology, succession, determination, creation, innovation, re-production, memory and imagination. The author used hermeneutical and intertextual analyse as methods. The results of authors' work are as follows: 1) author showed that Castoriadis polemized with some cases of reception of Heidegger's thought, especially in regard of Ancient Greek civilization, 2) author showed the limits of Castoriadis' thought: his radical atheism, social monadism, refusal to think communication, 3) author showed also the advantages of Castoriadis' thought of history: his multiculturalism, his claim to restaure genuine philosophy and democracy, critics of determinism, scientism, cultural egoism.

Keywords: Castoriadis, Heidegger, Ricoeur, Habermas, subject, history, polemics, history of philosophy, philosophy of history, creation

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to consider the role of the mathematical method in the study of social objects. The author notes that in a digital society, the mathematical method of describing social objects will become the main method of cognition. In addition, the author allows the expansion of the use of mathematical methodology to describe social objects and processes. Meanwhile, the author highlights the objective limits of using the mathematical method in the study of social objects. For example, the author draws attention to the impossibility of a mathematical description of such social phenomena as love, friendship, hatred and faith. In conclusion, the author notes the universal nature of the mathematical method and suggests using this method in the study of social processes. As a scientific novelty, we can highlight the examples of the use of the mathematical method in the description of social phenomena and processes proposed by the author. For example, the author uses the mathematical apparatus of topology and chaos theory in describing social relationships. Moreover, the author notes that the phenomenon of homeomorphism can be applied in the social sphere. For example, the author notes that personality, social group and society are topologically homeomorphic to each other, therefore, continuously reflect each other's properties. Also, the author draws attention to the fact that, for example, a "strange" attractor can describe some social phenomena, including attraction and dependence on initial conditions.

Keywords: strange attractor, the moral law, the categorical imperative, state, personality, society, homeomorphism, topology, chaos theory, social model

Abstract: This article represents a polemical response to the critical of poly-civilizational research article by D. E. Letnyakov, who offers to shift away from the essentialist attitudes in the context of studying the phenomenon of civilization, and rather focus on the mechanisms of formation of civilizational identity. In contradiction of the aforementioned point of view, the author of this article argues the inferiority and one-sidedness of the attempts to limit the multi-paradigm vector of research to a single methodological approach, substantiates the philosophical grounds of such multi-paradigmality, and on the example of gender studies, indicates the discrepancies that emerge due to neglecting the essential approach by the researchers. The subject of this article is the methodology of civilizational research. The author does not intent to refute the provisions of social constructivism completely, since its adherents made a considerable contribution to social knowledge, but rather demonstrate that in a number of multi-paradigm vectors (to which civilizational research belong to), this methodological approach cannot be limited to just one. It is substantiated that for philosophy, the criticism of civilizational theory from the perspective of social constructivism, is the phenomenon similar to refutation of Lobachevsky’s geometry from the standpoint of Euclidean geometry, or the laws of quantum mechanics based on the Newton laws. These are different worlds, different set of coordinates, with fundamentally different laws effective therein.

Keywords: identity, essentialism, social constructivism, nominalism, holism, civilization, gender, community, nation, myth

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the role of guilt and shame, namely to prevalence one of these emotions in a particular culture as the leading mechanism of social control. The prevalence of guilt or shame as a cultural “dimension” has become one of the first criteria for the division of cultures into Western and Eastern, and was used by the researchers as a basic postulate for cross-cultural r. Over time, the perception of emotions as the criterion for the division of cultures has been revised. The article traces the history of research on emotions in general, namely the emotions of guilt and shame as social emotions, as well as describes guilt and shame as collective and individual experiences. Analysis is conducted on the role of guilt and shame in methodology of research on social emotions, cross-cultural studies. The author outlines certain methodological problems and contradictions, and assesses the current state of scientific research dedicated to social emotions. The conclusion is made that the research on collective sense of guilt and shame is more advanced from the perspective of cross-cultural psychology and philosophy, as well as the overall methodology of science; it allows shifting from the study of the role of individual emotions in interpersonal (conditioned by collective ties), intergroup and intragroup communication towards the integrated study of emotions associated with interaction of the individual and society, i.e. social experiences.

Keywords: collective emotions, methodology of science, cross-cultural research, cognitive-affective models of emotions, shame, guilt, social emotions, philosophy of science, social control, cultural syndrom

Abstract: The subject of this research is conditions for the creation of nontrivial classifications for the historical-philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of French “post-structuralism”. The author believes that the term “post-structuralism” is a historical-philosophical abstraction insofar that the researchers do not take into consideration a specificity of the thought of French philosophers in the space between modernism and classicism. The article also examines the instances when the “post-structuralists” (Foucault, Castoriadis) address the problem of classification and systematization of philosophical knowledge based on the attempt to classify sciences that has been carried out in French rationalism by Goblot and Meyerson. The research employs the historical-philosophical methods for rationalizing the project of “nontrivial” philosophical classification as a uniform intellectual process, although it is yet to be discerned and finalized. The novelty of this work consists in the fact that the author not only applied the methods of nontrivial classification developed in cognitive linguistics (Lakoff) and theoretical biology (Meien) to the historical-philosophical process, but made an attempt to demonstrate that the development of such heuristic methods is possible within the framework of the history of philosophy as a discipline. The author examined the “archaeological” analytics of biology of Foucault and the concept of social time in of Castoriadis.

Keywords: social-historical time, episteme, Meyerson, Castoriadis, Foucault, history of philosophy, poststructuralism, classification, French philosophy, methodology of research

Abstract: This article is dedicated to conceptualization of the subject field of imagination. Imagination stops being a byproduct of the creative process. It is defined as the ability to exceed boundaries of creative process in mental combinations of the aspects of knowledge and being, sensation and reason. Research methodology is substantiated by the complementarity and intersection of different discourses on imagination on the basis of dialectics as an ancient mode of thought. Imagination is determined from the perspective of ontoepistemology and accumulation of structural-organizational attachments into image. The unity of being and knowledge (ontoepistemology) manifests in segmentation of the image and derivation of structural generalizations, all of which allow determining multiple meanings of the objects discovered by means of visualization and symbolization. Being correlate of the symbol, image is visualized, and reveals the meanings of human life. Symbol saturates image with the content. Image has power over people and their mind by not complying with the rules. Imagination is a method for reconstructing cognitive process. It is perceived as an instrument for comparing, uniting, and coordination of diverse elements of cognition. Imagination mentalizes the image, helps to comprehend it through a number of transitions, inside which takes place integration of segments of the image into a symbol. Then, through generalization of the image (symbols, words, meanings), its form turns into a text, read by the mind, for example, a rhizome that removes contradistinction of internal and external, subjective and objective. Mentalization of the image, symbolization of its segments and their translation into in the text takes place by integration of structural attachments into the image. The author suggests that this conceptual construct allows determining the role of imagination among other representations of human sciences.

Keywords: structure, assembly, artifactor, ontoepistemology, rhizome, sign, symbol, image, imagination, mentalization

Abstract: The subject of this research is the historical-philosophical and polemical context of philosophical reasoning on the history of French philosopher of Greek descent Cornelius Castoriadis (1922-1997). The philosopher builds a complicated polemical model that vividly responses to all attempts to determines society, being, history, and a human. Even such prominent philosophers of the XX century, such as M. Heidegger, J. Habermas. And P. Ricoeur, who do not show prejudice attitude towards philosophical knowledge, become subjected to critical analysis. The scientific novelty consists in attracting the new to the Russian audience historical-philosophical material, as well as a distinct attempt to reproduce of such polemics and debated that took place within the French intellectual environment of the late XX century. However, the author did not pursue the task of historical and biobibliographical description; the emphasis was made on the so-called return to the origins of the philosophy of history, revival of philosophical reasoning on history based on the examined material, demonstration of the complicated, aporetic, heterogeneous and heuristic nature of relationship between philosophy, humanities and social disciplines. The conclusion is made that the work of Castoriadis mostly represents philosophical criticism of theoretical grounds of humanities and social disciplines, rather than a poststructuralist philosophy of history; but this criticism, studied in the context of philosophical thought, acquires an independent scientific meaning.

Keywords: history of philosophy, polemics, history, subject, Habermas, Ricoeur, Heidegger, Castoriadis, philosophy of history, creation

Abstract: This article touches upon issues related to the possibility of maintaining the unity of self-consciousness in the temporal continuity, the difference between self-identification and self-consciousness, as well as the role of the subject in the process of self-constructing. Modernity provides a large number of technologies for self-identification. They create a simplified image of self-consciousness: self-awareness is understood as a thing endowed with certain qualities. Their disadvantage is not only that they offer a simplified, schematic view of an individual, a pattern into which much, if not all, can fit. These self-identification technologies are often misunderstood, identified with the process of self-consciousness. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the procedures of self-identification and the process of self-consciousness, ― it does not lend itself to patterns. Self-identification is a technological process. Self-consciousness is an intuitive-interpretive activity, not a discursive one. The article presents the desubstantivist concept of “Self”, demonstrates the need for introduction of temporality into the concept of “Self”, how self-conscious activity unfolds in time, what is its specificity, and how it differs from the procedure for self-identification.

Keywords: substantivism, personality typology, psychology, temporality, time, self-consciousness, self-identification, subject, desubstantivism, subjectivity

Abstract: This article analyzes the logical conclusions of the two prominent scholars of the XX century:  Nikolai Gersevanov and Viktor Shestakov. The significance of the works of these two scholars for the methodology of science and areas of the applied implementation of logic is underlined. The author believes that the research of Gersevanov and Shestakov became the landmark in establishment of the mathematical logic in Russia. Thus, the object of this article is the separate aspects of creative path of the two prominent researchers; and the subject is the use of the methods of formal logic in their works. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author is first to analyze the logical-mathematical alphabet used by Gersevanov, comparing it with the modern interpretation of the true meaning of logical constants. The article also examines the logical works of Gersevanov pertinent to substantiation of competence of the hydraulic structures and logical formulations of Shestakov in the area of implementation of logic to the synthesis and analysis of the relay-contact schemes as the two interconnected parts of research dynamics in our country. Gersevanov’s logical formulas are compared to the search for formalization of observations initiated by I. I. Zhegalkin. A conclusion is made on the prospective use of the exploratory works of Gersevanov and Shestakov.  

Keywords: logic, electrical engineering, construction mechanics, Nikolai Gersevanov, Victor Shestakov, propositional variables, calculus of propositions, formal logic, history of logic, philosophy of science

Abstract: This article examines the conceptual structure of the process of generalizes rationalistic cognition. The two main levels are highlighted: formalizes, mathematically modeled; and open, which is only partially formalized. Philosophical rationality refers to the second level. Such approach allows determining the corresponding to these levels forms of reasoning, as well as the specificities of their actualization. The need for their essential demarcation derives from the fact that each form of reasoning is infinite and self-sufficient in itself, and thus possesses an immanent tendency to extrapolation, which is able to disturb their standard functioning. The main conclusions consist in the statements that the highlighted methods of interpretation and establishment of the truth have a fairly particular applicability. The first level of reasoning is aimed at clarification of regularities and causal connections, which are actually the natural scientific studies. The second one pertains to the problems of open and complex systems – society, history, human, and culture. The peculiarity of reasoning in a non-natural spheres is expressed in the factors of nonlinearity and anticipation. In such case. The subject is capable of escaping the sphere of repressive-compulsory effect of the various types of determinations and shift from the prehistory to the accrual form of historical development. Philosophical categories whereas are viewed as the modeling cognitive-existential structures being in the state of dialogical establishment.

Keywords: determinism, rationalism, existence, history, reason, concept, modeling, indeterminism, freedom, subject

Abstract: The object of this research is the study of philosophy as a discipline in modern France. The subject of this research is the development of the rational critical thinking in the context of philosophical course in modern France within problematic field of cultural self-identification. The author meticulously examines the impact of philosophy as a discipline that studied in French schools upon the development of critical thinking of the French authors, as well as the influence of rational philosophy, particularly Cartesianism, which principles are ingrained within the framework of the student course of philosophy on the cultural self-identification in France. The article applies the method of philosophical comparativistics, axiological and anthropological approaches, as well as general scientific principles of historicism and objectivity unity of historical and logical, ascent from the concrete to the abstract and the ascent from the abstract to the concrete. The main conclusion of the conducted research lies in the fact that philosophy, which in multiple aspect leans on the methodology of Cartesian school, is one of the essential subjects in the system of education in France, not only because in ingrains the general culture and basic values, but also teaches to organize the thinking process in accordance with certain order that irrevocably prevails in French tradition of expression of thoughts in the verbal and written forms.

Keywords: cultural identity, philosophy, cartesianism, Descartes, France, critical thinking, method, methodology, culture, axiomatics

Abstract: This article examines the specificity of establishment and functioning of self-position during childhood. Based on the analysis of some representations formed within the scientific cognition (about egocentrism of child’s reasoning, immatureness of knowledge on the objective permanency among children, late and inferential character of the abilities to feel their remoteness from mother, relative autonomy and independence in interpersonal communication), the author determines their discordance to the existing state of things. For developing the more suitable conceptual apparatus to examine the child’s self-consciousness, the article considers the strong and weak sides of the concept of Ulric Neisser, who introduces into the scientific discourse such viable terms as the ecological al and interpersonal “self”. As a result of the logical-methodological analysis of experimental data, are revealed the conceptual “traps” that distract the researchers towards the unbiased comprehension of the specificity of child’s self- and world perception, provoking the essential demarcation of the stages of establishment of the phenomenon and their further development noticed in the fact the first of them unfolds when the state of the carrier is holistic and unequivocal, while the other correlates with the state of duality. Thus, the author reveals the profound prerequisites of the conceptual discordance of the self- and world perception of a child and an adult. It is demonstrated that most reputable and currently popular representations on the crucial peculiarities of the child’s reasoning and world perception, associated with the name of Jean Piaget, in many aspects do not correspond with the reality. It is substantiated that the subconscious orientation of the researcher that the behavior of a young child is interpreted within the framework of the categorical scale of the world perception of an adult, provokes inaccurate outlook upon the interpretation of logics of the establishment of selfness within the cognitive development of a person.   

Keywords: reasoning, experience, selfness, development, ego, cognitive development , Unequivocalness , duality, establishment, methodology

Abstract: This article examines the key methodological approaches towards the research of social adaptation of individuals, as well as determines grounds for their classification. The author demonstrates the multiple theories of social adaptation are associated with the description of its static-theoretical or dynamic aspect that manifests as the characteristics of human activity. Study of the process of social adaptation suggests the motion towards examination of its dynamic features substantiated by the mental specificities of the subject of adaptation, as well as separate components and determinants that typify the distinction of adaptation phases and its stages. The article explains the pragmatist nature of social adaptation as a process in the course of which takes place the establishment and development of a human, his consciousness, self-awareness, self-control, and self-esteem; this results in the adjustment to external effects and inner condition, as well as various behavioral forms. The article applies the dialectic approach towards researching of social phenomena, method of analysis, classification, generalization, systemic and structural approaches. The author provides classification to the research on social adaptation: the first group concerns the examination of its static-theoretical aspect, while the second explores the dynamic aspect. It is defined that social adaptation is mediated by the process of establishment of a subject, level of development of consciousness and self-awareness of an individual, level of development of self-regulation processes, self-control, and self-esteem that leads to striking the balance between external and inner state alongside the various behavioral forms of a human.

Keywords: Principle of inclusion, Methodology of research, Interaction, Personal specificities, Pragmatist approach, Subject, Activity, Society, Individual, Social adaptation

Abstract:   This article examines the issues of formation of the methodology of humanitarian knowledge. A number of substantive aspect can be properly described leaning on the argumentative scientific practice of the era of non-classical research, first and foremost, in theoretical physics. Some of the proliferated stable general views in this field, associated with the names of Karl Popper and Paul Feyerabend, require a crucial critical reframing, due to generating an overall improper image of a scientific research.This, in turn, leads to the inability of efficiently using the methodological achievements of science in humanitarian research. It appears that the corresponding translation of methodological approaches and principles takes place by the virtue of their coherent conceptual expansion. The preliminary analysis is conducted within the framework of determining the situation of using the views on “latent parameters” on socio-humanitarian studies. The author generalizes Bohr’s complementarity principle towards its ontological expansion, as well as provides interpretation of the conceptual completeness of humanitarian knowledge. The latter is realizes from the perspective of interpretation of the theoretical situation of latent parameters in the context of philosophical knowledge. The corresponding ambivalence of philosophical interpretations is being demonstrated. At the same tie, one party supports the general physical conclusion on the improper introduction of latent parameters into the theory, while the other party demonstrates the historically stable and constructive variant of their implementation.  

Keywords: practice, language game, humanitarian knowledge, complementarity principle, conceptual completeness, latent parameters, truth, metodology, existential strain, cognition

Abstract: The relevance of this article is substantiated by the popularity of thought experiment as one of the key methods of modern philosophy. The author examines the differences between the thought and empirical experiments. It is demonstrated that the role of thought experiment is far from being reduced to the study of theories of internal consistency, but rather that it can be presented as an independent, primarily, critical method of philosophical analysis, as well as a mediator between the intuitions of common sense and abstract theoretical constructs. Based on this, the author underlines the role of thought experiment as an important tool for examination of the limits of rationality itself, as well as formulation of the “complex issues” of philosophy. The article also reviews the various strategies of application of thought experiment in the normative ethical discussions – on the example of theories and thought experiments of Nozick, D. Thompson, and others. At the same time, the author notes the closeness of the thought experiment in its narrative-metaphoric form to fiction, which has already gained the status of an interpreter of the philosophical and normative-ethical theories onto the figurative language of intuition.

Keywords: Foot, Nagel, fiction, metodology, ethics, philosophy, thought experiment, Chalmers, Dennet, Kant

Abstract: The object of this research is the relevant problems of methodology of cognition of the socio-humanitarian disciplines, substantiated primarily by the conceptual openness of historical processes and cultural systems.  Special attention is given to highlighting and typification of the main prerequisites of reasoning of this matter, which as a rule, differ by weak reflexivity, but carry an imperative status of preliminary axiomatics. The author determine the initial prerequisites that lead to disruption of the semantic conceptual coherence of the conducted discourse. Due to this fact, emerges the question about the corresponding terminological discursive language, referential to being complex (open) systems. Philosophical method of concretization of the introduced notions is applied in the context of realization of the axiomatic reduction. Its success is defines by the possibility of conduction an actual textual analysis based on the corresponding characteristic texts. The main conclusion of this work consist in the thesis that the crucial factor of the openness of sociocultural systems establishes the limit of applicability of the natural scientific research methodologies, which use a mandatory procedure of formalization of an object in terms of the experimental scheme and mathematical modelling. Attempts of the direct formalization in social works lead to ineradicable abstractness, and thus, dogmatism of interpretations. The author analyses the two main types of ostensible axiomatics, which result in the lack of accurateness of the humanitarian research. The first derives from the deformation of conceptual description of the system, while the second emerges due to the nonvanishing practice of neo-scholastic theorization.

Keywords: alienation, direct intentionality, axiom, space, time, socio-humanitarian research, methodology, discourse, ostensible axiomatics, theorization

Abstract: This article reviews and critically analyzes the popular among some contemporary scholars and philosophers point of view, according to which fiction lacks any knowledgeable function, and thus, only “the serious” scientific and scientific-popular literature is able to answer the “eternal questions”. Polemicizing with the similar scientist approach, the author refers to the rational critical metaphilosophy, within the framework of which the “eternal questions” pertain to pursuit of philosophy rather than science. The work substantial the problem-dynamic understanding of philosophy as the core of critical rationality, and therefore – metatheoretical core of the science itself. From such metaphilosophical perspective, the author examines the works of F. M. Klinger and F. M. Dostoyevsky, proving the possibility of existence of a specific literary-philosophical method, which is the most relevant for the analysis of ethical issues. Based on the C. McGinn’s opinion, the author justifies the point of view, according to which, fiction is able to perform the role of mental laboratory in philosophy. In reference to the certain most complicated for the philosophical analysis problems, fiction possesses even richer and more suitable range of methods for understanding of these issues.

Keywords: Nagel, thought experiment, science, metaphilosophy, ethics, Klinger, Dostoevsky, Fiction, McGinn, Nikonov

Abstract: The subject of research is the problem of forming the methodological platform for the strategic management system in Russia on the basis of the modern theory of the development of specific sites. The object of study is the concept of development in historical context, the notion of development, list of research questions. The author briefly describes the evolution of research development, summarizes the achievements of the theory of development.Special attention is paid to the study of the concept of development.A list of the fundamental problems of developing knowledge objects.Is the problem of formation of system of knowledge development and developing objects (science development).Research methods: the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, the tools methods of the materialist dialectic, synergetic and system approaches, historical method. Novelty:1. As a basis of methodology of knowledge of complex developing objects in the framework of the dialectical approach proposes the concept of developing specific objects, which relies on the definition of development as the emergence of the new object type or complex organizational interactions and binding (retention) in the number sequence States object with all its internal and external interactions.2. In the system of knowledge development are three major areas – cognitive, design, institutional, invited a group of interrelated epistemological issues and knowledge development is presented as an organic complex philosophical and metascientific ones and specifically research-oriented developing objects and processes development

Keywords: strategic management, theory, definition, concept, knowledge, process, object, development, strategic planning, the design of the future

Abstract: The article outlines some ways of mapping the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger and the metaphysics of integral traditionalism of R. Genon. As a starting point to identify similarities and differences in philosophical constructions of the two thinkers the principle of "ontological differentia" (ontologische Differenz) is elected, that suggests a consistent distinction between existence and being. In the context of Heidegger's phenomenology ontological differentia has the status of a fundamental principle and foundation of philosophical reflection as such. The distinction between being and existence is the basis of the distinction of philosophy and private positive sciences. This principle also determines the specificity of Heidegger’s interpretation of the history of West European metaphysics. Heidegger sees the history of metaphysics through the prism of ontological differences. In Genon’s metaphysics the ontological differentia lies in the distinction of the totality of the manifested opportunities (determined conditions) on the one hand, and the Being as the unmanifest principle and the metaphysical foundation of any expression on the other hand.Consideration of the principle of ontological differentia in the context of fundamental ontology and in the context of the metaphysics of integral traditionalism revealed the following similarities in Heidegger’s philosophy and Genon’s philosophy: 1) the recognition of transdefinition of being and apophatic nature of the ontology; 2) the approval of the fundamental incomparability and incommensurability of philosophy and positive sciences; 3) the statement of the plurality of states/modes/dimensions of being and the problem of a unified concept of being. However the identified similarities in philosophical constructions of the two thinkers should not obscure the more fundamental differences. The main difference between Heidegger and Genoon is the difference in the methods of constructing the ontology. The way to the fundamental ontology of Heidegger lies in the existential analytics of Dasein, while Genon’s way of constructing the ontology remains a purely metaphysical (speculative).

Keywords: hermeneutic phenomenology, metaphysics, traditionalism, fundamental ontology, the ontological differentia, Genon, Heidegger, existential analytics, traditionalist metaphysics, ontology

Abstract: The relevance of the proposed research is to impart a strictly necessary character to the conclusions of sociology. Claims of social sciences on scientific rigor will not be realized as long as the logical consistency requirement is unsatisfied, i.e., the requirement to establish a logical-conceptual apparatus, the methodological framework that would help overcome the one-sided empiricism of sociologists in their studies. According to the authors, Alfred Schutz's ideas should help to achieve this goal. The relevance of this study is also determined by the necessety to overcome the gap between general theoretical research and empirical level of knowledge, the latter is often being limited to the collection of individual data and conduction of surveys in social groups. The authors of this article associate the strengthening of the logical and methodological component in the sociological study with the name of Schutz. They believe that this is the methodology of Schutz that will facilitate objective consideration of phenomena of social reality. In terms of methodology this work is based on the idea of the fruitfulness of synthesis (the synthetic unity) of the objective and the intuitive and reflexive-empirical and formal logic methods in social cognition. Estimating Alfred Schutz' conclusions, the authors use the comparative historical approach, qualitative content analysis of sources (philosophical and sociological works of the researchers of the XIX-XX centuries including Tarde, Weber and Schutz himself). Additionally, the authors apply scientific methods of analogy, generalization, abstraction, deductive application recognized as the true position with reference to new scientific material, etc. The novelty of the proposed approach is caused by the fact that the authors apply Alfred Schutz's ideas to the determination of the degree of scientific rigor of findings in social sciences. The authors consider this social philosopher to be one of the few supporters of the creative synthesis of traditional positivist approach and phenomenological analysis of social reality. The authors of this article are based on the fact that the place of methodological and logical units in social cognition has been insufficiently studied. Application to fill such gaps, especially when it concerns the social and philosophical heritage of Alfred Schutz, is made in the present study. Noteworthy that the analysis of Schultz' ideas is presented in comparison to the problems raised by Tarde and Weber. Edmund Husserl is also used by the authors. Trying to uncover the meaning of the methodological innovations of a major Austro-American social philosophe is also a new approach in the study of his scientific legacy.

Keywords: laws of social development, truth, methodology, logic, phenomenology, social philosophy, Schutz, subjective interpretation, cognition, Parsons