Abstract: The article discusses the situation in the methodology of social sciences. There were problems with defining the subject of these sciences and distinguishing them from sociology. While some sociologists defend the specifics of sociology, others, for example, Z. Bauman, argue that "sociology is a residual discipline, which is limited by what remains outside the field of view of other social disciplines." The author, following Bauman, separates and connects sociology with the social sciences as follows: in the social sciences, the processes and interactions of people are considered as factors and anthropological conditions of the corresponding deindividual structures and processes (economic, political, legal, institutional, etc.). Answering the question about the nature of the subject of social sciences, the author argues that social sciences study, on the one hand, associations and populations of people, on the other hand, processes and patterns of their changes, on the third hand, social actions under the influence of which these changes occur. Sociology constructs its ideal objects on the assumption that the main thing in this reality are people and their relationships. Other social disciplines consider people as one of the factors and conditions, and distinguish and study various deindividual processes and structures as the main ones. These provisions are explained within the framework of methodological discourse and illustrated by the material of cultural history.

Keywords: factors, conditions, change, mind, object, sociality, social sciences, sociology, nature, society

Abstract: The subject of the study is the interrelation of the phenomena of reflection and rationality in the structure of the mechanisms of scientific cognition. The results obtained within the framework of Russian philosophy in different periods of its development – the Soviet and modern stages – are compared. Attention is drawn to the fundamental nature of the research results on the relationship between reflection and rationality obtained during the Soviet period of philosophy development. In the philosophy of that period, a concept was proposed that remained outside the field of view of modern research. One of the features of the subject of the Soviet concept is the identification of the relationship between reflection and rationality through the connection of rationality with the semantic function of reflection. The subject of modern domestic research is influenced by the Western tradition of studying phenomena. Its characteristic feature is the separate consideration of reflection and rationality in science. The research method is a dialectical-materialistic approach. The peculiarity of the research is the use of internal contradictions of reflection and rationality. The novelty of the work is characterized by the application of the results of Soviet dialectical-materialistic studies of the problems of reflection and rationality in science to the modern analysis of the problem. Using the example of modern domestic research, the dialectical nature of the relationship between reflection and rationality is demonstrated. It is shown that the modern discussion of this problem is in a dialectical context, constituted by the framework of the relationship between reflection and rationality. The idea is expressed that the dialectical method continues to be fundamental and is an adequate way of analyzing the existing understanding of the problem. In particular, dialectical-materialistic methodology contributes to the resolution, in the words of one of the modern researchers, of the "epistemological impasse", which he characterizes the results of the modern study of scientific reflection. In general, the conclusion is made about the productivity of resuming dialectical research in modern philosophy.

Keywords: methodological function of science, meaning – setting function of reflection, semantic function of reflection, rationality, reflection, the positivist approach, dialectical-materialistic approach, philosophy of science, Russian philosophy, interval approach

Abstract: The article focuses on the problems associated with the need to express in the language of science in a consistent way the movement and various kinds of changes taking place in the objective world by developing logics that would be tolerant of logical contradictions. The paper presents a brief history of the creation of paraconsistent (paraconsistent) logics, in which logical contradictions turned out to be quite permissible. It is noted that the priority in their development belongs to Russian scientists N. A. Vasiliev and I. E. Orlov, as well as Polish philosophers and logicians Y. Lukasevich and S. Yaskovsky; that since the seventies of the last century, the development of paraconsistent logics has assumed an international character; that interest in these logics is not abating at the present time. The possibilities of using paraconsistent logics presented in the works of foreign and domestic philosophers and logicians for the formalization of dialectics are discussed. The positive role of these logics is shown in solving many paradoxes in the foundations of classical propositional calculation and predicate logic, as well as in order to limit undesirable consequences when using IT technologies related to the processing of inconsistent or contradictory information. It is concluded that the use of paranoherent logics in the construction of models of individual fragments of dialectics contributes to its development as logic and as ontology, and indicates that the apparatus of non-classical logics as a whole is a very powerful means of studying and explaining many problems of theoretical cognition.

Keywords: para-contradictory logic, para-consistency, paradox, science, logic of change, relevant logic, dialectical temporal logic, dialectics, logical contradiction, objective contradiction

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the problem of increasing the reliability of modeling of cognitive systems, to which the authors refer not only human intelligence, but also artificial intelligence systems, as well as intelligent control systems for production, technological processes and complex equipment. It is shown that the use of cognitive systems for solving control problems causes very high rapidity requirements for them. These requirements combined with the necessity to simplify modeling methods as the modeling object becomes more complex determine the choice of an approach to modeling cognitive systems. Models should be based on the use of simple algorithms in the form of trend detection, correlation, as well as (for solving intellectual problems) on the use of algorithms based on the application of various patterns of forms and laws. In addition, the models should be decentralized. An adequate representation of decentralized systems formed from a large number of autonomous elements can be formed within the framework of agent-based models. For cognitive systems, two models are the most elaborated: actor and reactor models. Actor models of cognitive systems have two possible realizations: as an instrumental model or as a simulation. Both implementations have the right to exist, but the possibilities of realizing a reliable description when using the tool model are higher, because it provides incommensurably higher rapidity, and also assumes variability of the modeled reality. The actor model can be realized by means of a large number of existing programming languages. The solution to the problem of creating simulative actor models is available in most languages that work with actors. Realization of instrumental actor models requires rapidity, which is unattainable in imperative programming. In this case, the optimal solution is to use actor metaprogramming. Such programming is realizable in many existing languages.

Keywords: actor, decentralization, patterns, trends, modeling, rapidity, reliability, control, cognitive system, metaprogramming

Abstract: The subject of the study is the scientific and religious aspects of the anthropological determinism of the philosophical works of A.L. Chizhevsky, the object is the deterministic views of the cosmist on man. The author examines in detail the "dialectical" anthropological determinism compatible with the freedom of human will of the "Basic principle of the universe" and the roughly deterministic approach to man of the "Electronic Theory and genesis of forms". Special attention is paid to the study of the question concerning the validity of both types of deterministic views in the context of global evolutionism, as well as Christianity and Vedantist ideas about the "cosmic game" correlated with the phenomenon of cosmic consciousness. The purpose of the work is to explicate the question of the peculiarities of the correlation of scientific and religious worldviews in Russian cosmism, based on which it is possible to identify the grounds for a productive dialogue between science and religion.  The following methods were used: analysis of textual sources (including manuscripts of the 1703 fund of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation), comparative analysis, analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction, historical method. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification of two varieties of anthropological determinism characterizing the philosophical works of A.L. Chizhevsky, and the study of their compliance with scientific and religious views. The main conclusions of the study are the following judgments: 1) "dialectical" anthropological determinism seems legitimate, in contrast to the roughly deterministic approach to man; 2) an assessment of the correspondence of the two mentioned varieties of anthropological determinism to scientific and religious views allows us to draw the same conclusion about their legality. A similar vision of a complex phenomenon in scientific and religious discourses indicates the presence of points of contact between them. The similarities and differences between science and religion should become the basis for solving the urgent problem of building a constructive dialogue between these forms of human culture.

Keywords: The anthropic principle, religion, the science, evolution, human, free will, determinism, Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, synergetics, cosmic consciousness

Abstract: The aim of the research is to study the relationship between logic and mathematics in the structure of axiomatized and formalized scientific theories. The object of the study is the explication of this connection and its explanation. The subject of the study is syntactic and semantic views on the structure of scientific theories, the relationship between logic and mathematics has not been studied in detail in them. In the syntactic view, the structure of the theory is understood as a linguistic construct build from various logical propositions of the theoretical level, correspondence propositions and observation propositions. The structure of the theory does not take into account the variety of model representations of the theory that generate a variety of language constructs. The semantic view overcomes this disadvantage, and in it the structure of the theory is presented as a hierarchy of models: from axioms to theoretical-level models, experimental models and data models. The structure of the theory, the connection of logic and mathematics were studied using comparative analysis, methods of interpretive analysis and reconstruction of scientific theories. The methods made it possible to explicate mathematical concepts in the structure of the theory and correlate them with logic and natural language. Comparative analysis has shown that in the syntactic view, the connection between logic and mathematics lies in the fact that mathematical concepts of physics are interpreted in the language of logic of first-order predicates with equality. The connection between mathematical concepts is provided by the axiomatic method, which serves as a means of formalizing concepts. Mathematics comes down to logic. In the semantic approach, in order to identify the connection between mathematics and logic, it was necessary to reconstruct the structure of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. With the help of the set-theoretic predicate of Suppes, its axioms were determined, the connection between mathematical structures, postulates of the theory, axioms, and observable quantities was established. Logic and mathematics are related to each other in such a way that metamathematics or linguistics is a part of mathematics. Mathematics includes set theory and model theory, i.e. mathematical logic. The connection of mathematical formalisms with phenomena and with natural language remains problematic, and there is this drawback in the syntactic approach. The novelty lies in the fact that the research contributes to the methodology and logic of science, to the explanation of the connection between logic and mathematics in scientific theory, which was illustrated by various examples from various fields of physics.

Keywords: structure of the theory, formalization, the axiomatic method, logic, mathematics, semantic view, syntactic view, methodology of science, set-theoretic predicate, model

Abstract: The subject of the study is the phenomenon of reflection in the structure of the mechanisms of scientific cognition. The results of studying the phenomenon obtained within the framework of Russian philosophy in different periods of its development – the Soviet and modern stages - are compared. Attention is drawn to the fundamental nature of the research results of scientific reflection obtained during the Soviet period of philosophy development. In the philosophy of that period, the concept of reflection was proposed, which remained outside the field of view of modern research. A feature of the subject of the Soviet concept is the identification of two aspects of scientific reflection – the relationship between reflection and rationality, as well as the relationship between the meaning-setting and meaning-revealing functions of reflection. The subject of modern domestic research is influenced by the Western tradition. Its characteristic feature is the isolation of reflexive thinking on oneself or, in Soviet terminology, the reduction of scientific reflection to a semantic function. The research method is a dialectical-materialistic approach. The peculiarity of the study is the use of internal contradictions of reflection. The novelty of the work is characterized by the application of the results of Soviet dialectical-materialistic research to modern analysis. It is shown that the modern discussion of this problem is in a dialectical context, constituted by the framework of interrelated opposites. The idea is expressed that the dialectical-materialistic approach continues to be fundamental and is an adequate method of considering reflection. In particular, the dialectical-materialistic methodology will contribute to overcoming, in the words of one of the modern researchers, the "epistemological impasse" with which he characterizes the results of modern study. The conclusion is made about the need to resume dialectical research.

Keywords: neopositivism, postpositivism, rationality, meaning - setting function of reflection, semantic function of reflection, reflection, strong STS program, dialectical-materialistic approach, philosophy of science, Russian philosophy

Abstract: The article explores some possible ways of interaction between philosophy and the specific cognitive scientific disciplines: psychology, neurosciences, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and anthropology. The author draws on V.A. Lektorsky’s idea of the dialogue between philosophy and the cognitive sciences. Philosophy and the cognitive sciences engage in a productive dialogue in which their mutual enrichment, the strengthening or weakening of certain scientific or philosophical theories, and theoretical progress can occur. On the one hand, it is asserted that philosophy can have the greatest impact on the development of the cognitive sciences in the way of clarifying problems of the philosophy of science. These problems encompass the problem of the theoretical progress of cognitive studies, the problem of the nature of individual cognitivist theories (as well as the nature of groups of individual theories such as connectionism, predictive processing, etc.), the problem of the relationship of cognitive disciplines to each other, and more. In addition, philosophers can contribute to discussions concerning the foundations of the cognitive sciences and their key concepts of representation and computation. They can also play a significant role in assessing the ethical implications of the emergence of new cognitive technologies and neurotechnologies. On the other hand, the specific cognitive disciplines can provide new insights into traditional philosophical issues, like the problem of consciousness and the brain, the problem of free will, and enrich the philosophy of science with novel empirical data.

Keywords: representation, dialogue, practices, the problem of theoretical progress, theoretical complexes, cognitive sciences, philosophy of science, computation, cognitive technologies, neurotechnologies

Abstract: Non-classical logicians have significantly expanded the traditional field of using logical methods. The first of them was the three-digit logic of Y. Lukasevich. Next came the three-digit logic of A. Bochvar, the "quantum logics" of G. Reichenbach and P. Detush-Fevrier, infinite-valued, probabilistic and other logics. The possibilities of non-classical logics have become widely used in various branches of scientific knowledge. Polysemantic, fuzzy, intuitionistic, modal, relevant and paranoherent, temporal and other non-classical logics are widely used today in physics, computational mathematics, computer science, linguistics, jurisprudence, ethics and other fields of natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge. The recently increased interest in non-classical logics is explained, first of all, by the fact that various philosophical, syntactic, semantic and metalogical problems that were previously discussed in the scientific community are being replaced by practical interests. The main source of such interest is their wide application in computer science, artificial intelligence and programming. The logic of causality is used in the interpretation of the concepts of "law of nature", "ontological necessity" and "determinism"; temporal modal logics - for modeling, specification and verification of software systems of logical control; logics with vector semantics, combining the features of fuzzy and para-contradictory logics - in solving problems of dynamic verification of production knowledge bases and expert systems.

Keywords: probabilistic logic, additionality logic, three-valued logic., relevant logic, practice, paraconsistent logic, fuzzy logic, non-classical logic, science, multi-valued logic

Abstract: The paper states that the civilizational foundations of socio–humanitarian criteria for evaluating technological innovations are, first of all, the value-normative systems of each individual civilization, and their modification inevitably either leads to a civilizational crisis, or is its consequence. Such crises themselves are considered not so much from the standpoint of their assessment (positive or negative), but based on ideas about their systemic nature – as a kind of an error in the functioning of the system, occurring either from its insufficient ability to adequately respond to external challenges, or from inconsistency in the pace and direction of development of its individual parts. In this article, the civilizational foundations on which the criteria for evaluating scientific and technical innovations are based on the following considerations: 1) the idea that modern civilization belongs precisely to the technogenic type, based on the works of V. S. Stepin; 2) the methodology of studying civilization as an autopoietic recursive system. According to the conclusions of the article, the modern technogenic civilization does not have the fullness of the grounds necessary for the formation of a consistent holistic system of socio-humanitarian criteria for evaluating technological innovations, however, such grounds may arise provided that the current value and world outlook crisis is overcome by eliminating the contradiction between the heuristic and teleological parts of the existing worldview.

Keywords: values, crisis, recursion, autopoiesis, technogenic civilization, technological innovations, evaluation criteria, norms, system, environment

Abstract: The work deals with the history, main principles and areas of activity of "Socially Engaged Buddhism" - an influential trend of modern Buddhist social activism that is especially popular in Western countries. It is noted that its relevance is caused by the need to develop new forms of interaction between Buddhism and society, brought about by a clash with the ideology and social practices of modernity as well as by the consequences of the globalization process; according to the ideologists of "Socially Engaged Buddhism," the traditional forms of Sangha social activity had ceased to meet the challenges of modernity. The main areas of activity of the movement are: 1) environmental issues; 2) racism and ethno-cultural diversity; 3) volunteer and educational work with prisoners; and 4) the women's movement and gender issues. The movement of Engaged Buddhism rather quickly acquired institutionalized forms in the West. Moreover, if initially its activity developed within the framework of Asian Buddhist organizations that have branches in the countries of the West, subsequently new forms and organizations developed within Western communities. These structures quite actively conduct publishing, educational and training activities, so that at present the "Engaged Buddhism" movement is one of the most influential forms of social activity of Buddhism in the countries of the West.

Keywords: social relations, gender, social activism, Western Buddhism, modernity, Global Buddhism, Humanistic Buddhism, Neobuddhism, Engaged Buddhism, multiculturalism

Abstract: The subject of the study is discrete mathematical chemistry as a new field of knowledge in theoretical chemistry. Particular attention is paid to such aspects of research as: the characteristics of the stages of its development in connection with scientific and social problems, their connection with the formation of the subject and the features of methodology, the difference between discrete mathematical chemistry from mathematical chemistry, chemoinformatics and digital chemistry, the connection with these sciences is traced. The object of research is mathematical discrete chemistry in the context of its history. The methodology of the research includes the principle of the relationship between historical and logical, which made it possible to identify turning points in the history of discrete mathematical chemistry associated with its theorization, and a systematic approach, in which the hierarchy of mathematical models in modern mathematical chemical sciences is considered, revealing the peculiarity of the subject of discrete mathematical chemistry. It is concluded that discrete mathematical chemistry is an independent field of knowledge that arose as a result of the integration of methods of non-numerical mathematics and various fields of chemical knowledge. It has gradually emerged from various fields of chemical sciences, has its own specifics, which distinguishes it from mathematical chemistry, chemoinformatics and digital chemistry according to the following criteria: 1) the method of introducing discrete mathematics into chemistry without the participation of an intermediary in this process – physics, 2) a special style of mathematical thinking in chemistry, 3) the degree of idealization in mathematical modeling. Its mathematical apparatus is a mathematical modeling, which is used to formalize many chemical sciences. It is a research tool and the language of modern chemistry. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the specificity of discrete mathematical chemistry is revealed, its identity and independence are established, and its methodological boundaries are determined in accordance with the hierarchy of mathematical chemical sciences. The research results contribute to the methodology of chemistry and the philosophy of science.

Keywords: graph theory, digital chemistry, chemoinformatics, mathematical modeling, discrete mathematical chemistry, mathematization of chemistry, philosophy of chemistry, methodology of science, structure - property, chemical space

Abstract: The ethical examination of modern technologies, especially those that use artificial intelligence, can be based on an approach that focuses not on the technology itself, but on the subject as a human-agent who can be the developer and user of this technology. In this article, we consider the concept of an ethical subject as an agent with the fundamental ability to make ethically significant choices. The peculiarity of such choices is that they are significant not only for society, but also for the ethical subjects themselves, who are always not only a means, but also the goal of moral actions. That is why such ethical subjects can be only persons or groups of people, but not technology, even the most advanced – otherwise it would be the goal of ethical choices for itself and for people. Ethical expertise of a technology capable of acting independently of a person is possible, as we believe, through its «training» to recognize situations of applying those solutions to ethical dilemmas that are provided by a person, and valuation of the results of such recognition. A part of such «training» may be worth providing not only to developers, but also to users, remembering the fact that all these solutions should also be brought into compliance with local legislative norms.

Keywords: ethical subject, virtue ethics, deontology, consequentialism, utilitarianism, artificial intelligence, technology, ethical expertise, metasubject, social relationships

Abstract: The subject of the study is the interrelation of philosophical and theological ontologies in the context of the problem of the correlation of the finite with the infinite, which is crucial for the genesis of the new science. For the first time, the grounds are proposed for completing a one-sided approach to the study of the genesis of a new science within the framework of the history of philosophy, where the question of the influence of Christianity cannot be fully disclosed. It is established that the aporias of Zeno of Elea are the philosophical equivalent of the gospel parable about the marriage feast, and this latter is the theological equivalent of Zeno's reasoning. The methods of analysis, generalization, comparison are used in the work. It is shown that the founders of the new science solve the problem of the ratio of the finite and the infinite according to the "Zeno scheme". And in view of the equivalence of this scheme of the gospel parable about the marriage feast, the ontological changes that caused the modern crisis of the subject-object paradigm, as well as the crisis of the identity of the I-subject, are explained. The author comes to the conclusion about the ontotheological nature of the origin of the new science, in the light of which transhumanistic intentions to renew human nature find their place.

Keywords: the theological equivalent, cogito, imaginary unity, unity, christianity, final, unlimited, the philosophical equivalent, subject-object paradigm, the crisis of the subject's identity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the method of interpretation in theoretical chemistry as a combination of cognitive procedures and approaches on the example of interaction of the classical theory of structure and quantum chemistry within the framework of their history and logic of development. It is demonstrated that the process of interpretation encompasses several historical stages of the development of quantum chemistry, marking the transition from meaningful symbolic concepts of the theory of structure towards formal-logical quantum-chemical terms, and the reverse interaction of these theories – the implementation of the latter into the theory of structure. The interpretational method in quantum chemistry contributes to the construction of more complex mathematical schemes underlying the natural scientific content. Such schemes include various approximations and assumptions, as well as the elements of arbitrariness in selection of the mathematical schemes by the theoretician, which reduces the accuracy of explanations and predictions of quantum chemistry. The object of this research is the methodology of theoretical chemistry, in terms of which takes place the interaction between quantum chemistry and classical theory of structure, their cognitive abilities, structure and dynamics of theoretical knowledge. The novelty lies in the fact that the interpretation in natural sciences is yet to be fully research; the study of interpretation in the context of constructivist approach in the philosophy of science allows revealing the logical-methodological and gnoseological aspects of interpretation. The acquired results contribute to the methodology of chemistry, epistemology, and philosophy of science. It is concluded that the process of interpretation is the construction of more complex mathematical schemes, which leads to the gap between mathematical and natural scientific content of the concepts; between mathematical description, natural-scientific theoretical representations, and experiment. The gap is accompanied by origination of the new concepts of quantum chemistry as a result of integration of the various fields of knowledge and extinction of concepts of the classical theory of structure, as well as determination of the limits of mathematical method in chemistry.

Keywords: formalism, quantum chemistry, classical theory of structure, methodology of chemistry, logic, interpretation, semantics, mathematization of chemistry, description, prediction

Abstract: This article determines the fundamental principles of the models of the Cosmos of Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570 – 500 BC) and Philolaus of Croton (c. 470 – c. 388 BC). The perception of Cosmos as “beauty” and “harmony” – one of the basic characteristics of Pythagorean approach towards cognition of the world; it “interweaves” with the rational perception of reality. The harmony of beauty is transformed into the harmony of numerical relations. The achievements of Pythagoreans, subsequently become one of the foundations of Plato's astronomical texts, who describes cosmology as exact scientific discipline. Nicolaus Copernicus resorts to Philolaus as his major predecessor. This article is first to analyze the symbolic elements of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos from the perspective of modern scientific knowledge. Based on the conducted analysis, the author advances a hypothesis on the noematic nature of the elements of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos, as well as indicates the significance of transposing the methods of practical geometry onto the theoretical fields of “celestial” space, independent from the direct measurements. The article describes the key principles of the model of the universe of Pythagoras of Samos and Philolaus of Croton; discusses reconstruction of Philolaus’ model of Cosmos by Ivan Nikolaevich Veselovsky and Sergey Viktorovich Zhitomirsky. Analysis is conducted on the continuity of the principles of the models of Cosmos of Philolaus and Nicolaus Copernicus.

Keywords: Hestia, Olympus, Central fire, Antichthon, cosmological models, Cosmos, Philolaus, Pythagoras, Platonic Solids, Regular polyhedra

Abstract: The subject of this research is the genetic engineering of a human, risks it produces, prospects, and moral-ethical aspects. Technological progress inevitably leads to infiltration of cultural sphere into human corporeality through genetic engineering. The development of innovative technologies in the area of manipulation with the genetic code necessitates to choose how these technologies would be used. In this regard, there is a possibility of transition towards a new type of corporeality, not limited by biological predetermination alone, but rather culturally substantiated, being a result of implementation of the human-created project, which underlines the need for socio-humanitarian analysis conducted in this article. Viewing medicine as one of the fields of culture allows concluding that humanity to some extent has already faced certain projection with regards to human corporeality. In this aspect, medicine manifests as a tool for implementation of the project of a “healthy human”, and genetic engineering, as its part, would inevitably implement this project, and gradually expand the field of culture and fulfill the project of an “improved human” as a natural advancement of the idea of expansion of freedom through modification of corporeality.

Keywords: human, genetics, philosophy, humanities, ethics, medicine, culture, genetic engineering, future, project

Abstract: The subject of this research is the scientific paradoxes and such means for its resolution as nonclassical logics. The author defends a thesis that paradoxes often stimulate the scientific development. It is demonstrated that most vividly the problem of paradoxes manifested in crises in the fundamentals of mathematics; the attempts for its resolution in many ways contributes to the emergence of nonclassical logics. It is substantiated that nonclassical logics helped to resolve and explain the paraded occurring in scientific cognition. Comparative analysis is conducted on the capabilities of  three-valued “quantum logics” of Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann and “logics of complementarity” of Hans Reichenbach. Potential of the three-valued logics of D. Bochvar and nonclassical systems of A. Zinoviev in resolution and explanation of logical paradoxes, as well as importance of temporary logics of G. H. Wright for the philosophy of science is revealed. Special attention is paid  to the paraconsistent logics. The author determines two points of view in understanding of their essence and value for science and philosophy, which juxtaposition shows that none of them fully complies with the actual state of affairs. The main conclusion consists in the statement that paradoxes of scientific cognition should not be assessed just negatively; they also carry a positive meaning: detection of paradoxes in the theory testifies to the need for their elimination, more detailed research and stricter approach towards development of the theory, which in solution of this task can be accomplished by nonclassical logics.

Keywords: paraconsistent logic, paradox, foundations of mathematics, non-classical logic, scientific cognition, complementarity logic, quantum logic, dialectics, relevant logic, epistemology

Abstract: The question on the polemics between scientism and anti-scientism being different sociocultural orientations and opposite worldview poles remains insufficiently covered within the modern philosophy of science. The object of this research is the controversy of scientism and anti-scientism as the two images and concepts of the philosophy of science. The subject is the worldview companions of scientism and anti-scientism, as well as the two systems of ideological, ontological and practical orientations of human and social existence built upon them. The goal of the article consists in identification of the two possible and opposite images of the philosophy of science, suggested by the concept itself, their interrelation, and establishment of worldview chain links beginning with scientism and anti-scientism, and clarification of opposing systems of life orientation of a person. One of the results of the conducted research consists in determination of two images of the philosophy of science and related to them scientism and anti-scientism, which are not only and not much different and in a worldview sense “neutral” sociocultural orientations, as the other way around, “loaded” from a worldview perspective intellectual positions, fairly conforming with the certain ideological paradigms, which in entirety and complementarity, form the two opposing worldviews and two systems of life guidance of a person.

Keywords: materialism, theism, atheism, the externalism, the internalism, anti-scientism, scientism, philosophy of science, idealism, providentialism

Abstract: Leaning on the works of H. Poincaré, H. Weyl, A. Heyting, V. F. Asmus and other, this article demonstrates the correlation between the ideas of intuitivism of H. Poincaré and the ideas of intuitionism of L. E. J. Brower and H. Weyl. The subject of this research is the role of intuition in formation of the fundamentals of mathematical science. The author examines the state of mathematical science at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, as well as the crises of the foundations of mathematics. The firs trend of the philosophy of mathematics pursuing to overcome this crisis became the Russell’s logicism – an attempt to form mathematics on the logical basis, excluding the intuitive elements. Leveling criticism at this trend, H. Poincaré develops a doctrine on the priority of intellectual intuition in the formation of mathematics. The article reveals the heuristic value of Russell’s ideas for both, the advancement of science, and comprehension of the nature of scientific creativity. The author describes their correlation with the ideas of H. Poincaré regarding the priority of intellectual intuition. The ideas of intuitionists, in turn, expressing the moods of scholars with humanistic reasoning, became a fruitful ground for the development of ontological and gnoseological foundations of mathematics.

Keywords: intuitionism, logicism, intuitivism, set theory, Russell's paradox, foundations of mathematics, gnosiology, logic, intuition, becoming object

Abstract: The subject of this research is the real pragmatics, i.e. targeted activity of the members of society (individuals, human associations). Real pragmatics, in general, in unity and interaction of the natural and humanitarian worlds is the subject of pragmatic theories. In practical aspect, the actual tasks of the analysis and large system management alongside their systemic analysis in unity of the natural scientific and socio-humanitarian components – is a pressing need. The article reveals the requirements to information background and architectonics of the pragmatic theory essential for establishing a reliable scientific theory of the real pragmatics. A comparative analysis with the construct of “theoretical knowledge” proposed by V. S. Stepin is carried out. The author formulates the general laws and requirements to the architectonics of components of the reliable and substantive pragmatic theories. The detailed comparative analysis demonstrates that the scheme of structuring the fundamental and argumentative pragmatic theory is fully compatible with the construct of (post-nonclassical) “theoretical knowledge” of V. S. Stepin. It is underlined that the scheme of theoretical knowledge proposed by V. S. Stepin leans not only on the meticulously examined by the scholar physical theories, but the mathematical theories as well.

Keywords: architectonics of pragmatic theories, conceptual analysis, terms and (logic) formulae, dogmatic foundations, rational oundations, basis of a theory, ideal objects, concepts and constructs, information base, critical analysis of information

Abstract: He subject of this research is the impact of worldview representations in “trading zones” proposed by Peter Galison upon the development of interest in science and scientific communication. The authors determine the levels of formation of scientific interest, as well as reveals, that the representations in groups are the result of evident and latent concordance, where the latent plays the key role. The article considers the problem of successful and unsuccessful interaction in “trading zones”, and makes an attempt to identify the worldview nature of closeness and openness for the successful scientific cooperation. In the course of this work, the authors applied the general scientific methods along with the hermeneutic methodology for describing the worldview elements that affect the interest towards science. The scientific novelty lies in the suggestion to complement Christian List’s theory of judgment aggregation and Peter Galison’s concept of “trading zones” with consideration of the latent worldview elements that affect communication in the academic environment. At the same time, the authors determine certain specific worldview elements that influence the interest towards the scientific creativity and successful cooperation of scholars.

Keywords: worldview, Christian List, Peter Galison, aggregation, will to power, mediation, interest, the trading zone, research practices, science

Abstract: The subject of this research is the explanatory model of reduction, which was originally formulated by E. Nagel and further developed by C. Hempel, P. Oppenheim, J. Kemeny, K. Schaffner, W. Stegmuller and other philosophers of science. The article clarifies the definition of reduction and determines its two basic aspects – epistemological and ontological. If the ontological aspects suggests the reduction of the ideal characteristics and essences to material, then the epistemological aspect implies studying of logical relations between the terms and propositions of scientific theories. The pivotal thesis of the article consists in the statement that the majority of problems of reduction occurs due to the fusion of ontological and epistemological aspects. Therefore, such problems can be eliminated through philosophical analysis of the language of modern epistemology. Examination of epistemological reduction must be separated for the discussions around reductionism, because such discussions are the result of improper interpretation of the terms, and caused by bringing ontological problems into epistemology. The author critically reviews the epistemological status of binding laws, idea of emergence and value of the specifics of certain areas of scientific knowledge. The novelty of this work lies in clarification of the idea of reduction, comparative analysis of reduction and its explanation.

Keywords: epistemology, emergence, empiricism, reductionism, definition, theory, explanation, reduction, ontology, philosophical analysis

Abstract: The subject of this research is the real pragmatics; in other words, the purposeful activity of social subjects (individuals, human associations). Real pragmatics as overall, in unity and interaction of the natural and human realms is the subject of pragmatic theories. From the practical perspective, the actual tasks of the analysis and large systems management, as well as their systemic analysis in cohesion with the natural scientific and socio-humanitarian components – is the actual necessity. The article determines the requirements to information base and architectonics of pragmatic theory essential for structuring the trustworthy scientific theory of real pragmatics. The author conducts a comparative analysis with the construct of “theoretical knowledge” proposed by V. S. Stepin; applies the interdisciplinary systemic approach: methods of theory of information, mathematical logic, systemic analysis, concept interpretation of conclusions and adequacy analysis. The author formulates the general laws and requirements to the architectonics of the components of accurate and substantial pragmatic theories. As a result, the article is first to demonstrate that the pattern of structuring the fundamental and argumentative pragmatic theory is fully compatible with the construct of (post-nonclassical) "theoretical knowledge” of V. S. Stepin. The necessary clarifications and inclusion are provided. It is illustrated that the pattern of theoretical knowledge proposed by V. S. Stepin leans not only on the physical theories that were meticulously examined by the scholar, but also the mathematical theories.

Keywords: terms and (logic) formulae, dogmatic foundations, rational oundations, basis of a theory, ideal objects, concepts and constructs, information base, critical analysis of information, conceptual analysis, architectonics of pragmatic theories

Abstract: Speaking of any object, it can be said that it exists, possible, does not exist, or its existence is unknown. Based on phenomenological approach, the author explicates the method of meting out existence of an object depending on its “internal” status (modus) and “external” (edged) factors. For each intentional object, matters only one meaning (modus) of its predicate of existence (function of objectification). Such function takes place at the moment of intention. It is determined in relativity towards cognizing subject. Depending on the character of such relativity, four types of modes of the object are distinguished: object at the moment of intention streamlines towards “Self”, Other (Others), “here and now” and/or “there and then”. The external (edged) factors of object’s existence are defined by the situation (context) of its study and cognition. For meting out existence of an object, its modus is imposed with limitations (natural paradigms) substantiated by the set goals, which help to constitute the object. Applicable to the scientific cognition, the four types of such limitations are differentiated: contemplation, discussion, observation and experiment. As to the object, viewed relatively to “Self” and potentially unlimited amount of Others, the strongest measure of existence belongs to an object constituted in the experiment. On the contrary, the objects that are determined with regards to “Self” with limitation of “contemplation” represent the cogitable, imaginable objects (for example, undiscussed hypotheses); and by limiting “discussion” represents the debated with someone Other objects (hypothesis, messages, etc.). Such approach to meting out the existence of object can be implemented in various fields of knowledge.

Keywords: modi of existence, observation, experiment, language, reality, probability, possibility, intentionality, entity, existence

Abstract: This article analyzes the forms of logical analysis in the pragmatic theory and the requirements necessary for structuring the authoritative pragmatic theory. The author compares the various logical schemes and their use pragmatic theories. The article examines the origins and peculiarities of institutional mathematical logics and discusses the specificities of logical calculus structured by L. I. Rosonoer (1983); PCont equivoluminar paraconsistent calculus PI s built by A. Arruda; and LPCont and LP1Cont in which the classical logic plays a role of formal metalanguage for the paraconsistent calculus PCont. The author analyses the three distinctions of para-tautology from institutional tautology; discusses refusal from the principle ECQ (ex contradictione quodlibet) and execution of the “principle of unprovability from the extraneous thoughts” in the (non-trivializing) paraconsistent logic; as well as applicability of logical pluralism for various pragmatic theories. The article carries out a comparative analysis of the various logical systems and their potential application in pragmatic theories, in creating an artificial intelligence and regulation of discussions. The author analyzes the theoretical-plural motivation of para-compatibility suggested by K. Mortensen. In accordance with Mortensen’s position, is proposed an approach for verification of fundamental ideas and conceptual logical schemes, which is called the principle of mathematical tolerance. The work also analyzes the cases of use of the paraconsistent logic in pragmatic theories and crucial causes for the inconsistent pragmatic positions and the alternative theories of real pragmatics.

Keywords: consistency, non-predicative descriptor, paraconsitent logics, trivialisable logical system, 3-tautology, intuitionist predicate calculus, pragmatic theory, pragmatic analysis, alternative pragmatic theories, unsolvable problems

Abstract:   The subject of this research is the problem of foundations of mathematics in works of the representatives of logical empiricism and Wittgenstein. It is demonstrated that their solutions were original and significantly differed from the logicistic solution. If logicism suggests accepting this problem as a fact and develops the technical means for its circumvention, the logical empiricism tries to eliminate it as a pseudo-problem (and Wittgenstein as a philosophical puzzle) that occurred as a result of the intricacy of the language. Analyzing the problem of impredicative definition of mathematical concepts, the non-positivists and Wittgenstein acted in their usual role of analytical philosophers who clarify the meaning of the propositions of science. Textological analysis of the works of B. Russell, F. Ramsey, R. Carnap, P. Kaufman and L. Wittgenstein illustrates that neo-positivists and Wittgenstein grounded the solution of the problem of foundations of mathematics on the attempt of rectification of mathematical concepts (such as multiplicity, function, and definition), as well as initiating of mathematical and natural scientific discourses. Their approach is a vivid example of the analytical philosophy of science, if the philosophy of science is viewed as systematic comprehension of a certain scientific problem. The scientific novelty lies in identification of the elements of constructivism and finitism in the philosophy of mathematics of the aforementioned representatives of analytical philosophy. The author draws an original comparison between the positions of logicism, neo-positivism and Wittgenstein regarding the question of logical admissibility of the impredicative formation of concepts. Because the criticism of neo-positivists and Wittgenstein was aimed against the inaccurate application of the concepts, it is valuable in itself as a model of thought, despite the fact that at the time it did not lead to the revolutionary changes in mathematics.  

Keywords: Wittgenstein, Ramsey, Carnap, finitism, constructivism, neopositivism, logicism, non-predicativity, philosophical puzzle, metamathematics

Abstract:   The DIY-bio movement (do-it-yourself biology) unites the amateurs, enthusiasts, students and scholars that attempt to introduce such principles of hacker ethics as openness, decentralization, free access to technologies into the sphere of bioscience, and reorganize the biotechnological research towards achieving the equality and social justice. The ethical-axiological landmarks of the movement can be conceptualizes in view of the two models – American and European – the relationships with society, commercial organizations and government structures. At the same time, the activity of “garage biologists” is  considered not only as a new type of network and socially distributed methods of the production of knowledge, but also as a possible response to the criticism of modern academic science and industrial sector. The “garage biology” contributes into the establishment of new communication channels between the science and society, which are not limited by the initiatives “from the top to bottom”, but rather focus on cooperation patterns and social interests.  

Keywords: community laboratories, crowdfunding, open science, public engagement, ethos of science, garage biology, Do-It-Yourself Biology, citizen science, bioscience, technoscientific innovation

Abstract: The subject of this research is such philosophical and mathematical disciplines as Pythagoreanism and Platonism, which remain relevant at the present time. The author demonstrate the contribution of Pythagoreans to mathematics, their role in creation of geometric algebra, importance of the discovery of incommensurable segments that propelled the Pythagorean mathematics into crisis. The work examines the essence of the concept of mathematical Platonism, reveals its peculiarities, and demonstrates its dissimilarity from the concept of mathematical Pythagoreanism. The presently existing various forms of mathematical Platonism, as well as their peculiarities are explored. The article provides the main arguments of modern critics of Platonism in mathematics and their weaknesses. The author demonstrates the value of the concept of mathematical Platonism as a model visual thinking, and underlines that a large number of mathematicians remain its adherers. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the work actualized the ideas of Pythagoreanism and Platonism, as well as the consequence of a dispute that originated in ancient times and continues today between the supporters of Platonism and their opponents related to the fundamental grounds of mathematics. The author concludes that the results of modern mathematical science give valid arguments that confirm the performance and high efficiency of the concept of Platonism in comparison with other philosophical concepts of mathematics.

Keywords: epistemological Platonism, ontological Platonism, mathematical reality, moderate Platonism, incommensurable segments, abstract mathematical objects, mathematical Platonism, Pythagoreanism, methodological Platonism, full-blooded Platonism

Abstract: The subject of this research is the interrelated reductionist trends that are presents in the modern cognitive science (namely in branches of the philosophy of mind and psychology that are part of the interdisciplinary complex). These are the radical cognitivism – reduction of mental to cognitive (not considering the specificity of emotional-conative components of psyche); and physicalism – reduction of cognitive (interpreted as a synonym of mental) to neurophysiological processes, which in turn are assimilated to the information-calculating operation in computer. Cognitivism and physicalism are very old methodological paradigm (although received their names fairly recently); as a part of cognitive science they appeared in a somewhat new, modified form, not losing the reductionist orientation. Methodology of this work is the anti-reductionism, in other words, criticism of reductionism not as a supplementary (and fully justified in this function) method of scientific propaedeutics, but rather as inappropriate conceptual approach, fraught with grave mistakes in theory and its practical application. As demonstrated in the article, the initially established problematic of cognitive science alongside the formulated by it conceptual and terminological apparatus significantly contributed into the entrenchment of the indicated reductionist approaches it its research programs. Both of the paradigms have formed a unified, solid methodological cluster due to the common concept of “cognitive” interpreted in the cybernetic (theoretical-information) sense. If overcoming of the aforementioned types of reductionism was possible, it would require the substantial changes in the subject and methods of cognitive science.  

Keywords: cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism, cognitive vs. non-cognitive, mentality, mind, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, reductionism vs. antireductionism, physicalism, information theory

Abstract: The subject field of this work refers to logic, which is examined as a sector of philosophy along with physics (philosophy of nature) and ethics (philosophy of spirit). Such an extensive interpretation of logic, which includes various forms of controversy and dialectics, is not universal in the history of philosophy: for example, Kant and Popper, unlike the Stoics and Hegel, review dialectics outside the limits of the logic, and consider it separately. In methodological aspect, the author supports the results formulated in structuring of the formal systems and mathematics of Kleene, namely the finite methods in mathematical reasoning on the properties of controversy of the formal systems – deduction and return induction on the finite set. The adjustment of methodology developed in the course of the intensive progression of logic in the context of mathematics, to the subject field of logic understood in Hegel’s, dialectical-materialistic, and Stoic sense, will contribute into the expansion of methodological potential of a scholar regardless the subject field of his conceptual theory, because hopefully it will suggest the more efficient ways of expansion of the preceding theoretical tasks and set the new goals.

Keywords: formal proof, dialectic, substantive controversy, simply consistent, principle of controversy, proof theory, formal system, deductivity, propositional calculus, model theory

Abstract: This article represent a review of the most widespread arguments against the actor-network theory (B. Latour, M. Callon, and J. Law). In the first part of this work the author examines the accusations in descriptivism, Machiavellianism, and intentionally esoteric language. As a separate issue, the argument of S. Schaffer is being highlighted, regarding the fact that Latour does not touches upon the “status quo” in distribution of the authority between the acting powers. In the second part, the author describes the conflict between the actor-network theory on one hand, and sociology of the scientific knowledge on the other. The differences between the Bath and Edinburgh Schools are being clarified. In the third part of the article, the author explores the arguments of the researchers supporting Latour. The author proves that Latour can be included into the relativist tradition, because he takes to the boundaries of logic the thesis on incommensurability of the theories. A hypothesis is proposed that the most importance for the development of the actor-network theory lies in the criticism of the internal circle and overcoming of the problem of the Other. It is also suggested to generalize the problem of the Other to the formal problem of the off-network.   

Keywords: Imperialism, Discourse, Postcolonial theory, Semiotics, Sociology of knowledge, Actor-network theory, Incommensurability, Standardization, Realism, Relativism

Abstract: The subject of research is the widespread in the Russian philosophical-methodological literature, the concept of the historical types of scientific rationality. According to the author, this concept is contradictory and it does not correctly reflect the dynamics of the development of modern scientific knowledge. The article gives a brief historical and philosophical analysis of the basic stages of development of natural science and socio-humanitarian disciplines of the second half of the nineteenth – twentieth centuries. The validity of the time frame of the formation of non-classical rationality and the selection of concepts post-non-classical rationality and post-non-classical science is called into question. The author of the article relies on the methodology of philosophical analysis and scientific methods of system analysis. In particular, general logical, dialectical, critical methods, analysis and synthesis are used.On the basis of the accomplished historical and philosophical analysis, it is proposed to determine the formation of a new (modern) type of rationality and a new image of science the timeframe of the end of 19th – the last third of the 20th centuries. The name «non-classical rationality» and «non-classical science» is offered to retain (by analogy with the notion of non-classical philosophy).

Keywords: self-organizing systems, self-developing systems, scientific world view, classical science, post-nonclassical rationality, nonclassical rationality, classical rationality, nonlinearity, synergetics, stochasticity

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the projects of human genetic engineering, as well as attempts of improving of his ethical and physical qualities. The significance of new discoveries in medicine and biology has drastically increased in the recent years. Human finds himself in a new role – an object of manipulations. The methods of genetic engineering provide the opportunities for changing the genetic base of a human, which is the prerequisite of being in creation of its identity. In order to comfortably exist in a rapidly changing world, a human needs certainty in understanding of how the methods of genetic engineering can affect his being, as well as interrelation with other people. The author conducts the analysis of the projects of human engineering from various perspectives, as well as presents the assessment of possible consequences of implementation of the “human-oriented” biotechnologies. The growing opportunities of biotechnologies in transformation of the human genetic nature should certainly be controlled; and the level of intervention into genetics of a human should be determined by social ethics and scientific level.

Keywords: good medicine paradox, future of the humanity, engineering technologies, genetic and social, problems of human, Biotechnology, human genetic engeneering, philosophy of biology, NBIC technology, CRISPR-Cas9 technology

Abstract: Object of research is clearing of opportunities of a scientific and extra scientific reflection in the course of creation of a relevant image of science. The author allocates and describes reflection types, achieving the objectives clearing of circumstances at which separate types of a reflection become the supplementing ways of understanding of images of science. The methodology includes realization of the phenomenological approach allowing repeating ways of judgment of idea of science which roots go to antiquity, but in modern conditions of the essence of research activity appearing in the form of essentially different contexts of understanding within the scientific and extra scientific spheres of society and culture in the structure. During research the conclusion was received that the image of science arising in borders of a scientific reflection coincides with the autonomous basis belonging to processes of self-justification of science. This image is expressed in the form of consistent generalization of basic elements of a scientific picture of the world. At the same time the fragmentariness of science within which finding of integrity can be interpreted as extremely remote purpose, which could be realized by scientists under influence of extra scientific spheres of society and culture. Therefore the most exact image of science is under construction within a science self-reflection, but the self-reflection remains are essentially incomplete without participation of philosophers in its institutionalization.

Keywords: world picture, image of science, philosophy, antique legacy, reflection, self-reflection of science, philosophical reflection, integrity, fragmentariness, observer

Abstract: This paper is an attempt to consider one of the areas of post-modern philosophy of technology called 'technetics' by its author B. I. Kudrin. The so-called "third scientific picture of the world" is formed within the framework of this direction. Technetics and the third scientific picture of the world are considered by the author in the context of the overall logic of modernism (modern European culture) on the basis of the project-system approach: first, that modern thinking as the world project (or projects); secondly, we must think of these projects as answers to a certain system of life challenges; third, we must see in these projects primarily anthropological content. Following the logic design system approach, the author considers the general idea of "nature" that emerged in early modernism as a projection of an "open universe" on the reality on the other side of the person. This view is expressed in a classical scientific worldview called "the first scientific picture" by Kudrin. Between Kudrin's "third picture" which is a way of going beyond the "system" of the organization of humanity and of the universe and "the first picture" there is "the second picture" in which this system organization and thematised. This paper shows how the formation of the logic of modernism reflected, among other things, in the aforesaid three "scientific pictures of the world". The author also shows the immediate context of the formation of the "third picture".

Keywords: cenology, technetics , appliances, interculture, transculture, postculture, culture, modernism, transsystemacity, scientific picture of the world

Abstract: Object of research of this work is the criticism of application of the critical theory and critical (emansipatsionny) system approach in the theory of management and modern concepts of development of society in general. The review of the criticism which is "external" in relation to the critical theory and, therefore, calling in question its philosophical and methodological bases and "internal" who is generally kindly adjusted in relation to the critical theory is provided and concentrates the attention on difficulties which the critical theory meets during implementation of the research program. Method of research is detection of distinctions between criticism "external" in relation to the critical theory and calling in question its philosophical and methodological bases and "internal" which is generally positively adjusted in the relation to the critical theory. The conclusion that critical system approach is based on various assumptions of the nature of society developed in other system approaches is drawn and acknowledges the possibility of contradictions in social systems, existence of the conflicts and suppression of one groups of interests by others. Is shown that to the relation to other system methodologies critical system approach inherently anticipates development of the complementarist approaches.

Abstract: Object of research of this work is the history of the Frankfurt school in aspect of its attitude towards treatments of public processes and critical system approach. The subjects and approaches of school united round the general aspiration to mobilize the potential of critical consideration of the settled socio-political dogmas are investigated, calling in question authoritative lines of the modern world and specifying ways of their transformation by means of "not authoritative and nonbureaucratic policy". Problems of management, the organization and use of system methods in the organizational analysis are investigated. The following is distinguished from them: (a) dialectics of an era of Education; (b) one-dimensionality and consumerism of the developed capitalist societies; (c) criticism of a technocracy; (d) communication actions. The technique is based on research of critical approach of the Frankfurt school, in particular Yu. Habermasa and his critic of technical and practical knowledge, and their applicability to system management. In work the short history of emergence and development of the Frankfurt school is stated, and also is shown that modern system theories of management, in particular such as gentle system approach and critical (emansipatsionny) system approach in - much grow from J. Habermas's theory about various types of knowledge, and his critics of a modern technocracy.

Keywords: critical system approach, subtle system approach, Jurgen Habermas, rationality, dialectics of Enlightenment, technocracy, communicative action, critical philosophy, Frankfurt school, one-dimensionality

Abstract: The object of research of this article is the non similarity of approaches natural and the humanities in a knowledge question acts. It is supposed that representatives of these two camps differently look at the world and, therefore, see different regularities, the phenomena and subjects. Estestvenniki simplify reality, reducing it to abstractions that allows them to remove the equations and formulas concerning its nature. Humanists uvyazat in details, trying to embrace immense that does their works as less scientific. Thus we have two ways of development of science. As methods of this research personal experience of the author, the comparative-historical analysis, induction, supervision, a metaphor and analogy, separate cases from science history served Novelty of this work consists not so much in display of division between natural and the humanities, how many illumination of that its party which is usually not noticeable to neither scientific, nor ordinary people. The conclusion is served by the different nature of knowledge at two camps. Humanists unique seek to be Estestvenniki the first. But also that, and another in a wound of degree is necessary for science as that.

Abstract: In the article discussion between Blok & Stalnaker and Chalmers & Jackson about physico-physical and psychophysical identities and, in particular, about (not) possibilities of their a priori conclusion is analyzed. It is offered to allow this discussion by correction of both positions, generalizations of concept of a conclusion of a priori, and also elimination of some mixtures between epistemological and ontologic research levels. In the article the points of view of other philosophers relating to a considered perspective also are in brief analyzed. The analysis of positions is carried out in the spirit of late Wittgenstein's pragmatism and in a context of a so-called problem of an explanatory failure to consciousness philosophies. Thus as the basic of not defined concept the vittgenshtaynovsky concept of spontaneity is used. Is established that Chalmers & Jackson exaggerate a priori role in traditional sense whereas Blok & Stalnaker underestimate it. "Aprioristic" elimination of an explanatory failure in identities is possible, and it is possible only post factum and that is generalized a priori with residual spontaneity.

Keywords: physicalism, dualism of features, psycho-physical identity, physico-physical identity, a priori conclusion, a posteriori conclusion, simplexity principle, spontaneous statement, rule/conception, Wittgenstein

Abstract: The problem of an explanation of illusions of possible violations of physical and psychophysical identities is stated and analyzed. The epistemic and settlement explanations offered by Kripke and the "if - in - reality" explanation are unsatisfactory. They, in particular, do not always satisfy to Stephane Uayblo's psychoanalytic criterion. These explanations also assume that some real opportunities which existence explains illusions always are behind illusory opportunities. Explanations of illusions of the opportunities offered by Perry and Hill who don't assume that there are real opportunities behind illusory opportunities are provided. Research is conducted within the framework of Wittgenstein's standard pragmatism and naturalism. The concept of family similarity plays the central role. the author of the article suggests that we should use Wittgenstein's explanation of illusion of possibility violating a necessary posteriori identity which, according to the author, satisfies Stephane Uayblo's psychoanalytic criterion. Illusion is explained by the fact that in other contexts concepts entering identity could be used in a different way. It is claimed also that in mathematics not all illusions of opportunities are purely epistemic.

Keywords: physical identities, psychophysical identities, illusion of opportunities, explanatory gaps, epistemic opportunity, metaphysical opportunity, real opportunity, psychoanalytical criterion, Kripke, Wittgenstein

Abstract: In article arguments of that Heidegger's phenomenology, also as well as late Vittgenshtayn's philosophy, can be useful to a solution of the problem of measurement in quantum mechanics and to understanding of nonclassical physics in general are adduced. Realistic understanding of quantum mechanics possibly only within not metaphysical realism. Distinction between classical and quantum concepts is entered and their application is illustrated. Connection between a measurement problem, a difficult problem of philosophy of consciousness and a vittgenshtaynovsky problem of following to the rule is established. Research relies on alleged communication between Heidegger and Vittgenshtayn's philosophy, on vittgenshtaynovsky pragmatical "dissolution" of a problem of measurement, and also on interpretation of philosophies of Heidegger and Vittgenshtayn as standard pragmatism and naturalism. Is established that quantum concepts function as vittgenshteynovsky rules for formation of new objektivirovanny reality, but not as the concepts describing the metaphysical reality which isn't depending on the observer in absolute sense. The measurement problem in quantum mechanics has the same structure, as the difficult problem in consciousness philosophy, and can be reduced to a vittgenshteynovsky problem of following to the rule. In theoretical metaphysical language of Heidegger language game of Vittgenshtayn is Dazayn. Addition of this philosophical concept to a conceptual framework of quantum mechanics allows to solve a measurement problem theoretically.

Abstract: The article presents the results of the study of economic science at the level of philosophical fundamentals in comparable empiric and theoretical study level. The author reveals the phenomenon of economism, introducing the relevant term, discussing its influence on economics, being an important part of social life, which includes other spheres bearing negative influence of economism.  The object of studies includes interrelations between society, economics and the phenomenon of economism, which is an attempt of the society to submerge everything into economics, which is perceived as an all-inclusive reality in comparison towards the social reality. The methodological basis for the studies includes dialectics, and it is specialized with the methodological principles of objectivity, development, raising from abstract to specific, unity of historic and logical elements.  The methodological principles are complemented by the opposition of positive (classical) dialectics and negative  (new historical form of opposition of dialectics and metaphysics) dialectics.  It is shown that they have identical approach towards the philosophical worldview, which they attempt to substitute with themselves, while showing inadequacy to being and its development.  The mechanicism is related to an attempt to substitute general philosophical categories with the categories of natural sciences (in the attitude of positivism), while economicsm follows the post-modernism standards and attempts to substitute philosophical provisions with the terms of humanities, attempting to substitute the social reality and its dynamics.  It is no less important for uncovering the nature and overcoming economism (and mechanicism) to show its inadequacy towards objective contents and dynamics of science, the process of its ascent from classical rationality to non-classical rationality and then to post-non-classical rationality. This is the process within which the understanding of ontology of an object, part and whole, their correlation were revised, and it contradicts both mechanicism and economism. The conclusions are of importance for both general and social philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, science, economism, mechanicism, society, sphere, part, whole, development, evolution

Abstract: This article analyzes the basic directions in modern philosophy of science in relation to their treatment of the genesis of theoretical knowledge. It presents the notion that during the Middle Ages, cogitative complexes, incidental to the epoch and connected to classical metaphysics and Christian values, were subtly formed. These new ideas, both epistemic and axiological, came to the fore, and during the Renaissance they formed the fundamental and determinative responses to the genesis of classical science. Using the proposed systems-probability approach, science as a whole is considered to be a specific result of innovative cultural processes, the consequence of a resolution to a difficult situation in the history of creative ideas, and the result of a creative process which was part of the transition from the localised innovations of the Ancient Greek civilization to the universal innovations of European culture.

Keywords: science, metaphysical principles, creative ideas, Christian values, research programs, binarity, probability, innovation, resonance, innovation