Abstract: The subject of the study is the madness in psychoanalysis. The author considers the problem of naturalistic and phenomenological understanding of the subject of madness in psychoanalysis of Z. Freud and in the existential psychoanalysis of L. Binswanger. The methodological basis is the psychoanalysis of Z. Freud, M. Heidegger's ontology and E. Husserl's phenomenology. L. Binswanger's critique of classical psychoanalysis is presented. The key differences of the definition of the subject in L. Binswanger's existential psychoanalysis are formulated. Naturalism is criticized for the lack of integrity in the consideration of man. Existential analysis is based on the idea that human existence is primary. To reduce a person's life to his drives and instincts means to deprive him of Humanity. L. Binswanger goes further than Z. Freud in his anthropology, arguing that man is more than a being thrown into the cycle of life and death, he can face his fate, the fate of humanity, he not only obeys the forces of life, but can also influence them by changing his fate. Mental health and illness are a reflection of this duality of being – acceptance of the given and individual choice. Madness is a rejection of transcendence, self–isolation in a self–created world-project, when both external and internal are only acting out its scenario, and the freedom of being is avoided, because it appears as a harbinger of non-existence.

Keywords: Binswanger, Dasein, subject, madness, philosophy of psychiatry, psychoanalysis, existential psychoanalysis, phenomenology, objectivism, naturalism

Abstract: The question of life orientation, i.e. orientation towards creativity or destruction, life or death, has been considered in philosophy for a long time, but the social aspect of the issue has been developed relatively recently along with the development of psychology as a science, in particular, psychoanalysis and neo–Freudianism. This article is devoted to the study of the problem of life orientations on the example of Alfred Adler's individual psychology – a branch of deep psychology that has much in common with psychoanalytic knowledge, but differs in recognizing the holism of the human psyche. Qualitative analysis of primary empirical data, processing of secondary empirical data, analysis of the evolution of views on the chosen topic were used as research methods. This article examines and analyzes the basic concepts of individual psychology within the framework of the issue under study, as well as the assessment of the conceptual applicability of the theory of Alfred Adler to the actual existential problems of modern man. In the course of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that individual psychology, despite the historically mediated features of the proposed methods and theses, can and should be applied in the context of considering the ontological issue of life orientation, combines social and psychological-philosophical approaches, is consistent in theoretical and experimental terms, although it is almost not used in the framework of modern philosophical and psychological scientific knowledge.

Keywords: life plan, neo - Freudianism, psychoanalysis, individual psychology, social feeling, Alfred Adler, holism, life orientation, existence, ontology

Abstract: This article discusses the problem of imagination as a holistic phenomenon of cognition based on the concept of corporeality of mind. Imagination becomes an instrument for enactive subject – object interaction. They complement and revive each other in the activity of cognition and self-cognition. Imagination is a generative model of cyclical interaction between the subject and object in junction of the image and action. Imagination is a moment of visual culture, a means of shaping thoughts and feelings in the optical coherence of mental actions in the reproduction of the picture, scenic manifestations of the material in mental life of a person, interpretation of the imagery-symbolic language and action. Imagination creates the space of the game of feelings, mind, and body in the context of cognitive engagement of a person. The most vivid manifestation as a phenomenon of cognition imagination acquires in the practice of psychoanalysis. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the following statement: psychoanalytic description interprets imagination in realization of the image through body and mind. The article employs the method of enactive construction of knowledge, visualization and psychoanalytic description, which demonstrates imagination as an integrative dimension of a human, optically harmonizes body, thought, and external environment of a person. The article underlines the role of metaphors, transformation, and paradoxicality, which indicate the degree of depiction of the image through integration of the corporeal, social and imaginable in a circular, cyclical dependence. Imagination creates the syntheses of these dimensions in a “paradoxical system”, translation of the fiction into symbolic language, and symbolic substantiations of the living experience of a cognizing being. Imagination is the organic development of human nature. The interactant appears to be an external environment and part of the human organization that creates him through the living experience of cognition and self-cognition.

Keywords: metaphor, psychoanalytic description, visualization, bodily mind, enactive interaction, image, imagination, symbol, paradoxical system, transformed form