Abstract: The subject of research in this article is the phenomenon of existential truth. The author relies on the distinction between epistemic and existential truth proposed by D.V. Pivovarov. The latter is the correspondence of knowledge (or being in the case of ontological truth) to the subject-object unity, human being, which is the basis of cognitive activity. The ideas related to the existential understanding of truth in the works of B. Pascal, S. Kierkegaard, M. Unamuno, H. Ortega y Gasset, L. Shestov, N.A. Berdyaev, K. Jaspers, G. Marcel, A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre and M. Heidegger are presented. "Cordiality", subjectivity, vitality, perspectivism, irrationality, creative nature, communication, personality, "rebellion", freedom, "non-concealment" of existential truth are highlighted. With the help of A.F. Losev's dialectical methodology, an attempt is made to comprehend these signs as moments of symbolism of existential truth.   The mainstay is the works of A.F. Losev, in which the symbol is understood as a communicative and interpretive expression of a transcendent essence ("the very self"). This expression is a "directly-intuitively" given generality, naturally decomposed into a number of separate singularities, which can be realized in reality and thereby become a "myth" in Losev's understanding. The myth, immanent to personal existence, is intensively experienced by a person, manifests itself in an irrational "miracle". The symbol and myth reveal the considered signs of existential truth and at the same time take into account the objective, functional sides of the truth. From the point of view of the dialectical-symbolic approach, existential truth is the correspondence of knowledge (or being) to a dialectically concrete symbolic reflection of reality, subject-object unity, which is a "directly intuitive" given in immanent personal being. The novelty of the work lies in the application of A.F. Losev's dialectical theory of the symbol to the study of the existential understanding of truth.

Keywords: the very thing itself, dialectics, myth, symbol, self-consciousness, non-classical science, existential truth, epistemic truth, personal being, generating model

Abstract: The subject of this research is the hermeneutics of Aristotle and apprehension of the place of modal logics within the structure of fundamental ontology. The author determines the difficulties and contradictions that faces the interpretation of Aristotle’s concept of the logics of nature, analyzes the correlation between the modal categories of “necessity”, “opportunity”, “truth”, and “reality”, as well as suggests the praxeological model of their unification. The reality implies materialization and necessity, but necessary is not always true, as it can also mean something compulsory outside the actual existence. It is also stated that without the temporal characteristics of the modality of existence are irrelevant, as the veracity of modal reasoning about anything is always viewed in present “as it is”. The author comes to a conclusion that the truth reveals the essential as valuable and always from the value (practical) perspective. Having analyzed the foundations of the modern analytical philosophy, the article demonstrates that the representations of logicians are defined by their ontological orientations. If in “Hermeneutics” Aristotle spoke about the existence as a whole, the logicians-analytics imply the existence of a particular sensual thing, i.e. the actual being, which narrows down the area of application of their “modal” logics.

Keywords: possibility, analytical philosophy, necessity, Aristotle, essential, truth, hermeneutics, Carnap, reality, consciousness

Abstract: The subject of this study is the Socratic dialogue (polylogue) as a form of philosophical practice. The goal is to substantiate the instrumentality of Socratic dialogue in problem management. The author examines the Socratic dialogue as a universal method of problem management, based on clarification in questioning the essence of the problem, and applied in the issued of everyday life alongside the organizations in educational, political and economic spheres. Identifying sequential stages in development of the instrumentality of Socratic dialogue for solution of the problems, along with the original Socratic dialogue, organizational polylogue, and educational dialogue – particular attention is given to the Socratic dialogue as type of philosophical consulting. Author’s special contribution into the study lies in substantiation of reference to the philosophical inquiry of the pragmatically oriented business. The author determines the advantages of implementation of the Socratic dialogue for solving the organizational problems in comparison with other modern forms of philosophical practice (existential consulting, logical-philosophical therapy, philosophical partnership) as the organically synthesizing the logical-gnoseological and communicative-axiological components. The article underlines the communicative nature of the Socratic dialogue, its relevance as an adaptive method for solution of the problems in the conditions of postindustrial society, ad hoc organizations with a tendency to constant growth of the number of problems.

Keywords: philosophical practice, community of researchers, communication, Socratic consulting, Socratic dialogue, essence, problem, inquiry, organizational problems, organizational polylog

Abstract: The author examines the distinction between matter and being in the doctrines of ancient philosophers (Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato) and ancient mythology (orphic tradition), as well as its role in the axiological discourse. The article studies the role of unconscious thinking in the process of empirical being and determines the ontological grounds for cognizing the surrounding world of a human. Attention is focused on the comparative analysis of ontological grounds of the scientific knowledge of the Antiquity and Modern Age. The importance of axiological discourse in scientific cognition is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the fragments from the religious and philosophical texts of the ancient philosophers, is established that the initial disposition of matter, being, and formation is presented already in the religious way of worldview and relevant to the present time that underlines its archetypal character and conceptual rootedness. The distinction between matter and being allows realizing the crucially new explanation of the nature of value relation. The author examines the distinction between matter and being in the doctrines of ancient philosophers (Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato) and ancient mythology (orphic tradition), as well as its role in the axiological discourse. The article studies the role of unconscious thinking in the process of empirical being and determines the ontological grounds for cognizing the surrounding world of a human. Attention is focused on the comparative analysis of ontological grounds of the scientific knowledge of the Antiquity and Modern Age. The importance of axiological discourse in scientific cognition is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the fragments from the religious and philosophical texts of the ancient philosophers, is established that the initial disposition of matter, being, and formation is presented already in the religious way of worldview and relevant to the present time that underlines its archetypal character and conceptual rootedness. The distinction between matter and being allows realizing the crucially new explanation of the nature of value relation.

Keywords: essence of being, truth, orphism, Aristotle, Parmenides, axiology, ontology, being, matter, thought

Abstract: The subject of this research is the problem of truth in the context of expansion of the universal in the history of philosophy. In first part, the authors reviews the mythological cognition of truth that leans on the cultural mechanisms, thanks to which a human becomes familiar with the movement of the global universal. Through familiarization with the truth, takes place the salvation of a human that the authors call a metaphysical birth. Second part of the article examines the philosophical comprehension of truth that is based on the graded and assigned functions of the mythological cognition, due to which generated a stricter demarcation of the abstract-universal and specific-universal. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of the problem of truth at various stages of the history of mythological and philosophical cognition through the prism of the categories of abstract-universal and specific-universal, transcendence and transgression. The history of philosophy reveals the trends, on one hand, the movement from ontological understanding of truth to gnoseological, associated with the transcendence reference to the abstract-universal; and on the other hand, the movement of return to the ontological apprehension of truth connected with the transgressive reference to the specific-universal.

Keywords: Specific-universal, Abstract-universal, Gnoseological understanding of truth, Ontological understanding of truth, Metaphysical birth, Transcendence , Transgression, Universal, Myth, Truth

Abstract: The object of this research is the conceptually important questions of Hesychast discussion that took place in Byzantine Empire of the XIV century, such as status and meaning of philosophy in general and theory of double truth in particular, as well as the essence and role of impassivity in achieving the highest knowledge. The subject of this research is the material of polemics of Gregory Palamas with Barlaam, during the course of which have formed his views upon the role and place of philosophical knowledge in the spiritual teaching of Hesychasm. Applying the phenomenological-analytical method, the author examines the problem of correlation between mind and body in the process of spiritual improvement, which results in conclusion about the two opposing approaches towards understanding of the connection between psychic and physical in human nature. The article also analyzes the crucial for Palamas distinction between the essence and energy of mind and his doctrine about theosis. The author underlines a tight link of gnoseological and anthropological problematic due to the facts that the ability of cognition of God directly depends on the way of human existence that includes not just his emotional and intellectual spheres, but also bodily practices. The article notes the elements of spiritual succession between the Byzantic Hesychasm and Russian religious philosophy, which develop on the basis of the universal Eastern Christian tradition.  

Keywords: apophatic theology, knowledge of God, Gregory Palamas, Byzantic philosophy, Palamism, Hesychasm, theosis, asceticism, mysticism, vision of God

Abstract: The subject of research is the anthropological foundation and features of personal health’s evaluation. The object of research is epistemological characteristics of formation of representations about health as well as socio-cultural and personal determinants of its evaluation. The author examines in detail those aspects of the topic, as the relationship of the cognitive and axiological in the formation of the health’s image, its place in the system of personal knowledge, importance of communication with the Other to understand and assess the state of own health. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of contemporary culture’s influence on the attitude to health. The research is based on philosophical-anthropological, epistemological, axiological, cultural-philosophical methodological orientations, using the ideas of phenomenology, existentialism, post-classical psychoanalysis, post-structuralism.The novelty of research is connected with systematic philosophical analysis of phenomenon of a health. It was found that «the image of own health» is formed in the individual consciousness; this image can be incorporated into the personal implicit knowledge or into the spotlight. The personal image of health is related to the patterns of culture, first of all, to the image of health typical for culture of everyday life. The personal image is also connected partly with scientific concepts of health. It is proved that the axiological attitude to health has socio-cultural, ontological, epistemological and existential foundations. Accordingly, the perception of oneself as a healthy man is presented (1) as a condition for a full life and productive activities, (2) as the basis of human confidence in their existence, (3) as a factor of the weakening of the metaphysical fear of death. There are identified main types of situations connected with perception of health or illness (from the state of confidence in own health to severe disease). It is proved that new interpretation and re-evaluation of personal «image of own health» take place in such situations.

Keywords: patterns of culture, individual hierarchy of values, semantics, illness, health, personal knowledge, cognitive and axiological, culture of everyday life, personal health image, existential foundations

Abstract: The subject of this research is the concept of truth in the early works of A. F. Losev. It derives from the system of fundamental concepts developed by the philosopher. On one hand, he advances the problematics of the philosophy uni-totality associated with the “integral knowledge”, symbol, name, and myth, and on the other, reconstructs and develops Neo-Platonic dialectics and applies it as the main method. The concept of truth derives from the system of Neo-Platonic dialectics in Losev’s interpretation, which represents a categorical structure of the ancient cosmos. This is why the truth is being understood in ontological sense, which is considered as the development of V. S. Soloviev’s approach who defines the truth as “uni-total Absolute”. The author formulates the definition of truth in its ontological perception. The truth is being revealed as the uni-total Absolute in itself (as ultra-absolute and ultra-wise single), for itself (as uniseparate material eidos of the name), for other (as potency manifesting towards the removal on antagonistic contradictions). In the latter, the truth is being viewed in its connection with a myth.

Keywords: Myth, Cosmos, Name, Being, Eidos, Single, Uni-total Absolute, Neo-Platonic dialectics, Ontological concept of the truth, Truth

Abstract: The subject of this research is the social importance and role of science in the society in the interpretation of M. A. Bakunin, which he saw it through the prism of the idea of social justice and social equality. The author examines the social significance of anarchism as a democratic and relevant theory in the modern world. This work also analyses Bakunin’s interpretation of science as means of dominance of the privileged and educated minority. The problem of dependence of science from the government, and as a result, the problem of its specific social role and importance for the society, is being reviewed. Science within the society is the same form of public conscience as mythology and religion, and thus, should be separated from the government. The following conclusions are made: the development of various form of people’s self-governance, in other words the realization of public ideal of anarchism is identical to the advancement of democracy; science and education in the social structure of the society represents one of the means of social differentiation; science is a relative and transitional form of public conscience as mythology and religion.

Keywords: Methodological anarchism, Mythology and religion, Ideas of self-governance, Privileged minority, Social functions of science, Anarchism, Revolutionary movement, Specificity of humanitarian cognition, Humanism, Problem of alienation

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the value modalities within the information-communicative paradigm of science. It is emphasized that the genesis (ontology) of science in the area of culture is not only an example and model of the information-communicative innovational processes in all spheres of human activity, but also features the principal ethnic characteristics. It is stated that the newest discoveries in physics, cosmology, and especially in biology not only significantly change the information resources and world views, but also touch upon the deep and existential characteristic of the scholars and entire population of the Earth. The relevance of the value problematics of science is tightly connected with the solution of the question on methodology of researching the values from the perspective of their information-communicative importance. The author detects the main value modalities of science on the three principal stages of the system of scientific activity in the conceptual contexts of the sociocultural historical process. The author claims that through the ethic norms and ideals of the scientific community are most vividly expressed the universal human values of solidarity, Informedness, communicativeness, cohesion, tolerance, and humanity.

Keywords: value, information, communicativeness, the science, scientists, the binary, principles, ethics, sociology, culture

Abstract: Keeping in mind the eternal desire of human nature to seek the truth we can agree that among all worldview types only philosophy and religion are focused on the search for truth. Therefore, the question of the unity of philosophy and religion becomes self-evident. Considering a phenomenon of philosophy in the lite of religious experience, the article offers two possible approaches to an issue of religious nature of philosophy, which are the existential and the historical ones. The existential approach is represented with works of Karl Jaspers and Ivan Ilyin; as the historical one bases on the idea of common ground of “religious” and “philosophical” in the European intellectual discourse since Parmenides until Kant as well as on the analysis of such discourse made by German philosopher Karl Albert.

Keywords: True, Mystery, Philosophical religion, Existentialism, Parmenides, Plato, Plotinus, Karl Jaspers, Ivan Ilyin, Carl Albert

Abstract: In article the historical and comparative analysis of a problem of values in philosophy of neokantian philosopher G. Rickert and the populist P. L. Lavrov is given. Value of valuable approach for development of methodology of social and humanitarian knowledge by G. Rickert is shown. Specifics of interpretation of neokantian gnoseology are opened by P. Lavrov. The conclusion that in Lavrov's philosophy value carries out not only gnoseological, but also social function is drawn. The problem of a subjective method is analysed. The conclusion that the subjective method at Lavrov acted not only as a learning tool of social reality, but also as a way of updating of social activity of the personality, a way of updating of practical transformation of social reality is drawn. Principle of historicism, principle of the historical and comparative analysis are applied. Method of dialectic unity historical and logical, abstract and concrete. Hermeneutical methodology, method of the hermeneutic circle are also used. Thus, if Rickert offered a system of values, or reference to value acts as methodological criterion for classification of single historical events, Lavrov offered a system of values not only gnoseological category, but also methodological criterion of "creativity of public forms", practical change of social reality.Lavrov's position differs in a pronounced antropologism and a personalism. The person brings the purpose and the sense constructed on values in society. The person, thus, influences the world, will transform it on a basis developed by it systems of values. Everything depends on the person, system of values which he develops, the world which it will transform on the basis of the values developed by it.

Keywords: Neo-Kantianism, Narodnichestvo, value-based approach, idiographic sciences, subjective method, historical law, culture, critically thinking personality, creativity of social forms, practical transformation